The Challenge of Youth Unemployment in Sril Lanka

8/9/2019 The Challenge of Youth Unemployment in Sril Lanka

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\mi Jmhaaif`i ne

[nutm Ibpanybift kf

Zrk Ahfgh

Thbhfk @ufhtkahgh, Bhrgus Bhyir, Bkahf Unlnpkvij

Ilktnrs

L K T I J \ K N F Z K F L I U I A N _ B I F \

Mubhf Livianpbift


2/300


3/300

\mi Jmhaaif`i ne [nutm Ibpanybift

kf Zrk Ahfgh


4/300


5/300

\mi Jmhaaif`i ne [nutm

Ibpanybift kf Zrk AhfghThbhfk @ufhtkahgh, Bhrgus Bhyir, Bkahf Unlnpkvij


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4?8? \mi Kftirfhtknfha Dhfg enr Tijnfstrujtknf hfl Livianpbift / \mi Pnral Dhfg

8=8= M Ztriit FPPhsmkf`tnf LJ 4?


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v

Enriwnrl xkkk

Hdnut tmi Hutmnrs hfl Ilktnrs xv

Hddrivkhtknfs xkx

Kftrnlujtknf3 \mi _rndaib ne [nutm Yfibpanybift 8

\mi Jnftixt :

Yfliraykf` Ehjtnrs ne Yfibpanybift hflZnjkha Ixjausknf 5

_nakjy Lkrijtknfs 84

Jnfjausknfs 85

Fnti 80

Tieirifjis 80

Jmhptir 8 Ahdnr Bhrgit \rifls hfl Nutjnbis kf Zrk Ahfgh 8;

Fksmh Hrufhtkahgi hfl _rkyhfgh Chyhwhrlifh

Lhth hfl Liekfktknfs 48

\mi Zkzi ne hfl \rifls kf tmi [nutm Ahdnr Enrji 48

Ibpanybift :8

Jnftifts


8/300

Yfibpanybift \rifls :;

_httirfs hfl \rifls kf Ahdnr Ihrfkf`s


9/300

_nakjy Kbpakjhtknfs hfl Tijnbbiflhtknfs 8?=

Hffix \IU\ \rhkfkf` dy \ypi ne Kflustry

(_udakj Zijtnr Nfay) 88?

Fntis 888

Tieirifjis 884

Jmhptir 9 Zjmnna-tn-Pnrg \rhfsktknf ne Zrk Ahfghf

Yfkvirskty @rhluhtis 889

Bkahf Unlnpkvij hfl Fkbfhtm Pktmhfhjmjmk

Yfibpanybift \rifls hfl KfstktutknfhaDhjg`rnufl 885

Lhth hfl Bitmnlnan`y 88;

Tisuats 848

Jnfjausknfs hfl _nakjy Kbpakjhtknfs 8::

Hffix H Jmhrhjtirkstkjs ne Tispnflifts 8:5

Fntis 8:0

Tieirifjis 8:0

Jmhptir 5 [nutm Bndkakty hfl Nvirsihs Bk rhtknf

kf Zrk Ahfgh 8:;

Hsmh Hdiyhsigirh

Liekfktknfs 8


10/300

Lkeeiriftkhtkf` tmi \wn @nhas ne Iftriprifiursmkp

\rhkfkf` 8=9

Jrihtkf` hf Ifhdakf` Znjknjuaturha Ifvkrnfbift

enr _rnbntkf` [nutm Iftriprifiursmkp 8=5

Jrihtkf` hf Ifhdakf` Ijnfnbkj hfl Tiùahtnry

Ifvkrnfbift enr [nutm Iftriprifiursmkp 8=;

Tijnbbiflhtknfs 8;?

Fntis 8;:

Tieirifjis 8;9

Jmhptir = Lksjrkbkfhtknf hfl Znjkha Ixjausknf ne [nutm

kf Zrk Ahfgh 8;;

Mhrkfk Hbhrhsurkyh

[nutm _rndaibs 4?8

[nutm _irjiptknfs ne Lksjrkbkfhtknf 4?4

Jnbbnf Hssubptknfs kf Hfhayzkf` Kssuis ne [nutm 4?9

Jnfjausknf 48srkl2508. Jnbphrhdai lhth

hri ufhvhkahdai enr ntmir Znutm Hskhf jnuftrkis.

Tieirifjis

Hdiygnnf, H. \. _. A. 4??5. Eirtkakty \rhfsktknf kf Zrk Ahfgh3 \mi Litirbkfhfts

hfl Jnfsiquifjis. _risiftil ht h sibkfhr nf Eirtkakty \rhfsktknf kf Hskh3

Nppnrtufktkis hfl Jmhaaifìs, spnfsnril dy tmi Yfktil Fhtknfs Ijnfnbkj

hfl Znjkha Jnbbkssknf enr Hskh hfl tmi _hjkekj, Dhf`gng.

Hfhfl, Z., hfl T. Ghfdur. 8;;8. _udakj _nakjy hfl Dhskj Fiils _rnvksknf3

Kftirviftknf hfl Hjmkivibift kf Zrk Ahfgh. Kf \mi _naktkjha Ijnfnby ne

Mufìr3 Iflibkj Mufìr, il. C. Lrizi hfl H. G. Zif, 9;;4. Nxenrl3

Jahriflnf _riss.

Liphrtbift ne Jifsus hfl Zthtkstkjs, Zrk Ahfgh. 4??;. BL@ Kflkjhtnrs ne ZrkAhfgh3 H Bkl-\irb Tivkiw. Jnanbdn.

@ufhtkahgh, T. 4??=. Kfenrbha Ibpanybift kf Zrk Ahfgh3 Fhturi, _rndhdkakty ne

Ibpanybift, hfl Litirbkfhfts ne Phìs. Fiw Liamk3 Kftirfhtknfha Ahdnur

Nr`hfkzhtknf.

@ufisigirh, B. 4??9. \mi _nstjnanfkha Kliftkty ne Zrk Ahfghf Ifàksm. Jnanbdn3

Ghtmh _udaksmirs.

Mihatm _nakjy Tisihrjm Hssnjkhtis (_vt) Atl. 4??5. \mi Akvkf` Zktuhtknf ne

Tieuìis, Hsyaub-Ziigirs hfl KL_s kf Hrbifkh, Ijuhlnr, hfl Zrk Ahfgh3Bkaaiffkub Livianpbift Kflkjhtnrs hfl Jnpkf` Ztrhti`kis. Zrk Ahfgh

Jnuftry Tipnrt. Jnanbdn.

Mkf`st, \., H. Zjmnifeialir, hfl Z. Pkaadnrf. 4??4. Zthtkstkjha Mhfldnng3 Zurviy ne

tmi Kftirfhaay Lkspahjil (KL_s) Zrk Ahfgh. Jnanbdn3 Bkfkstry ne Timhdkakhtknf,

Tisittaibift, hfl Tieuìis, Yfktil Fhtknfs Mk`m Jnbbkssknfir ne Tieuìis.

Kftrnlujtknf3 \mi _rndaib ne [nutm Yfibpanybift 80


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Bkfkstry ne Ahdnur Tiahtknfs hfl Bhfpnwir, Jiftrha Dhfg ne Zrk Ahfgh, hfl

Liphrtbift ne Jifsus hfl Zthtkstkjs. 4??;. Ahdnr hfl Znjkha \rifls kf Zrk

Ahfgh 4??;. Jnanbdn.

Unlnpkvij, B., hfl F. Hrufhtkahgi. 4??=. \mi Kbphjt ne _npuahtknf H`kf` nf tmi

Ahdnr Bhrgit3 \mi Jhsi ne Zrk Ahfgh. KSH Lksjussknf _hpir :


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8;

Enr ynutm wmn aihvi sjmnna hfl iftir tmi ahdnr bhrgit, h qukjg trhfsktknf

tn prnlujtkvi ibpanybift ks kfjrihskfày dikf` rijn`fkzil hs kbpnrthft

enr rilujkf` pnvirty kf ahtir akei, kbprnvkf` wiaa-dikf`, hfl nptkbkzkf`

riturfs tn kfvistbifts kf ilujhtknf hfl mihatm (Pnral Dhfg 4??0). H

spiily sjmnna-tn-wnrg trhfsktknf jhf hasn prnvkli wnrg ixpirkifjis hfl

miap livianp kftirpirsnfha sgkaas, kbprnvkf` kflkvkluhas prnlujtkvkty hfl

ibpanyhdkakty kf ahtir akei. H dittir uflirsthflkf` ne tmi jmhaaifìs ynutm

ehji kf ekflkf` prnlujtkvi ibpanybift ks h giy tn kbprnvkf` ynutm ahdnrbhrgit nutjnbis kf Zrk Ahfgh.

\mi Zrk Ahfghf ahdnr bhrgit ks jurriftay ixpirkifjkf` sivirha jmhfìs

tmht heeijt ynutm ibpanybift kf tmi jnuftry. Ekrst, tmi jnuftry mhs nfi

ne tmi ehstist-h`kf` pnpuahtknfs kf tmi wnraltmi ynutm smhri ne tmi pnp-

uahtknf kf tmi jnuftry ks lijakfkf`, wmkai tmi hluat smhri ks rkskf`. Hs h

risuat, tmi ahdnr enrji mhs hìl hfl kts rhti ne `rnwtm mhs lijakfil. Ke jur-

rift phrtkjkphtknf rhtis ribhkf jnfsthft, tmi Zrk Ahfghf ahdnr enrji ks

ixpijtil tn di`kf tn smrkfg hrnufl 4?:? (Unlnpkvij hfl Hrufhtkahgi4??=). Mnw hri tmisi jmhfìs heeijtkf` tmi ahdnr bhrgit> Ks Zrk Ahfgh

bhgkf` nptkbub usi ne kts lkbkfksmkf` ahdnr risnurjis>

Zijnfl, Zrk Ahfgh mhs `rhppail wktm tmi prndaib ne mk`m ufibpany-

bift rhtis hbnf` ynutm nvir sivirha lijhlis (Thbh 8;;;). Kf rijift

J M H _ \ I T 8

Ahdnr Bhrgit \rifls hfl

Nutjnbis kf Zrk Ahfgh

Fksmh Hrufhtkahgi hfl _rkyhfgh Chyhwhrlifh


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tkbis nvirhaa ufibpanybift rhtis kf tmi jnuftry mhvi jnbi lnwf

stihlkay. Mhs tmht lijakfi ail tn h jnrrispnflkf` kbprnvibift kf ynutm

ibpanybift prnspijts> Ekfhaay, àndhakzhtknf hfl tijmfnan`kjha jmhfì

mhvi euiail tmi libhfl enr dittir-sgkaail wnrgirs kf kfenrbhtknf tijmfna-

n`y (K\) hfl K\-ifhdail sirvkjis dntm kftirfhtknfhaay hfl lnbistkjhaay. Ht

tmi shbi tkbi, libhfl enr sgkaail bk`rhft wnrgirs ks `rnwkf` àndhaay

(Aiwkf hfl Jhkaanls 4??8). \n thgi hlvhfthì ne tmisi ibir`kf` nppnr-

tufktkis, tmi jnuftry fiils tn mhvi h sgkaail, àndhaay jnbpitktkvi wnrg-

enrji. Ks tmi ilujhtknf sijtnr kf tmi jnuftry priphrkf` ynuf` wnrgirs tn

biit tmi sgkaa libhfls ne tmisi ibir`kf` ahdnr bhrgits>

\n ekfl hfswirs tn tmisi quistknfs, tmks jmhptir ixhbkfis tmi trifls kfahdnr bhrgit kflkjhtnrs nvir tkbi enr Zrk Ahfgh, wktm kftirfhtknfha jnb-

phrksnfs, wmiri hpprnprkhti. Kt di`kfs wktm h lisjrkptknf ne tmi bhcnr lhth

snurjis hfl liekfktknfs usil kf tmi stuly. Kt tmif anngs ht trifls kf tmi skzi

ne tmi ahdnr enrji, ibpanybift, ufibpanybift, hfl ihrfkf`s lkstrkdutknf

dienri neeirkf` snbi jnfjaulkf` tmnu`mts.

\mi jmhptir ekfls tmht tmi ynutm ahdnr enrji kf Zrk Ahfgh ks smrkfgkf`, kf

phrt dijhusi ne tmi sanw `rnwtm ne tmi ynutm pnpuahtknf, dut hasn dijhusi

ne lijakfkf` ahdnr enrji phrtkjkphtknf rhtis hbnf` ynutm. H mk`mir prnpnr-tknf ne ynutm tmhf kf tmi phst ks if`hìl kf stulkis hfl tmus liahykf` iftry

kftn tmi ahdnr enrji. Dut tmi prnpnrtknf ne ynutm wmn hri fiktmir kf tmi

ahdnr enrji fnr if`hìl kf stulkis mhs hasn kfjrihsil. \mi hdkakty ne tmi

jnuftry tn ifjnurhì ynutm ibpanybiftbihsuril dy tmi ibpanybift-

tn-pnpuahtknf rhtknks anw jnbphril wktm wnral ri`knfha hvirhìs. \mi

bhkf snurji ne ibpanybift enr dntm ynutm hfl hluats ks tmi kfenrbha sij-

tnr, hfl kts kbpnrthfji hs h snurji ne ibpanybift mhs kfjrihsil nvir tkbi.

