Presentation Outline

• Introduction

• Positioning in Butler’s Curve

• Challenges to Sustainable Tourism

• Recommendations & Conclusion

Data Sources

• Academic Journal Articles from 2002-2013 on Philippine Tourism

• National Statistics Coordination Board (NSCB)

• National Economic Development Authority (NEDA)

• Department of Tourism (DOT)

• World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC)

• United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO)

International Tourist Arrivals, 2010

(Asia Pacific Region )

27.3

12.1

1.74.5

2.5 2.7

7.8

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

China Malaysia Philippines Singapore Vietnam Taiwan Thailand

Sources: UNWTO & Ehrlich

The problem is

ignorance.

- Sec. Ramon Jimenez

Long-term Goal

”To develop an environmentally and socially

responsible tourism that delivers larger and

more widely distributed income and

employment opportunities.”

DOT National Tourism Development

Plan

Sustainable Tourism- Appropriate balance between environmental,

economic, and socio-cultural aspects

- Ensuring meaningful & satisfactory tourist

experience

- Effective political leadership and stakeholder

engagement

Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle

(1980)

• Theoretical model that proposes

sequential phases that tourism

destinations undergo

• Each stage: characterised by several

indicators

• Purpose of Butler: To remind planners that

destinations are finite

Butler’s Curve

Can we delay stagnation and

avoid unsustainable tourism?

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

4,500,000

1960

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

International Visitor Arrivals to the Philippines (1960-

2012)Sources: NSCB and UNWTO

-20.0%

-10.0%

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

1960

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Annual Growth Rates of International Visitor Arrivals (1960-

2012)

Martial Law

Coup d’Etat on

Cory Aquino

AFC, 9/11, SARS,

Coliform

GFC

Sources: NSCB and UNWTO

Presence of Travel

Season• Occupancy Surveys

• Tourist information guide

warnings about prices

tripling during “peak periods”

Monthly Occupancy Rate in Accredited and

Non-Accredited Accommodation Establishments

in Metro Manila

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2011

2010

2009

Source: DOT

Proportion of International Tourists

according to Type of Travel

Arrangements

18.30%

4.65%

77.05%

Independent

Packaged

Not Stated

Source: DOT

2012 Economic Contribution• 7% contribution to Gross Domestic

Product

• 2.9 million jobs (7.7% of total employment)

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council

Grassroots LevelPeople value tourism as it provides income and employment.

GovernmentTourism is considered a strategy for Inclusive

Growth and Poverty Reduction in the Philippine

Development Plan.

Advertising Strategies

New York

Source: DOT

London

Source: DOT

Social Media & Publicity

Indicators Data (1973-2012) Stage

Visitor

Arrivals410,000 - 3,917,000

(1% to 3.8% of the

population)

Before

development (equal

or exceed local

population)

Travel

Patterns &

Arrangement

s

Presence of tourist

season

Involvement

More independent

travellers than

packaged travellers

Early phase of the

TALC

Indicators Data (1973-2012) StageEconomic

Contribution

7% GDP contribution

7.7% employment

contribution

Employment and

livelihood

opportunities for

locals

Between exploration

(no significance) and

consolidation (major

contribution)

Promotions • Advertisements

• Social media

• Features in

international

television programs

Between involvement

(some advertising) and

development (prolific)

TALC

What now?

CHALLENGE 1:

DECLINING LOCAL

PARTICIPATION

• Local and foreign accommodations

• Locals as employees or suppliers only

– Involvement versus Control: Participation?

CHALLENGE 2:

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

CHANGES

Positive Changes• Conservation & protection of the environment

• Higher fish production

• Reforestation

• Dive sites &

marine-

protected areas

(Palawan,

Cebu)

• Forest reserves

& national parks

Examples

Negative Changes• Pollution & waste (ex: Boracay coliform)

• Beach erosion

• Degradation & depletion

Conservation versus Traditional

Livelihood?

Built Environment

Changes• Emergence of

establishments

specifically designed for

Korean and Taiwanese

tourists

CHALLENGE 3:

SOCIAL IMPACTS

Positive Impacts• Empowered

communities (in community-based and volunteer tourism)

• Employment opportunities for women

• Cultural Pride

Negative Impacts• Locals versus migrants

• Altering livelihoods to

accommodate tourism

• Prostitution

CHALLENGE 4:

MANAGING ATTRACTIONS

Natural attractions• Beaches, Reef, Forests: Philippines’ key asset

• National Ecotourism Strategy

• How should the Philippines respond to Climate Change?

Cultural/heritage attractions• Festivals, Old Churches

• Lack of research on cultural tourism

Man-made attractions• Level has not been determined

TALC

Challenges to Sustainable

Tourism• Declining local ownership

• Impacts on natural & built environment,

society & culture

• Managing attractions

– Climate Change

Is it more fun?

Involve GovernmentAs the development phase unfolds, regional

and national government involvement in the

planning process becomes imperative.-Butler (1980)

Involve GovernmentTourism must be understood in the context

of the political environment, which

immensely influences destination

development.- Henderson (2011)

Educate Locals- Relevance of resources to tourism &

development

- Provide skills

Involve Locals- Consider local opinion & knowledge

- Address conflict between migrants & locals

Support small-

scale businesses- Improve resource

access

- Reduce costs & risks

Establish Quality Control - Protect natural resources

- Adapt to Climate Change

- Address issue on GHG emissions from air

travel

Environmental sustainability is often

linked to economic & social sustainability,

especially in nature-based tourism sites.

Learn from previous expenses to avoid

similar problems and to develop a more

sustainable tourism industry.

End of Presentation

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