The Challenges of mmWave Measurements - Cambridge Wireless€¦ · 802.11ad • Allows devices to...

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The Challenges of mmWaveMeasurements

Paul HolesRFuWave Field Applications EngineerEngineering & Technology Group Anritsu EMEA Ltd

May 2019

2 Copyright© ANRITSU

Agenda

• The mmWave boom

• mmWave applications

• Challenges of mmWave measurements

• Addressing the challenges

• New, innovative solutions


The millimetre wave explosion

Booming market growth• $330+ million market• CAGR from 30 to 40% for the next 5 to 7 years

The need for test and measurement alone expected to reach over $200M by 2020

Source: GIA report: MILLIMETER WAVE EQUIPMENT A Global Strategic Business Report, Feb 2015


Why mmWave?

UNLICENSED SPECTRUM

More available bandwidth

Higher data rates


What’s driving the boom?

➢ 5G: 28, 39, 60 GHz

➢ Microwave Radios: 70/80 GHz, 90 GHz

➢ IEEE 802.11ad (WiGig): 57 - 66 GHz

➢ Automotive Radar: 76 - 81 GHz

➢ Satellite: 27 - 40 GHz (Ka band), 40 - 75 GHz, (V band)

➢ SRW and ISM Devices: 45, 60, 75, 92 GHz

➢ TSCM: Any frequency


• Demand for mobile data spectrum keeps growing• Increasing number of smart phone users• Users finding new applications that require

very high data rates. • 5G is still evolving but it appears initial use will

be for last mile residential service. (USA)• Longer term, mobile devices and base stations

will have beam formed antennas • Compensate for the higher path losses at

millimeter wave frequencies • Millimetre wave applications will be more

and more common.


802.11ad

• Allows devices to communicate without wires at multi-gigabit speeds.

• It enables high performance wireless data, display and audio applications that supplement the capabilities of previous wireless LAN devices.

• WiGig tri-band enabled devices, which operate in the 2.4, 5 and 60 GHz bands, deliver data transfer rates up to 7 Gbit/s and more than 11 times faster than the highest 802.11n rate.• Maintains compatibility with existing Wi-Fi

devices. • The 60 GHz millimeter wave signal cannot

typically penetrate walls but can propagate off reflections from walls, ceilings, floors and objects using beamforming built into the WiGig system.

• When roaming away from the main room, the protocol can switch to make use of the other lower bands at a much lower rate, both of which can propagate through walls

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11n-2009

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimeter_wave

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beamforming


AUTOMOTIVE RADAR

A cornerstone in the ability to achieve self-driving vehicles is the ability to detect and avoid obstacles.

Millimeter wave radar technology is advancing rapidly to support the array of sensors needed. Automotive Radar Frequency Bands are 24, 77, and 79 GHz


Point-to Point Links

• While fiber probably dominates the backhaul space because of its high-speed capacity, microwave and millimeter-wave backhaul are becoming more widespread.

• Millimeter-wave backhaul is particularly attractive for the new smaller base stations (picocells, microcells, and metro cells). • Millimeter-wave links were widespread in

supporting LTE 4G cellular services in high-density areas.

• The typical microwave backhaul bands are 6, 11, 18, 23, and 38 GHz. • Unlicensed 60-GHz backhaul equipment is

inexpensive but offers limited range due to its high oxygen absorption levels. (more later)

• Some 80-GHz backhaul units are also available. • The most popular millimeter band has been E-

band, which covers 71 to 76 GHz, 81 to 86 GHz, and 92 to 95 GHz.


Security and Defence Applications

• Advanced imaging technology allows detection for both metallic and nonmetallic threats• including weapons and

explosives, without any physical contact.

• Detection of these items even when they are concealed under the person’s clothes.

• These are now common in airports.• Radar and satellite communication

are the main military applications for millimetre wave systems.

11 Copyright© ANRITSUSlide Title

C h a l l e n g e s o f m m W a v em e a s u r e m e n t s


Challenges of mmWave measurements


Propagation loss

From Totoku TCF cable specification www.totoku.com


Propagation loss

𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 =4𝜋 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓

𝑐

2

𝒄 − 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝒅 − 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑥 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑥𝒇 − 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

or

𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝐵 = 20 ∗ 𝐿𝑜𝑔10 𝑑 + 20 ∗ 𝐿𝑜𝑔10 𝑓 − 147.55

• At mmWave frequencies,increasedattenuation from components of the earth atmosphere.