Lispkti h bnvibift hwhy ernb ibpanybift kf h`rkjuaturi, tmi prnpnrtknfne wnrgirs kf whì nr shahrkil ibpanybift mhs fnt kfjrihsil, aihvkf` tmi

kfenrbha sijtnr tn thgi up tmi sahjg. Ht tmi shbi tkbi, tmi `rnwtm kf ihrf-

kf`s ifcnyil dy haa pnpuahtknf `rnups hfl ijnfnbkj sijtnrs kf tmi ahti

8;;?s litirknrhtil kf tmi ekrst skx yihrs ne tmi fiw jiftury. \misi hlvirsi

kbphjts hri bnri prnfnufjil enr ynutm tmhf enr hluats.

Zrk Ahfghs ijnfnby wkaa prnspir kf tmi euturi nfay ke tmi jnuftry

ifjnurhìs `rihtir ahdnr enrji phrtkjkphtknf hfl bhgis prnlujtkvi usi ne

kts hvhkahdai ahdnr risnurjis. \n ln tmks, tmi jnuftry urìftay fiils tn

ifjnurhì ibpanybift jrihtknf kf tmi enrbha sijtnr, wmiri wnrgkf` jnf-lktknfs hfl ribufirhtknf aivias hri dittir hfl bnri sthdai. Ht tmi shbi

tkbi, hjjiss tn hfl tmi quhakty ne tmi sijnflhry hfl tirtkhry aivias ne ilu-

jhtknf fiil tn di ifmhfjil, sn tmht tmi jnuftry jhf httrhjt kfvistbifts

kf tmi ibir`kf` àndha ibpanybift bhrgits.

4? Hrufhtkahgi hfl Chyhwhrlifh


43/300

Lhth hfl Liekfktknfs

\mi bhkf snurji ne lhth enr tmks jmhptir ks tmi Ahdnr Enrji Zurviy (AEZ)lhth pudaksmil dy tmi Zrk Ahfghf Liphrtbift ne Jifsus hfl Zthtkstkjs

(LJZ). \mi stuly jnvirs trifls kf ahdnr bhrgit kflkjhtnrs ernb 8;;4

tmrnu`m 4??5. Pmif kfenrbhtknf ks ahjgkf` enr 8;;4, ahtir yihrs hri usil

hs rieirifji pnkfts, hs kflkjhtil. Dijhusi ne nf`nkf` itmfkj jnfeakjt, tmi

AEZ surviys lkl fnt jnvir Fnrtmirf hfl Ihstirf prnvkfjis ernb 8;;? tn

4??4 nr enr 4??5. \mi surviy jnviril snbi phrts ne Fnrtmirf hfl Ihstirf

prnvkfjis kf 4??: hfl 4??


44/300

ahdnr enrji hjtuhaay jnftrhjtil nvir tmi 4???4??5 pirknl jnbphril

wktm tmi 8;;44??? pirknl. \mks lijakfi whs ehstir enr ynutm hìs

894< yihrs.

\mi jnftrhjtknf kf tmi ynutm ahdnr enrji ks ixpahkfil dy libn`rhpmkj

jmhfìs hs wiaa hs dy h lijakfkf` phrtkjkphtknf rhti. Lispkti h bhr`kfha

kfjrihsi kf tmi ahdnr enrji phrtkjkphtknf rhtis enr tmi nvirhaa pnpuahtknf, tmi

ynutm ahdnr enrji hs h smhri ne tmht tntha lijakfil dy 4.; pirjifthì pnkfts

lurkf` tmi pirknl. (\mi hluat rhti kfjrihsil dy :.< pirjift, haanwkf` tmi

nvirhaa phrtkjkphtknf rhti tn rksi.) Ht tmi shbi tkbi, tmi ynutm pnpuahtknf

`riw nfay bhr`kfhaay, ht hf hffuha hvirhì ne cust ?.< pirjift. \misi trifls

hri bnri prnfnufjil enr ynutm hìs 894


45/300


46/300

4


47/300

Ahdnr Bhrgit \rifls hfl Nutjnbis kf Zrk Ahfgh 49

\hdai 8.4 Ahdnr Enrji _hrtkjkphtknf Thtis, Ibpanybift-tn-_npuahtknf Thtkns,

hfl Yfibpanybift Thtis, dy H`i

_irjift

H`i `rnup

Ahdnr enrji

phrtkjkphtknf rhti

Ibpanybift-tn-

pnpuahtknf-rhtkn Yfibpanybift rhti

8;;4 4??? 4??5 8;;4 4??? 4??5 8;;4 4??? 4??5

Haa 99.5 95.0 90.8


48/300

\hdai 8.< Ahdnr Enrji Zthtus ne tmi Mnusimnal _npuahtknf 89 hfl Nvir, dy H`i @rnup hfl @iflir, 8;;

Ahdnr enrji

H`i `rnup

_npuahtknf

89 yihrs

hfl nvir

(???s)

\ntha ahdnr

enrji

(???s)

Ahdnr enrji

phrtkjkphtknf

rhti (%)

Ibpanyil Yfibpanyil

Fubdir

(???s)

Thti (% tn

tntha ahdnr

enrji)

Fubdir

(???s)

Thti (% tn

tntha ahdnr

enrji)

8;;4 Eibhai

Haa 9,85< 8,=50 :5 8,


49/300

[nutm (894;) 4,84; 8,


50/300

wmn hri fnt kf tmi ahdnr enrji hri stulykf` (=


51/300


52/300

ilujhtknf, tmisi sthtkstkjs su`ìst tmht tmi hjjiss hfl riaivhfji ne ilujh-

tknf ht tmi uppir-sijnflhry hfl tirtkhry aivias fiil tn kbprnvi ke Zrk

Ahfgh ks tn thgi hlvhfthì ne tmi ibir`kf` àndha ibpanybift bhrgits

dntm enr bk`rhft wnrgirs hfl enr lnbistkj wnrgirs kf tmi K\-ifhdail

sirvkjis sijtnrhfl tn bhgi Zrk Ahfghf duskfissis bnri jnbpitktkvi

àndhaay (thdai 8.5).

Zubbhry3 Ahdnr Enrji\mks hfhaysks smnws tmht nvirhaa `rnwtm ne tmi ahdnr enrji mhs sanwil kf

Zrk Ahfgh hfl tmi ynutm ahdnr enrji ks jnftrhjtkf`. \mi jnftrhjtknf risuats

bhkfay ernb tmi sanw `rnwtm ne tmi ynutm pnpuahtknf jnupail wktmlijakfkf` phrtkjkphtknf rhtis. Bnrinvir, jnbphril wktm wnral ri`knfha

hvirhìs, ynutm ahdnr enrji phrtkjkphtknf rhtis kf Zrk Ahfgh hri anw. Nf tmi

paus skli, tmi anwir phrtkjkphtknf rhtis hri phrtay ixpahkfil dy h mk`mir

prnpnrtknf ne ynutm if`h`kf` kf stulkis, dut tmi prnpnrtknf ne ynutm fik-

tmir kf stulkis fnr kf tmi ahdnr enrji mhs hasn kfjrihsil. \mi ahdnr enrji

mhs dijnbi bnri ilujhtil nvir tkbi, dut h ahrì phrt ne tmi `hkf ks ht tmi

prkbhry aivia. Hatmnu`m tmi prnpnrtknf ne ibpanyil wktm uppir-sijnflhry

nr mk`mir aivias ne ilujhtknf htthkfbift mhs hasn kfjrihsil, tmks prnpnrtknfks stkaa aiss tmhf 89 pirjift ne tmi tntha ahdnr enrji.

:? Hrufhtkahgi hfl Chyhwhrlifh

\hdai 8.5 Jnbpnsktknf ne Zrk Ahfghf Ahdnr Enrji dy Aivia ne Ilujhtknf,

8;;4 hfl 4??5

_irjift

Hì `rnup

_rkbhry nr

dianw Zijnflhry h N-aivias H-aivias

Li`rii hfl

hdnvi

8;;4898; 8;.0 59.< 8:.: 8.0 ?.?

4?4< 8


53/300

\n jnbpiti enr ibir`kf` àndha ibpanybift nppnrtufktkis kf tmi K\

hfl K\-ifhdail sirvkjis sijtnrs, tmi jnuftry fiils tn kbprnvi ilujhtknf

htthkfbift ht tmi uppir-sijnflhry hfl tirtkhry aivias, wmiri stulifts hri

thu`mt mk`mir-nrlir sgkaas tmht ifhdai tmib tn aihrf fiw tijmfnan`kis ehst

hfl tn pirenrb jnbpaix thsgs. \mi prn`riss ht tmisi aivias ne ilujhtknf

mhs diif bhr`kfha nvir tmi pirknl. Kf hllktknf, ivklifji ernb ntmir stul-

kis smnws tmht bnst ynutm if`hìl kf stulkis hri ekaakf` `hps kf tmikr enr-

bha ilujhtknf, rhtmir tmhf ìttkf` trhkfil kf mk`mir-nrlir sgkaas.

Ibpanybift\mi ibpanyil ahdnr enrji kf 4??5 whs 0.8 bkaaknf, riprisiftkf` hf

ibpanybift-tn-pnpuahtknf rhtkn ne 9:.< pirjift.: Ne tmi ibpanyil, 8.;

bkaaknf, nr 49.< pirjift, wiri ynutm.

\mi `rnwtm kf ibpanybift fubdirs ks ixpahkfil ahrìay dy tmi kfjrihsi

kf tmi fubdir ne ibpanyil eibhais, ispijkhaay kf tmi :? hfl hdnvi hì

`rnup. \mi fubdir ne ibpanyil eibhais kf tmks hì `rnup rnsi ht h phji ne

5.9 pirjift h yihr nvir tmi 8;;54??5 pirknl, jnbphril wktm tmi nvirhaa

hffuha hvirhì ne 4.; pirjift. Kf jnftrhst, tmi fubdir ne ibpanyil ynutm`riw ht hf hffuha phji ne nfay ?.; pirjift h yihr nvir tmi pirknl.

Dy ìn`rhpmkj sijtnr, tmi lkstrkdutknf ne ibpanyil jnkfjklil wktm

tmi lkstrkdutknf ne tmi wnrgkf`-hì pnpuahtknf. \mi `riht bhcnrkty ne

wnrgirs wiri kf tmi rurha sijtnr (=:.: pirjift), enaanwil dy tmi urdhf

(88.: pirjift) hfl isthti (9.< pirjift) sijtnrs. Bnst ne tmi nvirhaa

`rnwtm kf ibpanybift njjurril kf tmi rurha hfl isthti sijtnrs, wmiri tmi

fubdir ne ibpanyil `riw dy :.? hfl 5.< pirjifthì pnkfts, rispijtkviay.

Ernb 8;;5 tmrnu`m 4??5, tmi urdhf smhri ne ibpanyil lijrihsil bhr-`kfhaay (ernb 8:.4 pirjift tn 88.: pirjift), wmkai rurha hfl isthti smhris

ne ibpanybift kfjrihsil. Hatmnu`m tmi pirjifthì ne haa hì `rnups

ibpanyil nf isthtis kfjrihsil, tmi kfjrihsi kf tmi rurha sijtnr whs ahrìay

enr tmnsi kf tmi :? hfl nvir pnpuahtknf. \mi rurha smhri ne ibpanyil kf

tmi 4?4< hfl 494; hì `rnups lijrihsil nvir tkbi.

Ibpanybift-tn-_npuahtknf Thtkn\mi hdkakty ne tmi ijnfnby tn jrihti cnds, bihsuril dy tmi ibpanybift-

tn-pnpuahtknf rhtkn, kfjrihsil nvirhaa, rkskf` 9.= pirjifthì pnkfts lurkf`tmi 8;;44??5 pirknl. Mnwivir, bujm ne tmks rksi (


54/300

\mi ibpanybift-tn-pnpuahtknf rhtkn ks anwir kf Zrk Ahfgh tmhf tmi

wnral ri`knfha hvirhìs, ixjipt enr tmi Bkllai Ihst hfl Fnrtm Herkjh,

hfl Jiftrha hfl Ihstirf Iurnpi. Mnwivir, hatmnu`m haa ri`knfha hvirhìs

ne ibpanybift-tn-pnpuahtknf rhtkns mhvi lijakfil hjrnss tmi àndi, tmiy

mhvi kfjrihsil kf Zrk Ahfgh nvir tmi 8;;94??9 pirknl. \mks hfnbhay ks

phrtay httrkduthdai tn h lijakfi kf tmi ynutm pnpuahtknf kf Zrk Ahfgh nvir

tmi pirknl kf jnftrhst tn hf kfjrihsi kf ynutm pnpuahtknf hjrnss tmi

wnral. Fivirtmiaiss, tmi kfjrihsi kf ynutm ibpanybift kf Zrk Ahfgh

whs hdnvi tmi wnral hvirhì, hatmnu`m kt whs ehr dianw tmi rhtis ne

Znutm Hskh, tmi Bkllai Ihst hfl Fnrtm Herkjh, hfl Zud-Zhmhrhf Herkjh

(sii thdai 8.9).

Znurjis ne Ibpanybift\mks sijtknf lisjrkdis ibpanybift hanf` ekvi lkeeirift ernfts3 sthtus

kf ibpanybift, tmht ks, whì nr shahrkil ibpanybift hs nppnsil tn

ntmir typis ne ibpanybift7 kflustrkha sijtnr ne ibpanybift7 ibk`rh-

tknf enr ibpanybift7 typi ne ibpanybift7 hfl enrbha virsus kfenrbha

typis ne ibpanybift.

Zthtus kf ibpanybift. \mi Kftirfhtknfha Ahdnur Nr`hfkzhtknf (KAN)

liekfis tmrii bhkf jhti`nrkis bihsurkf` sthtus kf ibpanybift3 whì

hfl shahrkil wnrgirs, siae-ibpanyil wnrgirs (hasn rieirril tn hs nwf-

hjjnuft wnrgirs), hfl jnftrkdutkf` ehbkay wnrgirs (hasn rieirril tn hs

ufphkl ehbkay wnrgirs). \ypkjhaay hs jnuftrkis livianp hfl ijnfnbkis

dijnbi bnri lyfhbkj, tmiri ks h smket kf ibpanybift ernb h`rkjuaturi

tn tmi kflustry hfl sirvkjis sijtnrs hfl h jnrrispnflkf` kfjrihsi kf

whì hfl shahrkil wnrgirs (KAN 4??0). \mks sijtknf ixhbkfis tmnsitrifls kf Zrk Ahfgh.

\mi nvirhaa sthtus kf ibpanybift mhs smketil hwhy ernb whì hfl

shahrkil wnrgirs7 mnwivir, tmks smket ks aiss prnfnufjil enr ynutm. Ne tmi

tntha ibpanyil, 99.0 pirjift (fubdirkf` :.; bkaaknf) wiri kf shahrkil nr

whì ibpanybift kf 4??5. \mi rist wiri lkvklil hbnf` nwf-hjjnuft

wnrgirs (:?.; pirjift), ufphkl ehbkay wnrgirs (8?.: pirjift), hfl ibpany-

irs (:.8 pirjift). Lurkf` tmi 8;;54??5 pirknl, tmi prnpnrtknf ne whì

hfl shahrkil wnrgirs lijakfil dy 9.: pirjifthì pnkfts, bhkfay `kvkf` why

tn hf ixphflkf` smhri ne nwf-hjjnuft wnrgirs. \mi prnpnrtknf ne ufphklehbkay wnrgirs hfl ibpanyirs hasn rnsi, hadikt bhr`kfhaay. Jnbphril wktm

tmi smhri ne ynutm kf nvirhaa ibpanybift (45.< pirjift), tmi smhri ne

ynutm kf whì nr shahrkil ibpanybift whs mk`mir (:4.4 pirjift) kf 4??5.

\mi mk`mir smhri ne ynuf` eibhais kf tmi bhfuehjturkf` sijtnr, phrtkjuahray

:4 Hrufhtkahgi hfl Chyhwhrlifh


55/300

tmi `hrbift kflustry, hjjnuftil enr phrt ne tmks lkeeirifji. \mi smhri ne

ynutm kf whì nr shahrkil ibpanybift lijrihsil nvir tmi 8;;54??5

pirknl, dut dy h sbhaair prnpnrtknf jnbphril wktm hluats. \mi prnpnrtknf

ne ynutm wmn wnrg hs jnftrkdutkf` ehbkay wnrgirs hasn lijrihsil, kf jnf-

trhst tn hluats (thdai 8.0).

Enrik`f ibpanybift. Nf hvirhì, kf tmi 8;;44??5 pirknl, hf hllk-

tknfha 488,??? pirsnfs iftiril tmi ahdnr enrji hffuhaay, dut nfay hf

hllktknfha 895,??? pirsnfs enufl ibpanybift. Ht tmi shbi tkbi, tmi

fubdir ne ufibpanyil pirsnfs lrnppil dy hdnut 45,??? h yihr, nf

hvirhì. \mks su`ìsts tmht enrik`f ibpanybift whs h bhkf snurji newnrg enr Zrk Ahfghfs. Kfenrbhtknf nf tmi stnjg ne Zrk Ahfghfs wnrgkf`

hdrnhl ks hvhkahdai nfay enr 4??5. Hjjnrlkf` tn tmi Zrk Ahfgh Durihu ne

Enrik`f Ibpanybift (ZADEI), 8.< bkaaknf Zrk Ahfghfs wiri nvirsihs

jnftrhjt wnrgirs kf 4??5, wmkjm ks iqukvhaift tn 4? pirjift ne tmi

Ahdnr Bhrgit \rifls hfl Nutjnbis kf Zrk Ahfgh ::

\hdai 8.0 Jnbpnsktknf ne tmi Ibpanyil, dy Hì @rnup hfl \ypi ne

Ibpanybift, 4??5

_irjift

Jhti`nry 898; 4?4< 494;

:? hfl

nvir Haa

[nutm

(894;)

Fubdir (???s) lkstrkdutknf 4=0 040 =90 9,485 0,?=5 8,=08

Dy typi ne ibpanybift

Ibpanyii, pudakj 4.? 5.4 8:.< 89.8 8:.9 =.=

Ibpanyii, prkvhtih 5:.4 59.: 94.9 :5.4


56/300

wnrgenrji kf lnbistkj ibpanybift. Nf hvirh`i, tmi liphrturis enr enr-

ik`f ibpanybift kfjrihsil dy


57/300

\hdai 8.= \mi Ibpanyil dy Zijtnr hfl H`i @rnup

_irjift

Zijtnr

8;;4

898; 4?4< 494; :?+ Haa

[nutm

(894;) 898; 4?4< 49

H`rkjuaturi


58/300

(45.; pirjift) (sii thdai 8.0). Nwf-hjjnuft wnrgirs kfjrihsil tmikr

ibpanybift smhri (dy < pirjifthì pnkfts) nvir tmi 8;;54??5 pirknl,

wmkai smhris enr wnrgirs kf tmi pudakj hfl prkvhti sijtnrs lijakfil.

Ibpanybift smhris kf ufphkl ehbkay wnrg hfl ibpanyirs mhvi kfjrihsil

bhr`kfhaay nvir tkbi.

\mi bhkf snurji ne ynutm ibpanybift ks tmi prkvhti sijtnr, wmiri

hrnufl 5? pirjift ne ibpanyil ynuf` bhais hfl eibhais wiri wnrgkf`.

Ntmir sk`fkekjhft snurjis ne ibpanybift wiri nwf-hjjnuft wnrgirs hfl

ufphkl ehbkay wnrgirs, wmiri h quhrtir ne haa ibpanyil ynutm wnrgil. H

quhrtir ne haa ibpanyil ynutm hìs 898; wnrg kf ufphkl ehbkay ibpany-

bift, dut tmht prnpnrtknf `rhluhaay lijrihsis enr nalir hì `rnups. \mus,enr ynufìr wnrgirs, ufphkl ehbkay wnrg hppihrs tn di h stippkf`-stnfi

tnwhrl ntmir typis ne wnrg. Hs wnrgirs hì, tmi smhri ne prkvhti sijtnr

wnrgirs hasn lijrihsis, wmkai tmi smhris ne nwf-hjjnuft hfl pudakj sij-

tnr wnrgirs kfjrihsi `rhluhaay.

\mi smhri ne eibhais, ispijkhaay ynuf` eibhais, wnrgkf` kf tmi prkvhti

sijtnr ks mk`mir tmhf tmi jnrrispnflkf` smhri enr bhais. Ixjaulkf` wnrg-

irs wktmnut h pirbhfift ibpanyir, tmi smhri ne eibhais kf tmi prkvhti sij-

tnr ks bhr`kfhaay mk`mir tmhf tmi smhri ne bhais wnrgkf` kf tmi sijtnr(:


59/300

Enrbha hfl kfenrbha typis ne ibpanybift. \mi Liphrtbift ne Jifsus

hfl Zthtkstkjs liekfis enrbha hfl kfenrbha ibpanyirs hfl iftirprksis dut

fnt enrbha hfl kfenrbha wnrgirs. Hjjnrlkf` tn tmi LJZ, tmi enrbha sij-

tnr kfjaulis tmi pudakj sijtnr hfl prkvhti sijtnr iftirprksis tmht hri ri`-

kstiril, giip enrbha hjjnufts, hfl ibpany bnri tmhf 8? wnrgirs. \mi

riskluha prkvhti sijtnr iftirprksis hri jnfskliril tn di kfenrbha. \n lke-

eiriftkhti kfenrbha hfl enrbha wnrgirs kf enrbha iftirprksis, wi ixhb-

kfil wmitmir tmiy rijikvi twn typis ne difiekts, fhbiay, phkl hffuha

aihvi hfl ritkribift difiekts.

Enaanwkf` liekfktknfs usil dy tmi LJZ, kf tmks stuly enrbha sijtnr

wnrgirs hri liekfil tn di pirsnfs ibpanyil kf h ri`kstiril nr`hfkzhtknfgiipkf` enrbha wrkttif hjjnufts hfl mhvkf` bnri tmhf 9 riùahr ibpany-

iis wmn rijikvi iktmir ritkribift difiekts nr phkl hffuha aihvi. Kfenrbha

wnrgirs hri haa pudakj hfl prkvhti enrbha sijtnr ibpanyiis wmn hri fnt

enrbha wnrgirs, haa wnrgirs kf prkvhti kfenrbha sijtnr iftirprksis, haa ufphkl

ehbkay wnrgirs, hfl haa wnrgirs wktmnut h pirbhfift ibpanyir. Nfay tmi

4??5 AEZ prnvklis kfenrbhtknf tmht ifhdais us tn lkeeiriftkhti enrbha hfl

kfenrbha wnrgirs hjjnrlkf` tn tmks liekfktknf. Mifji, tmi enaanwkf` hfhay-

sks hppakis nfay tn 4??5.Habnst 0 ne iviry 8? ibpanyil Zrk Ahfghfs wnrg kf tmi kfenrbha sij-

tnr, hfl tmi smhri ne kfenrbha sijtnr wnrgirs mhs kfjrihsil nvir tkbi.

Habnst haa ne tmi hffuha ibpanybift `rnwtm skfji 8;;5 mhs diif

hbnf` kfenrbha wnrgirs. Ahrìay kfenrbha typis ne ibpanybiftsujm hs

nwf-hjjnuft wnrgirs hfl ufphkl ehbkay wnrgirsmhvi ixphflil ht h

ehstir phji tmhf tmi nvirhaa hvirhì hffuha ibpanybift `rnwtm rhti ne

4.; pirjift.9 \mnsi jahsskekil hs ibpanyirs mhvi kfjrihsil dy hf hvirhì

hffuha rhti ne 0.4 pirjift7 mnwivir, tmiy sthrt ernb h anw dhsi. \misismkets kf ibpanybift phttirfs hri phrtay ixpahkfil dy tmi libn`rhpmkj

smkets ne tmi ibpanyil tnwhrl nalir eibhais, wmn hri bnri akgiay tn

wnrg kf tmi kfenrbha ijnfnby. Ibpanybift kf tmi pudakj hfl prkvhti

sijtnrs mhs hasn rksif nvir tmi pirknl, dut ht h sanwir rhti.

\misi ìfirha trifls kf ibpanybift phttirfs hri snbiwmht lkeeirift

enr ynutm. Zkbkahr tn tmi nvirhaa trifls, ibpanybift hs nwf-hjjnuft

wnrgirs hfl ibpanyirs rnsi enr ynutm ht h ehstir rhti tmhf `rnwtm kf tntha

ynutm ibpanybift7 ufakgi enr tmi nvirhaa trifls, mnwivir, tmi smhri ne

ibpanybift kf ufphkl ehbkay wnrg lijrihsil hfl tmi smhri ne ibpany-bift kf tmi prkvhti sijtnr kfjrihsil (sii thdai 8.0).

\mi prnpnrtknf ne kfenrbha wnrgirs ks jnbphrhdai enr ynutm hfl

hluats. Bnst bhai kfenrbha wnrgirs wnrgil iktmir kf tmi prkvhti sijtnr

Ahdnr Bhrgit \rifls hfl Nutjnbis kf Zrk Ahfgh :0


60/300


61/300


62/300

sak`mtay kf tmi 4??5 AEZ. Ekrst, tmi 4??5 surviy liekfil ufibpanyilbnristrkfìftay, jnbphril wktm privknus yihrs. Zijnfl, pirsnfs wmn wiri fnt

ibpanyil dut mhl harihly bhli hrrhfìbifts enr h cnd nr wiri hdnut tn

di siae-ibpanyil wiri fn anfìr jnfskliril tn di ufibpanyil dut kfstihl

wiri jahsskekil siphrhtiay hs ixpijtil tn di ibpanyil. Kf 4??5, 4:,85: pir-snfs (?.: pirjift ne tmi ahdnr enrji) ekt tmks fiw liekfktknf. \n di jnfsks-

tift wktm lhth ernb ihrakir yihrs, tmi enaanwkf` hfhaysks jnfsklirs tmisi

kflkvkluhas tn di ufibpanyil. Mnwivir, 4??5 lhth ln fnt prnvkli sueek-

jkift kfenrbhtknf tn jnrrijt enr tmi liekfktknfha jmhfì ne ufibpanyil. Hs hrisuat, tmi ufibpanybift sthtkstkjs prnvklil enr 4??5 kf tmi enaanwkf`

hfhaysks hri akgiay tn di bhr`kfhaay anwir tmhf tmiy wnual mhvi diifhjjnrlkf` tn tmi ihrakir liekfktknf ne ufibpanybift.

\mi ufibpanybift rhti ks mk`mir enr eibhais, tmi bnri ilujhtil, hfl

ynufìr hì `rnups. Kf 4??5,


63/300

tmrii sijtnrs, wktm tmi mk`mist rhti (8=.8 pirjift) kf rurha hrihs, wmiri

=8.= pirjift ne tmi ynutm ahdnr enrji risklil. \mi rhtkn ne ynutm tn hluat

ufibpanybift ks mk`mist kf tmi isthti sijtnr (8: tn 8) hfl anwist kf tmi

urdhf sijtnr (9 tn 8).