• Effect is particularly pronounced at 60 GHz from oxygen absorbtion.

• Regulators have chosen the 60 GHz freqency range for unlicensed use in order to minimize co-channel interference

• Presents a challenge to testing at these frequences as test equipment needs higher power signals or improved sensitivity for measurements.


Repeatability

PIN GAP PIN DAMAGE

• Misalignment• Dust and dirt• Non-precision connections

Connector Max Frequency Pin sizeK connector ® 40 GHz 2.92 mmV connector ® 70 GHz 1.8 mmW1 connector ® 110 GHz 1.0 mm


Field test challenges

• Antenna arrays• Beamforming

Field testing will change with 5G mobile networks

17 Copyright© ANRITSUSlide Title

O v e r c o m i n g m m W a v e t e s t c h a l l e n g e s


Overcoming mmWave test challenges


Reduce connections / measure close to DUT

A profile of mismatch uncertainty (dB) values resulting from two reflection coefficients.


Reduce connections / measure close to DUT

Photo Image

RF Drone measurementsin mW

Copyright© Anritsu Corporation

Agenda

• Use case for drone measurement• Traditional interference hunting• Installation / Calibration• Antenna • Coverage mapping• 5G/mw research

• Beam measurement• Propagation models

• Solutions• Integrators• Do it yourself

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Use case for Drone measurement

• Use case for drone measurement

• Interference hunting

• Coverage mapping / Network planning

• Propagation models

• Antenna Beam characterisation

• Antenna installation : calibration of beams / Backhaul mW

23


Operators coverage

❑ Traditional cellular coverage : drive test in 2D❑ Urban scenario requires 3D : Measurement in buildings.

How about :❑ Non paved road ? ❑ Drone coverage ?

24

Coverage at 200 meters height ?

Traditional 2D drive test.

3D Coverage in Buildings


Millimetre wave : Beam forming, a necessity25

Beanforming with array antenna Higher frequency -> Higher propagation loss -> lower rangeNarrow beam with array antenna -> compensate range loss

Cellular use case for mmWUsage of 3D multi antenna array

Beamforming to track users


Research Antenna PatternsInstallation beam measurements

❑ Verify beam pattern and forming algorithm❑ Beam tracking ❑ Tower measurement ❑ (3D) RF-EMF measurements

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Research in Propagation model

❑ Operators need to define theoretical coverage using planning tools.

❑ Planning tools use different propagation models to define coverage

❑ Propagation model are based on real physical measurement campaigns.

❑ Research institute run measurement campaign using drive test which give results in 2D and some measurement in buildings.

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➔SPA Drones allow a maximum degree of liberty in 3D, ideal for Propagation research.

➔Our solution is good for measuring power, however we cannot get the phase.

Propagation modelVerified with real measurement


Drone Do it yourself

Examples

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Proof of concepts

❑ Amateur drone based on DJI Phantom 3❑ Kept a camera, mount equipment on the legs.

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➔Piloting drones commercially usually requires a license.

➔Flying drones require good weather condition : limited wind / no rain.


DJI P3 Drone(top view)

System Schematic : EMEA drone

Drone Batteries15V

Power SlotUBE

C 5V/3A max

Mini PC MS2760A

PCWi-Fi Rout

er

USB

USB C

USB

Wi-FiLink

Running Analysis & Data collection

Software

Windows Remote

Remote

DJI sw


The Drone concept for Interference hunting 31

Click here :https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TvYQN-y1wWI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TvYQN-y1wWI


Drone challenges

❑ Target Measurements▪ Antenna frequency and pattern▪ Measurement duration

❑ Flight time▪ How long the drone can fly with power drained and the weight.▪ How often do we have to replace batteries

❑ Power consideration▪ How much power they can deliver. Can they provide at least 3A@5V

❑ Mounting & Weight consideration▪ How much the Drone can lift▪ How to fix our instrument to the drone safely without interferce

❑ Control▪ How to control the Drone with accuracy:

✓ Manually in line of Sight (Wi-Fi backhaul)✓ Semi-manual in line of sight with Pre-recorded flight path (Wi-Fi backhaul)✓ Automatic with non Line of Sight ( Cellular backhaul) -> Precise positioning ?

▪ Who is going to pilot the drone▪ Line Of Sight or NOS

❑ Data collection▪ Which operating system▪ What type of control libraries

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Measurements

Flight time

Weight & Batteries

ControlBackhau

ls


Drone RF measurement up to 110GHz is now possible

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