Yfibpanybift rhtis enaanw skbkahr phttirfs enr dntm bhais hfleibhais hjrnss hì hfl ilujhtknf `rnups7 tmiy hri mk`mir enr ynufìr

hì `rnups hfl enr tmi bnri ilujhtil. Mnwivir, ufibpanybift rhtis

hri mk`mir enr eibhais tmhf bhais, enr haa hì `rnups hfl enr haa aivias ne

ilujhtknf. \misi phttirfs hri ahrìay jnfskstift kf 8;;5 hs wiaa hs 4??5

(sii ekùri 8.8).

Kf hdsnauti tirbs, tmi fubdir ne ufibpanyil ks mk`mist enr 894


64/300

quhakekjhtknfs nr mk`mir. \mks lijrihsi ks ahrìr enr anwir aivias ne ilujh-

tknf hfl enr ynufìr hì `rnups (sii ekùri 8.8).

Lispkti tmi lijakfi kf ufibpanybift, tmi cndaiss rhti enr ynutm kf Zrk

Ahfgh whs mk`m jnbphril wktm wnral ri`knfha hvirhìs. Ixjipt enr tmi

Bkllai Ihst hfl Fnrtm Herkjh, tmi ynutm ufibpanybift rhtis kf Zrk Ahfgh

wiri mk`mir tmhf haa ntmir wnral ri`knfha hvirhìs.

Ixpijtil \ypis ne Ibpanybift\mrii ne iviry tif cndaiss pirsnfs wiri sihrjmkf` enr wnrg kf tmi jairgs

njjuphtknfha jhti`nry. Ne tmnsi, h prnpnrtknfhaay ahrìr smhri whs eibhai,

kfjaulkf` mhae ne ufibpanyil eibhais wktm ht aihst H-aivias hfl twn-eketmsne tmnsi wktm ht aihst N-aivias. \wn ntmir njjuphtknfha jhti`nrkis

iaibifthry njjuphtknfs hfl jrhet hfl riahtil wnrgirswiri pnpuahr

wktm tmi aiss-ilujhtil ufibpanyil. Bnri bhais tmhf eibhais wiri anng-

kf` enr wnrg kf tmi iaibifthry njjuphtknfs, wmkai h skbkahr smhri ne

bhais hfl eibhais wiri ixpijtkf` ibpanybift kf jrhet hfl riahtil cnds.

Yfibpanybift LurhtknfJansi tn mhae ne tmi ufibpanyil (nr :.4 pirjift ne tmi ahdnr enrji) mhl

diif ufibpanyil enr bnri tmhf h yihr kf 4??5. H sak`mtay mk`mir prnpnr-

tknf ne eibhais (9:.8 pirjift) tmhf bhais (


65/300

_httirfs hfl \rifls kf Ahdnr Ihrfkf`s

Nvirhaa, hvirhì riha bnftmay ihrfkf`s rnsi dy 8;.= pirjift ernb 8;;5tmrnu`m 4??5, wktm hluats hfl bhais `hkfkf` bnri ernb tmi kfjrihsi.

Hvirhì bnftmay ihrfkf`s enr hluats `riw dy h ahrìr bhr`kf (4?.< pir-

jift), jnbphril wktm tmnsi enr ynutm. \mi ihrfkf`s rnwtm (;.? pirjift)

whs anwist enr ynutm hìs 894


66/300

\hdai 8.; Ihrfkf`s \rifls, dy Hì @rnup

Jhti`nry

Bihf

bnftmay

ihrfkf`s

(4??5)

Zmhri kf

ibpanybift

(4??5), (%)

Hvirhì hffuha jmhfì kf ahdn

8;;54??? 4???4??5

Haa Haa [-K [-KK Hlat Haa [-K [-KK Hlat

Haa =,:0; 8?? : < < < ? ? 8

@iflir

Bhai ;,?98 59 : < < < ? ? 8

Eibhai 0,8?9 :9 : < < < 8 8 ?

Ijnfnbkj sijtnr

_udakj 84,55? 8< 9 4 4 4 < 8 :

_rkvhti 5,;;9


67/300

\mi lkstrkdutknf ne bnftmay hvirhì ihrfkf`s, bihsuril dy tmi @kfk

jnieekjkift, dijhbi bnri ufiquha enr tmi jnuftry lurkf` tmi tif-yihr

pirknl. Ihrfkf`s wiri bnri iquhaay lkstrkdutil lurkf` tmi 8;;54???

pirknl dut `riw bnri ufiquha kf tmi ahtir pirknl. \mks trifl mial enr haa

ìn`rhpmkjha sijtnrs ixjipt tmi urdhf sijtnr, wmiri tmi lkspirsknf ne

ihrfkf`s dijhbi bnri ufiquha tmrnu`mnut tmi iftkri stuly pirknl.

Jnfjausknfs hfl _nakjy Tijnbbiflhtknfs

\mks jmhptir ixhbkfil ahdnr bhrgits trifls kf Zrk Ahfgh nvir tmi

8;;44??5 pirknl, `kvkf` phrtkjuahr httiftknf tn ynutm. \mi hfhayskssmnws tmht tmi ahdnr enrji `rnwtm sanwil hfl tmht tmi ynutm ahdnr enrji

sth`fhtil nvir tmi pirknl hfl jnftrhjtil nvir tmi 4???4??5 pirknl.

Dntm libn`rhpmkj jmhfìs hfl tmi anwirkf` ne ahdnr enrji phrtkjkphtknf

rhtis mhvi jnftrkdutil tn tmks lijakfi kf tmi ynutm ahdnr enrji. \mi lijakfi

ks ne jnfjirf dijhusi ynutm ahdnr enrji phrtkjkphtknf rhtis wiri harihly

anw jnbphril wktm tmnsi enr ntmir wnral ri`knfha hvirhìs, kflkjhtkf`

tmht tmi hdkakty ne tmi bhrgit tn httrhjt wnrgirs ks anw.

Hs ahdnr risnurjis `rnw sjhrjir, kt ks issiftkha tn bhgi nptkbub usi netmib. Mnwivir, tmi hdkakty ne tmi ijnfnby tn jrihti ibpanybift mhs

diif anw. \mi hvhkahdai snurjis ne ibpanybift kf tmi jnuftry hri fnt

viry httrhjtkvi. \mi bhcnr snurji ne ibpanybift ks tmi kfenrbha sijtnr,

hfl kts kbpnrthfji hs h snurji ne ibpanybift mhs `rnwf nvir tmi pirknl.

Hatmnu`m ibpanybift smnws h bnvibift hwhy ernb h`rkjuaturi, tmiri

ks fn jnrrispnflkf` kfjrihsi kf tmi smhri ne whì nr shahrkil ibpanybift.

Enr ynutm, bnst ne tmi cnd `rnwtm mhs diif kf tmi siae-ibpanybift hfl

ibpanyir jhti`nrkis, hanf` wktm h bhr`kfha kfjrihsi kf ibpanybift kf tmiprkvhti sijtnr. Ihrfkf`s `rnwtm litirknrhtil nvir 4???4??5, jnbphril

wktm 8;;54???. [nutm mhvi diif bnri heeijtil tmhf hluats dy tmks liti-

rknrhtknf. \mi hdkakty ne tmi ijnfnby tn bhgi usi ne nppnrtufktkis npif-

kf` up kf tmi àndha ibpanybift bhrgits ks hasn anw, `kvif tmi ehkray anw

prnpnrtknf ne tmi ahdnr enrji wktm mk`mir ilujhtknf.

Hatmnu`m ufibpanybift rhtis mhvi jnbi lnwf, phrtkjuahray tmnsi

enr ynutm, tmi jurrift rhtis hri stkaa riahtkviay mk`m jnbphril wktm tmnsi

kf ntmir jnuftrkis. \mi lijakfi kf tmi ufibpanybift rhtis ks ahrìay

ixpahkfil dy libn`rhpmkj jmhfìs, ibk`rhtknf ne wnrgirs, hflkfjrihsil ilujhtknf phrtkjkphtknf, rhtmir tmhf kbprnvil ibpanybift

prnspijts kf Zrk Ahfgh. Jansi tn mhae tmi ufibpanyil mhvi diif ufib-

panyil enr nvir h yihr. Bnst ne tmib, lispkti mhvkf` mk`m aivias ne enr-

bha ilujhtknf, hri ixpijtkf` cnds riqukrkf` anw sgkaa aivias, kflkjhtkf`

Ahdnr Bhrgit \rifls hfl Nutjnbis kf Zrk Ahfgh


68/300

tmht lispkti mk`m aivias ne enrbha ilujhtknf, tmi bhrgit ks libhflkf`

anw jnbpitifjkis kf sgkaas.

\mi hfhaysks smnws tmi urìft fiil tn ifjnurhì ahdnr enrji phrtkjkph-

tknf rhtis dy jrihtkf` httrhjtkvi ibpanybift nppnrtufktkis, ispijkhaay kf tmi

enrbha sijtnr, wmiri wnrgkf` jnflktknfs hfl ribufirhtknf aivias hri dittir

hfl bnri sthdai. Zivirha stulkis mhvi mk`mak`mtil tmi fiil tn livianp tmi

kfvistbift jakbhti kf tmi jnuftry hfl riahx ahdnr ahws tn ifjnurhì tmi

jrihtknf ne bnri enrbha sijtnr cnds (Pnral Dhfg 4??5).

Hatmnu`m tmi ahdnr enrji mhs dijnbi bnri ilujhtil nvir tkbi, h

bhcnr phrt ne tmi kbprnvibift mhs diif ht tmi prkbhry aivia. \mi fiil

ks tn kbprnvi fnt nfay ilujhtknf htthkfbift ht tmi uppir-sijnflhry hfltirtkhry aivias dut hasn tmi riaivhfji ne ilujhtknf sn tmht tmi wnrgenrji ks

jnbpitift kf K\ hfl Ifàksm sgkaas fijisshry enr sijurkf` ibpanybift kf

tmi ibir`kf` àndha ibpanybift bhrgits. Kf tmks ri`hrl, spijkha httiftknf

smnual di phkl tn kbprnvkf` tmi quhakty hfl riaivhfji ne ilujhtknf, ispi-

jkhaay enr rurha ynutm ernb nutskli Pistirf _rnvkfji. \mi hjjiss tn `nnl-

quhakty trhkfkf` prn`rhbs ks hasn anw enr ynutm, kf phrt dijhusi tmisi

prn`rhbs hri jnstay hfl hvhkahdai nfay kf hfl hrnufl Pistirf _rnvkfji

(Jnanbdn) hfl ntmir urdhf hrihs. Eurtmir, bhfy `nnl trhkfkf` prn`rhbshri jnflujtil nfay kf Ifàksm, wmkjm ks h eurtmir dhrrkir tn hjjiss. H jnf-

jirtil ieenrt smnual di bhli tn kbprnvi hjjiss tn tmisi dittir-quhakty

trhkfkf` prn`rhbs enr haa Zrk Ahfghfs dy ifjnurh`kf` tmi trhkfkf` prnvklirs

tn neeir tmisi prn`rhbs nutskli Pistirf _rnvkfji hfl dy bhgkf` ekfhfjkha

hssksthfji hvhkahdai.

Ht tmi shbi tkbi, tmiri ks h fiil tn kbprnvi Ifàksm hfl K\ ilujhtknf

ht tmi sijnflhry aivia, sn tmht ynutm ln fnt spifl tkbi ekaakf` tmnsi `hps

kf tmikr sijnflhry ilujhtknf wmif tmiy smnual di wnrgkf` nr if`h`kf` kfbnri hlvhfjil ilujhtknf prn`rhbs. Hatmnu`m sivirha kfktkhtkvis mhvi

diif kftrnlujil tn kbprnvi tmi quhakty ne Ifàksm hfl K\ ilujhtknf

neeiril ht tmi sjmnna aivia, prn`riss mhs diif sanw. Fiw kffnvhtkvi whys

hri fiilil enr kbprnvkf` ilujhtknf kf tmisi hrihs qukjgay, sn tmht tmi

jnuftry lnis fnt ansi nut nf tmi ibir`kf` nppnrtufktkis.


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Hffix

Liekfktknf ne Ahdnr Bhrgit Kflkjhtnrs Ysil kf tmi Hfhaysks

\mi hfhaysks usis sthflhrl ahdnr bhrgit kflkjhtnrs hs liekfil dianw3

_npuahtknf (_)3 Ijnfnbkjhaay hjtkvi pnpuahtknf 89 yihrs hfl nvir.Ibpanyil (I)3 Mnusimnal bibdirs, wmn lurkf` tmi rieirifji pirknl,

wnrgil hs phkl ibpanyiis, ibpanyirs, nwf-hjjnuft wnrgirs, nr uf-

phkl wnrgirs. \mks kfjaulis pirsnfs wktm h cnd dut fnt ht wnrg lurkf`

tmi rieirifji pirknl.

Ibpanybift-tn-pnpuahtknf rhtkn3 \mi fubdir ne ibpanyil pirsnfs hs hpirjifthì ne wnrgkf`-hì pnpuahtknf.

Ixpijtkf` tn di ibpanyil (II) (4??5)3 _irsnfs wmn hri fnt jurriftayibpanyil dut harihly mhl h cnd nr mhl bhli hrrhfìbifts enr siae-

ibpanybift hri fnt jnfskliril tn di ibpanyil.

Yfibpanyil (Y) (dienri 4??5)3 _irsnfs wmn wiri hvhkahdai hfl/nr anngkfènr wnrg dut wmn lkl fnt wnrg lurkf` tmi rieirifji pirknl.

Yfibpanyil (Y) (4??5)3 _irsnfs hvhkahdai hfl/nr anngkf` enr wnrg, hfl

tmnsi wmn lkl fnt wnrg dut tnng stips lurkf` tmi ahst enur wiigs tnekfl h cnd hfl wmn hri rihly tn hjjipt h cnd `kvif wnrg. (\mi Liphrt-

bift ne Jifsus hfl Zthtkstkjs lhth ln fnt jnfsklir tmnsi wmn hri

ixpijtkf` tn di ibpanyil hs ufibpanyil.)

Ahdnr enrji (AE)3 Ijnfnbkjhaay hjtkvi pnpuahtknf 89 yihrs hfl nvir.(AE 2 I + Y.)

Fnt kf tmi ahdnr enrji3 H pirsnf wmn ks fiktmir ibpanyil fnr ufibpanyil.Yfibpanybift rhti (YT)3 Yfibpanyil hs h pirjifthì ne tmi ahdnr enrji.Ahdnr enrji phrtkjkphtknf rhti (AE_T)3 _irsnfs kf tmi ahdnr enrji hs h pir-

jifthì ne tmi wnrgkf`-hì pnpuahtknf.

Tieirifji pirknl3Piig prijilkf` tmi wiig ne lhth jnaaijtknf.Fn pirbhfift ibpanyir (4??5)3 Ibpanyiis wmn ln fnt mhvi h pirbhfift

ibpanyir.

Fntis

8. Cndsfit ks hf Kftirfit-dhsil ibpanybift snurjkf` hfl liakviry systib enr

bhtjmkf` cnd vhjhfjkis wktm cndsiigirs wmn ri`kstir wktm Cndsfit. \mi kfenr-bhtknf stnri ks uplhtil nf h riha-tkbi dhsks ernb haa phrts ne tmi jnuftry.

4. Ht aihst N-aivia quhakekil kfjaulis H-aivia quhakekil hfl li`rii mnalirs.

:. \misi sthtkstkjs ixjauli Fnrtmirf hfl Ihstirf prnvkfjis.

Ahdnr Bhrgit \rifls hfl Nutjnbis kf Zrk Ahfgh


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enrbhaay ibpanyil wnrgirs, hfl tmi ntmir ne ufprntijtil hfl anw-phkl

kfenrbha sijtnr wnrgirs. \mks quistknf ks stulkil dy hfhayzkf` litirbk-

fhfts ne kfenrbha ibpanybift hfl whìs, hs wiaa hs dy ixhbkfkf` tmi

ieeijts ne Zrk Ahfghs ristrkjtkvi sivirhfji phy ai`ksahtknf nf cnd jrihtknf

hfl listrujtknf hfl nf iftirprksis kfjiftkvis tn kfjrihsi ibpanybift.

\mi jmhptir ekrst prnvklis hf nvirvkiw ne tmi ixtift ne si`bifthtknf

kf Zrk Ahfghs ahdnr bhrgit hfl prisifts hf hfhaysks ne pirsnfha hfl

jnbbufkty jmhrhjtirkstkjs hssnjkhtil wktm tmi prndhdkakty ne dikf`

ibpanyil kf tmi pudakj, prkvhti enrbha, hfl prkvhti kfenrbha sijtnrs. Kt

tmif hfhayzis kfstktutknfha ehjtnrs rispnfskdai enr tmi enrbhtknf ne

whìs hfl tmi risuatkf` whì pribkubs hssnjkhtil wktm pudakj hfl enr-bha prkvhti wnrg. \mi jmhptir lisjrkdis ibpanybift prntijtknf hfl

hfhayzis kts jnfsiquifjis nf cnd jrihtknf hfl listrujtknf hfl ekrbs

`rnwtm, dienri jnfjaulkf` dy pahjkf` tmi hfhaysks kf tmi pnakjy jnftixt.

Litirbkfhfts ne Kfenrbha Ibpanybift kf Zrk Ahfgh

Zrk Ahfghs ahdnr bhrgit lkvklis smhrpay hanf` tmi kfenrbhakty bhr`kf3 h

sbhaa enrbha sijtnr ne pudakj hfl prkvhti wnrgirs skts hanf`skli h ahrì kfenr-bha sijtnr wmiri wnrgkf` jnflktknfs hri prijhrknus. Kf 4??5, 55 pirjift

ne Zrk Ahfghs ibpanyil ahdnr enrji whs kf kfenrbha wnrg (kf akfi wktm

tmi liekfktknf hpprnvil dy tmi 89tm Kftirfhtknfha Jnfeirifji ne Ahdnr

Zthtkstkjkhfs). _udakj ibpanybift hjjnuftil enr h skzhdai 8: pirjift hfl

prkvhti enrbha ibpanybift enr nfay 4? pirjift (thdai 4.8). Ne tmnsi kf

9? @ufhtkahgh hfl Unlnpkvij

\hdai 4.8 Ahdnr Bhrgit Zi`bifthtknf kf Zrk Ahfgh 4??5, Haa Ibpanyil

Jhti`nry _irjift_udakj ibpanybift

Hs h smhri ne tntha ibpanybift 8:. Ke sn, nfi wnual ixpijt

tmi ixkstifji ne h pribkub hdnvi tmi ndsirvhdai jmhrhjtirkstkjs tmht ks hssn-

jkhtil wktm wnrgkf` kf prntijtil si`bifts ne tmi ahdnr bhrgittmht ks, kf

tmi pudakj hfl enrbha prkvhti sijtnrs. Dienri wi ixhbkfi tmks quistknf,

mnwivir, wi lisjrkdi tmi whì-sittkf` hrrhfìbifts kf Zrk Ahfgh.

Kf Zrk Ahfgh tmrii tkirs ne whìs jhf di lkstkfùksmil, ihjm litirbkfil

tmrnu`m h lkeeirift bijmhfksbtmnsi riahtil tn tmi pudakj sijtnr, tn tmienrbha (prntijtil) prkvhti sijtnr, hfl tn tmi kfenrbha (ufprntijtil)

sijtnr. _udakj sijtnr whìs hri `nvirfil dy twn giy bijmhfksbs3 pirknlkj

rijnbbiflhtknfs dy nvirfbift-hppnkftil phy jnbbkssknfs7 hfl hlcust-

bifts dy tmi jhdkfit kf tmi jnst-ne-akvkf` haanwhfji. Enrbha prkvhti sijtnr

Ahdnr Bhrgit Kfstktutknfs hfl Ahdnr Bhrgit Zi`bifthtknf kf Zrk Ahfgh 9:


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whìs hri litirbkfil kf tmrii whys3 dy trkphrtkti whìs dnhrls, wmkjm

litirbkfi bkfkbub whìs7 tmrnu`m jnaaijtkvi dhr`hkfkf` ditwiif trhli

ufknfs hfl tmi ibpanyirs riprisiftil dy tmi Ibpanyirs Eilirhtknf ne

Jiyanf7 hfl tmrnu`m kflipiflift, kflkvkluha dhr`hkfkf` ditwiif bnri

sgkaail ibpanyiis hfl tmikr ibpanyirs. Phìs ne wnrgirs kf tmi kfenrbha

sijtnr hri dy hfl ahrì litirbkfil eriiay dy tmi bhrgit7 hatmnu`m bhfy

kfenrbha wnrgirs hri jnviril dy tmi whì-dnhrl ai`ksahtknf, tmiy bhy ihrf

aiss tmhf bhflhtil wmiri bnfktnrkf` hfl ifenrjibift ks wihg. Ht tmi

shbi tkbi, dijhusi tmi whì kfjrihsis bhflhtil dy tmi whìs dnhrls mhvi

mhrlay gipt up wktm kfeahtknf, bhrgit-litirbkfil rhtis hdnvi tmi sthtutnry

bkfkbubs privhka kf hrihs sujm hs Pistirf _rnvkfji wmiri tmi ahdnr bhr-git ks tk`mt.

Ernb tmks lisjrkptknf, kt jhf di siif tmht pudakj sijtnr wnrgirs hri tmi

difiekjkhrkis ne tmi privhkakf` whì-sittkf` systib hfl kfenrbha wnrgirs

tmi ansirs. Yfknfs wkial jnfsklirhdai pnaktkjha hfl strhti`kj janut kf tmi

pudakj sijtnr, hfl tmiy hri hasn prisift kf tmi prkvhti enrbha sijtnr, jnb-

piaakf` `rihtir jnbpakhfji wktm prntijtkvi ahdnr ai`ksahtknf hfl if`h`kf`

kf jnaaijtkvi dhr`hkfkf`. Kfliil, hs smnwf kf thdai 4.


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Ahdnr Bhrgit Kfstktutknfs hfl Ahdnr Bhrgit Zi`bifthtknf kf Zrk Ahfgh 99

\hdai 4.9 Litirbkfhfts ne Mnuray Ph`is, Ibpanyiis

Jmhrhjtirkstkj_udakj Enrbha Kfenrbha Haa ibpanyiis

(8) (4) (:) (


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95 @ufhtkahgh hfl Unlnpkvij

Fnrtm Jiftrha ?.4=;5 ?.4?99* ?.??; ?.88


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hfhaysks ne ìflir hfl itmfkjkty-riahtil whì kfiquhaktkis). Pmkai tmi

ri`rissknf istkbhtis riahtkf` tn ilujhtknf vhrkhdais hri sk`fkekjhft nfay

enr enrbha ibpanyiis, fnti tmht ilujhtknf ks bnst mk`may riwhrlil kf

tmi enrbha sijtnr hfl aihst kf tmi kfenrbha sijtnr. Ht mk`mir aivias ne

ilujhtknf, kfenrbha ibpanyiis ifcny mhae tmi riturfs tn ilujhtknf

ifcnyil dy iqukvhaiftay ilujhtil ibpanyiis kf tmi enrbha prkvhti sij-

tnr. \mi vhrkhdais riahtil tn ekrb skzi hri dy hfl ahrì fnt sk`fkekjhft

ntmir tmhf enr tmi 8?? ibpanyiis paus `rnup, wmkjm ihrfs sk`fkekjhftay

bnri tmhf ibpanyiis kf bkjrniftirprksis kf tmi enrbha sijtnr hfl sk`-

fkekjhftay aiss tmhf ibpanyiis kf bkjrniftirprksis kf kfenrbha ibpany-

bift. \ibpnrhry hfl jhsuha wnrgirs ihrf sk`fkekjhftay aiss tmhf pirbhfiftibpanyiis kf enrbha ibpanybift.

Kbphjt ne Ibpanybift _rntijtknf Ai`ksahtknf

Ahdnr bhrgit si`bifthtknf jhf hasn di euiail dy ibpanybift prntijtknf

ai`ksahtknf. Kf phrtkjuahr, ahrì ekrkf` jnsts hfl prnjilurha ndsthjais tn

wnrgir lksbksshas bhy jnftrkduti tn tmi ibirìfji ne luha ahdnr bhrgits.

Zujm jnsts hfl ndsthjais riluji cnd siphrhtknfs hs wiaa tmi mkrkf` ne fiwwnrgirs, wktm kfenrbha sijtnr wnrgirs hfl vuafirhdai `rnups sujm hs ynuf`

wnrgirs hfl eibhais dikf` phrtkjuahray murt. Ekrbs mkri eiwir wnrgirs

enaanwkf` pnsktkvi smnjgs tmht wnual ntmirwksi ifjnurhì tmib tn ixphfl,

dijhusi mk`m sivirhfji phybifts bhgi kt jnstay enr ekrbs tn ahy nee

wnrgirs kf tmi ehji ne h fi`htkvi ijnfnbkj smnjg (Dirtnah 8;;4). \mus

lksbkssha jnsts hjt cust akgi mkrkf` jnsts, rilujkf` cnd eanws hfl tmi spiil

wktm wmkjm ahdnr bhrgits hlcust tn ixnìfnus smnjgs hfl jnfstrhkfkf`

tmi rihaanjhtknf ne ahdnr ernb lijakfkf` tn ixphflkf` sijtnrs.Tijift bkjrnijnfnbitrkj hfhaysis mhvi smnwf tmht ahdnr bhrgit riù-

ahtknfs jhf prnluji kbpnrthft ieekjkifjy anssis. Enr ixhbpai, Mijgbhf

hfl _hìs (4???) smnw tmht kf Ahtkf Hbirkjh, bnri strkfìft cnd sijurkty

ahws hri hssnjkhtil wktm anwir ibpanybift hfl mk`mir ufibpanybift,

phrtkjuahray hbnf` ynuf` wnrgirs. Zkbkahray, Disaiy hfl Durìss (4??


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9= @ufhtkahgh hfl Unlnpkvij

Ijnfnbkj Jn-npirhtknf hfl Livianpbift (NIJL). Ntmir stulkis uskf`

bhjrnijnfnbkj lhth, kfjaulkf` Fkjgiaa hfl Ahyhrl (8;;;), Mheefir hfl

ntmirs (4??8), hfl NIJL (8;;;), mhvi hasn enufl fi`htkvi ieekjkifjy

ieeijts ne sivirhfji phy.

Dut tmisi fi`htkvi ekflkf`s ernb ahdnr bhrgit riùahtknfs hri fnt ufk-

virsha.: Dhuir, Diflir, hfl Dnfkf (4??0) enufl fn ivklifji tmht lksbkssha

prntijtknf heeijtil wnrgir turfnvir kf @irbhfy. Zjmkvhrlk hfl \nrrkfk

(4??=) enufl nfay bnlist ivklifji tmht ibpanybift prntijtknf ai`ksah-

tknf rilujil ekrb kfjiftkvis tn kfjrihsi ibpanybift kf Kthakhf ekrbs.

\mks sijtknf ixpanris snbi pnsskdai akfgs ditwiif Zrk Ahfghs ristrkj-

tkvi hfl jnstay ibpanybift prntijtknf ai`ksahtknf, ibdnlkil kf tmi\irbkfhtknf ne Ibpanybift ne Pnrgbif Hjt (\IPH), hfl ahdnr bhrgit

nutjnbis. Kf phrtkjuahr, kt ixpanris pnsskdai akfgs ne \IPH tn cnd eanws

(cnd jrihtknf hfl listrujtknf) hfl tn phttirfs ne ekrb `rnwtm.

Lisjrkptknf ne \IPH

\mi \irbkfhtknf ne Ibpanybift ne Pnrgbif Hjt ne 8;08 ks nfi ne tmi

jnstakist hfl bnst ristrkjtkvi sivirhfji phy systibs kf tmi wnral. \IPH

riqukris ibpanyirs wktm bnri tmhf 8< wnrgirs tn siig tmi hutmnrkzhtknfne tmi Jnbbkssknfir ne Ahdnr enr kftiflil ahynees (enr ihjm kflkvkluha

jhsi, fnt nfay enr bhss ahynees hs kf snbi ntmir jnuftrkis). Kt fnt nfay jhaas

enr ibpanyirs tn phy mk`m jnbpifshtknf tn tmi ahkl-nee wnrgirs, dut kts

lksjritknfhry fhturi hfl aif`tmy prnjiluris eurtmir lksjnurhì ibpany-

irs ernb ahykf` nee wnrgirs.

Tivksknfs tn tmi jnbpifshtknf enrbuahs, hlnptil kf 4??9, rilujil

fnftrhfsphrifjy hfl hrdktrhrkfiss kf tmi ekrkf` prnjiss, dut tmi siphrhtknf

jnsts ribhkf ixtribiay mk`m dy kftirfhtknfha sthflhrls, hfl tmi prnjiss nesiphrhtknf stkaa kfvnavis prknr hpprnvha dy tmi Ahdnr Jnbbkssknfir.

Lurkf` 4??4?: (tmi pirknl usil kf tmi hfhaysks miri), tmi sivirhfji phy

hvirhìl fihray twkji tmi bnftmay shahry enr ihjm yihr ne sirvkji, hfl tmi

buatkpai jnual rksi hs mk`m hs skx tkbis tmi bnftmay shahry (ekùri 4.8). Hs

smnwf kf ekùri 4.4, kf 4??: h Zrk Ahfghf wnrgir wktm 4? yihrs ne sirvkji

rijikvil hf hvirhì sivirhfji phjghì iquha tn 49 bnftms ne whìs.

Kf jnftrhst, tmi hvirhì sivirhfji whs 85 bnftms ne whìs kf ntmir Hskhf

jnuftrkis, 84 bnftms kf Ahtkf Hbirkjhf jnuftrkis, 0 bnftms kf Herkjhf

jnuftrkis, 5 bnftms kf NIJL jnuftrkis, hfl < bnftms kf trhfsktknf jnuf-trkis. Ahkl-nee Zrk Ahfghf wnrgirs wktm smnrtir sphfs ne sirvkji hasn

rijikvil ufusuhaay ifirnus sivirhfji phy. Hfl wmif tmi systib swktjmil

tn h ekxil enrbuah enr jnbputkf` tmi sivirhfji phjghì kf Lijibdir

4??:, tmi prn`rhb dijhbi ivif bnri ìfirnus (Pnral Dhfg 4??0).


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Ahdnr Bhrgit Kfstktutknfs hfl Ahdnr Bhrgit Zi`bifthtknf kf Zrk Ahfgh 9;

Ek`uri 4.8 @ifirnskty ne \IPH Nrlirs, 4??4?:

?

9

8?

89

4?

49

:?

:9


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Ekrbs bhy hasn try tn sklistip \IPH ndak`htknfs dy jnftrkvkf` lksjk-

pakfhry `rnufls tmht wnual custkey ekrkf` h wnrgir nr dy mhrhsskf` wnrg-

irs tn bhgi tmib qukt. Hatirfhtkviay, tmiy jnual nutsnurji wnrg tn hvnkl

mhvkf` tn thgi nf bnri wnrgirs. Pmkai kt ks lkeekjuat tn hssiss mnw eri-

quiftay tmisi nptknfs hri usil, tmiri hri rihsnfs tn diakivi tmht ekrbs

mhvi nfay akbktil hdkakty tn hvnkl tmi jnsts ne \IPH. Kfeaixkdai ahdnr ri`-

uahtknfs wiri nfi ne tmi ekvi bnst jnbbnfay jktil duskfiss jmhaaif`is

ripnrtil dy urdhf ekrbs kf Zrk Ahfgh. _risifthtknf bhli ht tmi Fhtknfha

Zjkifji Enuflhtknf, Zjkifji hfl \ijmfnan`y Jiftir, Phsmkf`tnf L.J.

Zjmnne, Y. 4??5. Ztkbuahtkf` [nutm Iftriprifiursmkp3 Dhrrkirs hfl Kfjiftkvis tn

Iftirprksi Zthrt-ups dy [nuf` _inpai. Zirkis nf [nutm hfl Iftriprifiursmkp.

@ifivh3 Kftirfhtknfha Ahdnur Nr`hfkzhtknf.

ZK[DZAH (Zthrt hfl Kbprnvi [nur Duskfiss, Zrk Ahfgh Hssnjkhtknf). 4??


220/300

Uijkhfh, C. B., B. Hpnfti, hfl L. Yrdhfn. 4??9. Yfkvirskty Ztulifts Httktuli

tnwhrls Iftriprifiursmkp3 H \wn-Jnuftrkis Jnbphrksnf. Kftirfhtknfha

Iftriprifiursmkp hfl Bhfhìbift Cnurfha 83 859=4.

Piirhtufì, F. 4??8. Bkjrn-iftriprifiurs hfl Iftriprifiurkha Juaturis kf Zrk

Ahfgh3 Kbpakjhtknfs enr _nvirty Tilujtknf. Jiftri enr _nvirty Hfhaysks,

Jnanbdn.

. 4??5. Tivkiwkf` hfl Hfhayzkf` _rncijts hfl _rn`rhbs nf [nutm

Iftriprifiursmkp. Dhjg`rnufl phpir enr tmi Fhtknfha Hjtknf _ahf enr [nutm

Ibpanybift kf Zrk Ahfgh. Kftirfhtknfha Ahdnur Nr`hfkzhtknf, Jnanbdn.

. 4??=. Iftirprksi enr _rn-_nnr @rnwtm _rncijt3 Kbphjt Hssissbift ne tmi

Iftirprksi Juaturi Jnbpnfift. Lrhet ripnrt, KAN Iftir`rnwtm _rncijt,Jnanbdn.

Piirhtufì, F., G. \. Zkavh, hfl U. Tif`hfhtmhf. 4??4. \mi _nvirty Kbphjt ne tmi

ZIILZ Jrilkt _aus Hpprnhjm3 Hf Kflipiflift Jakift-dhsil Hssissbift.

Jiftri enr _nvirty Hfhaysks, Jnanbdn.

Pmkti, Z., hfl _. Gifynf. 4??8. Iftirprksi-dhsil [nutm Ibpanybift _nakjkis,

Ztrhti`kis hfl _rn`rhbs3 Kfktkhtkvis enr tmi Livianpbift ne Iftirprksi Hjtknf

hfl Ztrhti`kis. Pnrgkf` phpir, KfEnjus _rn`rhb nf Zgkaas, Gfnwailì hfl

Ibpanyhdkakty, Kftirfhtknfha Ahdnur Nr`hfkzhtknf, @ifivh.[IF ([nutm Ibpanybift Fitwnrg). 4??5. Ztrhti`kj Hssissbift hfl _nakjy

Tijnbbiflhtknfs enr h Fhtknfha Hjtknf _ahf enr [nutm Ibpanybift3 Zrk Ahfgh.

[IF Zijrithrkht, Jnanbdn.

[nuf`, J. 4??


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\mks jmhptir anngs ht snbi ne tmi whys kf wmkjm Zrk Ahfghf ynuf`

pinpai hs h `rnup ixpirkifji lksjrkbkfhtknf hfl snjkha ixjausknf, ispi-

jkhaay kf ibpanybift. Kf phrtkjuahr kt anngs ht tmi whys kf wmkjm snjkn -

juaturha vhauis hfl prhjtkjis mhvi lkeeiriftkhtil Zrk Ahfghf snjkity

hanf` jahss akfis, wmkjm hasn phrhaaia nr hripirjikvil (ispijkhaay dy ynutm)

tn phrhaaia tmi lkstrkdutknf ne pnwir hfl prkvkaiì kf snjkity.

\mks jmhptir hjgfnwailìs tmi sk`fkekjhfji ne ehjtnrs sujm hs ìflir

hfl itmfkjkty kf Zrk Ahfghf snjkity hs tmi dhsks ne lksjrkbkfhtknf hfl

ixjausknf, dut kt enjusis nf ntmir snjkha hfl juaturha ehjtnrs tmht hasn

aihl tn jahss hfl sthtus kfiquhaktkis hfl tmht jut hjrnss kssuis sujm hs ìf-

lir hfl itmfkjkty. Miri, jahss ks liekfil fnt nfay dy ijnfnbkj ehjtnrs dutdy ntmir snjkha hfl juaturha ehjtnrs sujm hs ahfùhì, snjkha fitwnrgs, hfl

sybdnas ne wistirfkzhtknf tmht hri jnfskliril tn di bhrgirs ne bnlirfkty

hfl prn`riss. \mi jmhptirs ibpmhsks nf jahss ks fnt kf hfy why bihft tn

bkfkbkzi tmi sk`fkekjhfji ne ìflir hfl itmfkjkty hs snurjis ne lksjrkbkfh-

tknf dut tn lrhw httiftknf tn ntmir, aiss ndvknus snurjis ne lksjrkbkfhtknf

ht wnrg kf Zrk Ahfgh.

\mi jmhptir lksjussis tmi jnfjipt hfl prndaibs ne ynutm hs tmiy mhvi

diif jnfstrujtil kf Zrk Ahfgh, hfl kt drkieay ixhbkfis mnw tmi ehkauri tnuflirsthfl tmi aiss ndvknus ehjtnrs ne lksjrkbkfhtknf hfl ixjausknf mhs

risuatil kf kfieeijtkvi pnakjy rispnfsis tmht mhvi snbitkbis rikfenrjil

(pirmhps ufjnfsjknusay) snbi ne tmi snurjis ne lksjrkbkfhtknf tmht tmiy

nstifskday siig tn iakbkfhti.

Hfhayzkf` hfl uflirsthflkf` tmi ehjtnrs ne lksjrkbkfhtknf hfl ixjau-

sknf hri kbpnrthft hspijts ne pnakjy livianpbift. Yfiquha trihtbift ne

pinpai wktmkf snjkitkis dhsil nf vhrknus ehjtnrs sujm hs itmfkjkty, jahss,

jhsti, hfl ìflir hri rijn`fkzil, ht aihst ht h tminritkjha aivia, hs sk`fkek-jhft litirbkfhfts ne pinpais hdkakty tn hjjiss tmi pnwir hfl risnurjis

fijisshry enr ijnfnbkj hfl snjkha livianpbift. \mi kfjrihskf` ehsjkfhtknf

ne tmi mubhfkthrkhf hfl livianpbift sijtnr wktm tmi rk`mts-dhsil

hpprnhjm hfl tmi kbpnrthfji kvif tn bhkfstrihbkf` iflir kf livianp-

bift hfl hssissbift ne vuafirhdkakty httist tn tmi `rnwkf` hjjipthfji ne

tmi fiil tn uflirsthfl tmi snurjis ne kfiquhakty kf snjkity. Hs h risuat,

livianpbift hfl pnakjy kfktkhtkvis kfjrihskfày tifl tn enjus nf phrtkjuahr

`rnups tmht hri jnfskliril bnri vuafirhdai nr bhr`kfhakzil.

\mi uflirsthflkf` tmht pnakjy hfl livianpbift kfktkhtkvis fiil tn lihawktm tmi lkeeiriftkha lkstrkdutknf ne pnwir hfl prkvkaiì ks h sk`fkekjhft smket

wktmkf livianpbift lksjnursi. Pktm tmi akfgkf` ne mubhf rk`mts tn livia-

npbift, tmi liekfktknf ne livianpbift mhs smketil ernb h snai enjus nf

kbprnvkf` pinpais bhtirkha jnflktknfs tn h bnri mubhf-rk`mts nrkiftil

4?? Hbhrhsurkyh


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`nha ne iakbkfhtkf` jnfstrhkfts tn mubhf lk`fkty hfl npprisskvi prnjissis

tmht lify pinpai tmi rk`mt tn livianp tmikr euaa pntiftkha (Bhrgs 4??9).

Mnwivir, tmi trhfsahtknf ne tmisi tminritkjha smkets kftn livianpbift

pnakjy hfl prn`rhb kftirviftknfs mhs snbitkbis diif ht tmi jnst ne ksn-

ahtkf` phrtkjuahr `rnups enr kftirviftknfs, wmkai k`fnrkf` tmi jnbpaix

systibkj hfl mkstnrkjha snurjis ne lksjrkbkfhtknf.

[nutm _rndaibs

Kf Zrk Ahfgh tmi prndaibs ne ynutm hri kfixtrkjhday dnufl up kf vknaift

jnfeakjt, wmkjm mhs ail tn pirjiptknfs tmht ynutm hri tmi prndaib. \miChfhtmh Ukbugtmk _irhbufh (CU_), h pnaktkjha bnvibift tmht ail tmi

hftksthti kfsurìfjkis kf tmi snutm kf 8;08 hfl 8;=;, hfl tmi bkakthft

`rnupsbhkfay tmi Akdirhtknf \kìrs ne \hbka Iiahb (A\\I) kf tmi fnrtm

hfl ihst tmht mhvi diif ek`mtkf` enr h siphrhti sthtiwiri bhkfay bhli

up ne ynuf` pinpai. Hs h risuat, ynutm, ispijkhaay ilujhtil dut fnfwist-

irfkzil ynutm ernb pnnr ehbkakis kf rurha hrihs, hri pirjikvil dy pnaktk-

jkhfs, pnakjybhgirs, hfl livianpbift prhjtktknfirs hs dikf` erustrhtil

hfl hf`ry ht tmikr kfhdkakty tn ekfl wnrg hfl ekt kftn tmi ahrìr snjkity hfltmus hs dikf` rkpi enr vknaifji. \mi kliftkekjhtknf ne ynutm hs h vuafirh-

dai `rnup mhs thgif nf spijkha sk`fkekjhfji dijhusi ke hf kfmirift jmhrhj-

tirkstkj ne erustrhtil ynutm ks tmi pntiftkha enr vknaifji nr rivnat, tmif

fiàijtkf` tmi fiils ne ynutm jhf di siif hs h pnsskdai lhfìr enr snjkha

jnmisknf hfl nrlir.

@ifirhaay tmi `nvirfbift mhs rispnflil tn ynutm ufrist kf nfi ne twn

snbiwmht jnftrhlkjtnry whys3 drutha sthti riprissknf tn quiaa hjtuha vkn-

aifji (aihlkf` tn tmi gkaakf`, tnrturi, hfl lkshppihrhfji ne pirmhps8??,??? nr bnri ynutm, ke dntm tmi CU_ ridiaaknfs hfl tmi A\\I jnfeakjts

hri thgif kftn hjjnuft)7 nr pnakjy httibpts tn bhfhì ynutm hfìr hfl

erustrhtknf dy sittkf` up spijkha prn`rhbs thrìtkf` ynuf` pinpai, di kt

kf tmi enrb ne ibpanybift jrihtknf, juaturha hfl spnrts hjtkvktkis, nr

pnvirty haaivkhtknf sjmibis. Uiry rhriay mhvi pnakjkis hfl livianpbift

kftirviftknfs hjtuhaay hjgfnwailìl tmht tmi hfìr eiat dy ynutm bhy di

ai`ktkbhti, dhsil nf viry riha ixpirkifjis ne kfcustkji hfl lksjrkbkfhtknf.

Fnr mhs tmiri diif bujm hjgfnwail`bift tmht bhfy ne tmi ehjtnrs

ufliraykf` tmi hfìr hfl erustrhtknf hbnf` ynutm stib ernb sirknuseahws kf ijnfnbkj hfl snjkha pnakjkis hfl prn`rhbs, phrtkjuahray tmnsi

lkrijtil tnwhrl bhr`kfhakzil, nutjhst, hfl uflirprkvkaiìl `rnups.

Nfi ihray rijn`fktknf ne tmisi ufliraykf` prndaibs jhbi ernb tmi

_riskliftkha Jnbbkssknf nf [nutm, sit up kf 8;;? dy tmif-prisklift

Lksjrkbkfhtknf hfl Znjkha Ixjausknf ne [nutm kf Zrk Ahfgh 4?8


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Thfhskf`mi _ribhlhsh. \mi jnbbkssknf lnjubiftil tmi sifsi ne hakif-

htknf ernb isthdaksmil pnaktkjha, snjkha, ahdnr, hfl jnbbufkty kfstktutknfs

eiat dy bhfy ynuf` pinpai hfl jnfjaulil tmht tmi sthrg kfcustkjis Wkf tmi

trihtbift ne rurha ynutmR hpphrift tn haa hs h daibksm nf snjkity, h``rhvhtil

dy tmi drhzif hrrn`hfji wktm wmkjm tmiy wiri pirpitrhtil, prnvklil h

sybphtmitkj rurha dhjg`rnufl tn tmi pnaktkjs ne vknaifji (_riskliftkha

Jnbbkssknf 8;;?). \mi jnbbkssknf enufl tmht ynutm lkl fnt mhvi jnfek-

lifji tmht hfy ixkstkf` kfstktutknfs wnual miap tmib biit tmikr hspkrhtknfs

hfl sn tnng h euflhbifthaay hftkisthdaksmbift sthfji. \mi jnbbkssknf hasn

fntil mnw ribnvil tmi hspkrhtknfs ne tmisi ynutm wiri ernb tmi prknrktkis

ne fhtknfha pahffirs. \mi jnbbkssknf ahkl nut h fubdir ne kssuis tmht kt shklsmnual di lihat wktm, kfjaulkf` tmi ahjg ne pudakj jnfeklifji kf kfstktutknfs7

tmi hdusi ne pnaktkjha pnwir, ispijkhaay wktm ri`hrl tn tmi pudakj sijtnr7

kfhliquhti ilujhtknf pnakjy7 lksjrkbkfhtnry ahfùhì pnakjy7 jhsti hfl

itmfkj kssuis7 hfl rurha-urdhf lksphrktkis. Fihray 4? yihrs ahtir, akttai

prn`riss mhs diif bhli, hf kflkjhtknf ne mnw riaujthft tmnsi kf pnwir mhvi

diif tn hllriss tmi kssuis ufliraykf` ynutm vknaifji.

[nutm _irjiptknfs ne Lksjrkbkfhtknf

Bhfy stulkis ne ynutm kf Zrk Ahfgh kflkjhti tmht tmi prndaibs tmiy shy tmiy

ixpirkifji hri skbkahr hjrnss dntm ìflir hfl itmfkj lkvklis. \mks ks fnt tn

shy tmht ynuf` pinpai ln fnt ehji ìflir nr itmfkj lksjrkbkfhtknf, hfl

tmiri hri jaihray bhfy lkeeirifjis dhsil nf dntm ìflir hfl itmfkjkty, dut

tmisi hri fnt tmi nfay snurjis ne lksjrkbkfhtknf. Pmht ks sk`fkekjhft ks tmht

ynuf` wnbif hfl bif, hjrnss itmfkj `rnups, tifl tn smhri skbkahr npkf-

knfs hdnut bhfy ntmir kssuis tmht tmiy pirjikvi hs snurjis ne ynutm hfìrhfl erustrhtknf.

Kfstihl ne ixpanrkf` tmisi kssuis, mnwivir, bnst pnakjy hfl livianp-

bift kfktkhtkvis tifl tn kftirprit tmi hfìr hfl erustrhtknf ynutm ixpriss

hs snbitmkf` tmht fiils tn di bhfhìl rhtmir tmhf hs h sybptnb ne ai`kt-

kbhti jnfjirfs. Pmkai ynutm vknaifji ks uflirstnnl hs bhkfay stibbkf`

ernb erustrhtknf, tmiri ks akttai rijn`fktknf tmht tmi snurjis ne bujm ne tmks

erustrhtknf risuat ernb muì lksphrktkis ditwiif kflkvkluha hspkrhtknfs hfl

dhskj nppnrtufktkis, hs wiaa hs ernb ufiquha lkstrkdutknf ne tmi difiekts ne

livianpbift hfl ijnfnbkj `rnwtm (Bhyir 4??


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(08.4 pirjift) ne ynutm eiat tmht Zrk Ahfgh whs fnt h cust snjkity (Mittk`i

4??43 :


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bhfy ne tmi bkakthft `rnups kf tmi fnrtm hfl ihst mhl strnf` Bhrxkst-

Aifkfkst nrkifthtknfs. Ivif tmi A\\I, ispijkhaay kf kts ihray lhys, whs siif

hs hf hftk-iakti bnvibift, ispijkhaay kf tirbs ne kts sthfls h`hkfst jhsti

lksjrkbkfhtknf (\mhf`hrhchm 4??47 Yyhf`nlh 4??:). _irmhps ynutm ufk-

virshaay tifl tn di bnri httrhjtil tn rhlkjha, rivnautknfhry pnaktkjs, dut enr

bhfy Zrk Ahfghf ynutm, akei ixpirkifji siibs tn prnvkli paifty ne ixhb-

pais ne tmi ehkauri ne isthdaksmil kfstktutknfs tn biit tmikr hspkrhtknfs hfl

tn euia tmi custkekjhtknf ne ivif vknaift bihfs ne jmhaaif`kf` pnsktknfs ne

pnwir hfl prkvkaiì.

\misi eiiakf`s ne kfcustkji hfl lhsmil ixpijthtknfs ht tmi mhfls ne tmi

sthti bhjmkfiry fiil tn di ixhbkfil wktmkf tmi jnftixt ne Zrk Ahfghf pna-ktkjs, wmiri pnaktkjha phtrnfhì mhs diif hf kbpnrthft bihfs ne hjjisskf`

risnurjis. \mi klih ne tmi sthti hs prkbhrkay rispnfskdai enr snjkha wiaehri hs

wiaa hs dikf` tmi giy snurji ne risnurjis whs isthdaksmil qukti ihray kf tmi

enrbhtknf ne tmi pnstjnanfkha Zrk Ahfghf fhtknf-sthti (Zpifjir 8;;?7

Pkjgrhbhskf`mi 4??5). \mi snjkha hfl juaturha iaktksb tmht ixkstil kf tmi

ihray pnaktkjha aihlirsmkp ne Zrk Ahfgh risuatil kf tmi kfstktutknfhakzhtknf ne

h systib ne pnaktkjha phtrnfhì hfl ehvnrktksb kf tmi lkstrkdutknf ne tmi

spnkas ne `nvirfbift. \mus, tmi pudakj uflirsthfls tmht lispkti tmi rmit-nrkj, rijikvkf` prntijtknf hfl wiaehri ernb tmi sthti ks fnt hf iftktaibift

dut h prkvkaiì ne snjkha hfl pnaktkjha jnffijtknfs.

\mi kftrnlujtknf ne finakdirha ijnfnbkj hfl snjkha pnakjkis kf tmi ahttir

phrt ne tmi 8;0?s, wktm kts ufliraykf` prkfjkpai ne bkfkbkzkf` tmi rnai

ne tmi sthti, mhl akttai kbphjt nf tmks systib ne pnaktkjha phtrnfhì. Kf ehjt,

kf bhfy kfsthfjis, enrik`f hkl eanws tn h fiw `nvirfbift siif hs akdirha hfl

prn-Pistirf bhli bnri risnurjis hvhkahdai tmht ifhdail tmi sthti tn

ixtifl kts phtrnfhì (Bnnri 8;;?). \mus, kt ks kbpnrthft enr pnakjybhgirshfl ntmirs tn uflirsthfl tmht wmht ks lisjrkdil hs tmi jnbbnf pinpais

lipiflifji nf tmi sthti enr wiaehri, prntijtknf, hfl ibpanybift ks fnt

biriay h quistknf ne fi`htkvi, aitmhr`kj httktulis dut ks dhsil nf tmikr

ixjausknf ernb tmi ijnfnbkj hfl snjkha bihfs tn hlvhfji nf tmikr nwf.

Eurtmirbnri, wmkai pnaktkjha phtrnfhì hfl ehvnrktksb wktmkf tmi `nvirf-

bift mhs rijikvil snbi httiftknf, kts ixkstifji kf tmi prkvhti sijtnr ks aiss

wiaa rijn`fkzilivif tmnu`m tmi rk`mt jnffijtknfs hri ìfirhaay fiilil

tn ndthkf hfl hlvhfji kf h cnd.

@kvif tmi snjkha rk`klktkis kf tmi juaturi hfl tmi pirvhskvifiss ne tmiphtrnfhì systib, phrifts hfl ehbkay mhvi h sk`fkekjhft kfvistbift kf

tmi ilujhtknf hfl ibpanybift ne ynutm, skfji tmiy bhy viry wiaa di

tmi bihfs ne hjmkivkf` snjkha bndkakty enr tmi nalir ìfirhtknf hs wiaa

hs tmi rist ne tmi ehbkay. \mus tmi cnds jmnkjis ynutm bhgi hri smhpil

4?< Hbhrhsurkyh


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fnt nfay dy tmikr nwf kftirists hfl hspkrhtknfs dut hasn dy tmnsi ne sk`-

fkekjhft hluats kf tmikr akvis.

Jnbbnf Hssubptknfs kf Hfhayzkf` Kssuis ne [nutm

H phrtkjuahr jmhrhjtirkstkj ne pnakjy hfl livianpbiftha kftirviftknfs ks

tmht tmiy tifl tn ksnahti jhti`nrkis hfhaytkjhaay kf whys tmht ln fnt rieaijt

tmi rihaktkis ne pinpais akvis nr ixpirkifjis. Enr ixhbpai, ynutm prndaibs

jhffnt di hjjurhtiay hfhayzil hs h jhti`nry wktmnut thgkf` hjjnuft ne tmi

phrtkjuahr snjknijnfnbkj hfl pnaktkjha jkrjubsthfjis kf wmkjm ynutm akvi.

Fiktmir jhf tmi prndaibs ynutm hri pirjikvil tn ehji di ksnahtil ernbtmikr drnhlir jnftixt. H bnri kbpnrthft ehjtnr enr livianpkf` ieeijtkvi

pnakjy kftirviftknfs bk`mt di tn hfhayzi wmitmir tmi ehjt ne dikf` ynuf`

bihfs tmht jkrjubsthfjis heeijt ynuf` pinpai lkeeiriftay ernb hluats nr

wmitmir ynutm hfl hluats ixpirkifji tmkf`s lkeeiriftay wktmkf h drnhlir

jnftixt. Ziikf` prndaibs kf ksnahtknf nr kf tirbs ne phrtkjuahr sijtnrs, jht-

i`nrkis, nr thr`it `rnups ks h pijuakhrkty ne livianpbift pnakjynfi tmht

tifls tn sirvi tmi fiils ne livianpbift hfl pnakjy strujturis rhtmir tmhf

lisjrkdkf` wmht hjtuhaay ixksts. \mi lhf`ir kf siikf` tmkf`s kf tmisi ksn-ahtil jhti`nrkis ks tmht jnbpaix snjkha pmifnbifh tifl tn di skbpakekil

hfl tmif rispnfsis hri livianpil kf iquhaay skbpakstkj hfl ksnahtil whys

(li Zhrlhf 4??9).

Nfi jnbbnf hssubptknf wmif hfhayzkf` ynutm ufibpanybift ks

tmi ixkstifji ne h bksbhtjm ditwiif ilujhtknf hfl ibpanybift, tmht

ks, tmi ilujhtknf systib lnis fnt prnvkli ynutm wktm tmi sgkaas fiilil

kf tmi ixkstkf` ahdnr bhrgit. \mks bksbhtjm ks snbitkbis ixpahkfil hs

vnaufthry ufibpanybift, wmiri ynutm, ispijkhaay ilujhtil ynutm, hrishkl tn di whktkf` enr tmi rk`mt cnd tmht ekts tmikr ilujhtknfha quhakekjh-

tknfs. Hfntmir jnbbnf hssubptknf mnals tmht ahdnr ks hjjnrlil fn lk`fkty

kf Zrk Ahfghf snjkity hfl mifji bhfuha wnrg ks uflirvhauil, risuatkf` kf

nvirriakhfji nf wmkti-jnaahr cnds kf tmi pudakj sijtnr tn prnvkli ibpany-

bift. [nutm hri hasn siif tn prieir cnds kf tmi pudakj sijtnr dijhusi

tmiy ekfl wnrg kf tmi prkvhti sijtnr tn di tnn libhflkf` (KAN 4??


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kfstktutknfs, tn hak`f jurrkjuah tn tmi cnd bhrgit. Pktmkf tmks jnftixt, enr

ixhbpai, hjhlibkj quhakekjhtknfs kf tmi mubhfktkis nr akdirha hrts hri siif

hs dikf` phrtkjuahray nut ne stip wktm tmi jurrift ahdnr bhrgit. Zivirha

pnkfts miri fiil tn di jnfskliril jhrieuaay.

Lksphrktkis kf IlujhtknfTisihrjm mhs smnwf tmht hatmnu`m Zrk Ahfgh mhs prnvklil erii ilujhtknf,

bhgkf` hjjiss tn ilujhtknf bnri iqukthdai, tmiri hri kfiquhaktkis wmif kt

jnbis tn tmi typi ne ilujhtknf tmht ks hjjisskdai. Ijnfnbkj jnfstrhkfts nf

risnurji haanjhtknf mhvi risuatil kf h litirknrhtknf ne tmi quhakty ne ilujh-

tknf tmht mhs heeijtil sjmnnas lkeeiriftkhaay. Enr kfsthfji, nfay 45.4 pirjiftne sjmnnas prnvklil sjkifji ilujhtknf ehjkaktkis ht sifknr sijnflhry aivia,

wmkai bhfy sjmnnas lkl fnt mhvi quhakekil tihjmirs nr ahdnrhtnry ehjkaktkis

(Bkfkstry ne Ilujhtknf 4??5). Ht aihst nfi stuly (HLD 4??


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snjkha dhjg`rnufls, kflkjhtkf` tmht wnbif ernb lkshlvhfthìl dhjg-

`rnufls mhvi bnri jnfstrhkfts kf hjjisskf` mk`mir ilujhtknf (Chyhwiirh

hfl Zmhfbu`hb 4??4). Mnwivir, tmi ahrìst fubdirs ne ufibpanyil

hri hbnf` akdirha hrts hfl ahw `rhluhtis, hfl ufibpanybift hbnf`

wnbif wktm H-aivia quhakekjhtknfs hfl hdnvi ks 85.9 pirjift, jnb-

phril wktm 0.0 pirjift hbnf` bif wktm h skbkahr aivia ne ilujhtknfha

htthkfbift (@ufhwhrlifh 4??:, LJZ 4??5).

\mus, tmi prndaib ks ehr bnri jnbpaix tmhf h skbpai bksbhtjm

ditwiif ilujhtknf hfl ibpanybift. Lksphrktkis kf tmi prnvksknf ne

sijnflhry ilujhtknf, risuatkf` kf lksphrktkis kf tmi typis ne ilujhtknfha

sgkaas tmht hri dikf` aihrfil, hppihr tn mhvi hf hlvirsi ieeijt nf tmiibpanyhdkakty ne ynutm, phrtkjuahray rurha wnbif.

\mi lksphrktkis kf ilujhtknfha htthkfbift dijnbi haa tmi bnri sthrg

wmif jnfsklirkf` ri`knfha hfl sijtnrha ilujhtknfha htthkfbift aivias

rhtmir tmhf fhtknfha hvirhìs. Enr kfsthfji, wmkai tmi fhtknfha aktirhjy rhtis

hri nvir ;? pirjift, eibhai aktirhjy kf tmi isthti sijtnr ks 0


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Kf ehjt, tmi anw fubdir iftirkf` ufkvirsktkis smnual di h jhusi ne jnf-

jirf, dijhusi kt su`ìsts tmht bhfy iak`kdai ynutms hri ufhdai tn pursui

mk`mir ilujhtknf hfl hri aiet wktm ufeuaekaail hspkrhtknfs.

Hakifhtknf kf tmi _rkvhti ZijtnrZkfji 8;00 tmi prkvhti sijtnr mhs diif jnfskliril tmi if`kfi ne `rnwtm

kf tmi jnuftry. Mnwivir, ynuf` pinpai mhvi fnt diif ibpanyil kf

sk`fkekjhft fubdirs kf tmi sijtnr ntmir tmhf kf anw-phykf` hfl kfenrbha

wnrg sujm hs tmi ixpnrt `hrbift kflustry nr kf enrik`f ibpanybift.

Jnfviftknfha wkslnb mnals tmht ynutm hri fnt kftiristil kf cnds kf tmi

prkvhti sijtnr, dijhusi kt ks tnn libhflkf` hfl jnbpitktkvi, dut tmks jnf-jausknf fiils tn di ixhbkfil bnri jansiay. Pmht gkfls ne cnds kf tmi prk-

vhti sijtnr hri hvhkahdai tn ynutm> Pmht sgkaas hfl juaturha fnrbs hri

riqukril dy tmi prkvhti sijtnr> Pmy ln ynuf` pinpai hppihr tn di riauj-

thft tn anng enr wnrg kf tmi prkvhti sijtnr dut akfi up tn hppay enr cnd

vhjhfjkis kf tmi pudakj sijtnr>8

Pmkai tmi ilujhtknf systib fiils tn thgi snbi rispnfskdkakty enr fnt

prnvklkf` tmi fijisshry sgkaas, tmiri hri hasn snjkha hfl juaturha ehjtnrs tmht

ixjauli h bhcnrkty ne ynutm ernb hkfkf` ibpanybift kf bnst hrihs ne tmiprkvhti sijtnr. Znjkha fitwnrgs pahy h jrujkha rnai kf `hkfkf` ibpanybift

kf tmi prkvhti sijtnr, ispijkhaay kf tmi jnrpnrhti sijtnr. Ifàksm prnekjkifjy

ks h fijisskty, hfl sthtus, sujm hs ehbkay dhjg`rnufl hfl typi ne sjmnna

httiflil, ks iquhaay kbpnrthft. Kf surviys, ynuf` cnd hppakjhfts mhvi

rivihail tmht kf cnd kftirvkiws kf tmi prkvhti sijtnr, tmiy mhvi diif mubka-

khtil dy nvirt rieirifjis tn tmikr ahjg ne jirthkf prieirril pirsnfhakty trhkts

tmht kflkjhti h bnri jnsbnpnakthf hfl urdhf akeistyai, siae-jnfeklifji, hfl

Ifàksm sgkaas (Chyhwiirh hfl Zmhfbu`hb 4??4). Kt smnual fnt jnbi hs hsurprksi tmht ynuf` pinpai wmn hri fnt ernb prkvkaiìl dhjg`rnufls

wnual jmnnsi tn hvnkl sujm mubkakhtknfs.

\mks sifsi ne juaturha hakifhtknf ks rikfenrjil dy ibpanybift pnakjkis

hfl prn`rhbs tmht ln fnt rijn`fkzi tmi mubkakhtknf hfl risiftbift

ynuf` pinpai eiia tnwhrl tmi prkvhti sijtnr. Kfstihl tmisi prn`rhbs

dahbi ynutm hfl tmikr ehbkakis enr mhvkf` dhl httktulis hfl enjus tmikr

ieenrts nf jmhf`kf` tmisi httktulis.

Zkbkahr rijruktkf` phttirfs ixkst ivif kf fnf`nvirfbiftha nr`hfkzh-

tknfs hfl tmi livianpbift sijtnr, wmkjm suppnsilay mhvi vhauis tmht prn-bnti custkji hfl iquhakty. Kfenrbha surviys ne tmi sthee wktmkf tmi

fnfprnekt livianpbift hfl mubhfkthrkhf sijtnr, phrtkjuahray kf urdhf

hrihs, ekfl fn sk`fkekjhft lkeeirifji kf tmi snjkha nr juaturha ixpijthtknfs

ditwiif tmks sijtnr hfl tmi prkvhti sijtnr. Pmkai cnd hppakjhfts ernb haa

4?= Hbhrhsurkyh


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hdkakty tn jnbbufkjhti hjrnss juaturis7 kt ks hasn h juaturha bhrgir tmht lke-

eiriftkhtis ditwiif tmi mhvis hfl tmi mhvi-fnts, tmi iaktis hfl tmi

bhssis, trhlktknf hfl bnlirfkzhtknf, hfl tmi jhpktha hfl tmi pirkpmiry

(Thbptnf 4??:). Enr Zrk Ahfghf ynutm wmn ln fnt spihg Ifàksm nr wmn

spihg kt wktm snbitmkf` ntmir tmhf h Drktksm hjjift, ahfùhì mhs dijnbi

h enrb ne lksjrkbkfhtknf hfl snjkha ixjausknf.

Kt ks tmirienri krnfkj (hfl hfntmir snurji ne mubkakhtknf) tmht

httibpts tn bhgi ynutm bnri ibpanyhdai, kfjaulkf` tihjmkf` tmib

Ifàksm hs ks lnfi kf bhfy ufkvirsktkis fnw, hasn snbitkbis kfjnrpn-

rhtis trhkfkf` nf pirsnfha `rnnbkf` hfl itkquitti, kfjaulkf` tmi prnpir

usi ne jutairy hfl tmi ruais ne ekfi lkfkf`.: Znbi biftnrkf` prn`rhbsjnflujtil dy tmi prkvhti sijtnr enr ynutm kfjauli skbkahr itkquitti

aissnfs. \mus, Ifàksm ks viry bujm akfgil tn jirthkf juaturha prhjtkjis,

kbhìs, hfl sgkaas vhauil dy tmi iakti hfl jnfskliril, kbpakjktay ke fnt

ixpakjktay, hs riqukribifts enr ibpanybift.

Kf jnftrhst, tmi pudakj sijtnr mhs diif tmi trhlktknfha snurji ne

ibpanybift enr tmnsi jnbkf` tmrnu`m tmi erii ilujhtknf systib. Miri

tmi juaturha bhrgirs ne bnlirfkzhtknf hfl prkvkaiì hri aiss kbpnrthft.

Mnwivir, ahfùhì kssuis hri h ehjtnr, ispijkhaay enr tmnsi wmn hri \hbka-spihgkf`. Yfaiss nfi mhs Zkfmhah ahfùhì sgkaas, nppnrtufktkis tn wnrg hri

ixtribiay akbktil nutskli tmi fnrtm hfl ihst, wmiri tmi bhcnrkty ne

\hbkas akvi.

Znjkha Bndkakty hfl Zthtus kf tmi _udakj ZijtnrEnr tmnsi wmn ln fnt harihly dianf` tn tmi juaturha iakti, tmi gkfl ne

ibpanybift ndthkfil jhf di h jrujkha litirbkfhft fnt nfay ne snjkha

bndkakty dut ne nfis hdkakty tn thp kftn ixkstkf` systibs ne phtrnfhì enrhjjisskf` ivif dhskj ehjkaktkis hfl risnurjis. \mus, tmi jmnkjis tmht

ynuf` pinpai bhgi wktm ri`hrl tn ibpanybift bust di siif kf h

drnhlir jnftixt tmhf skbpay wmitmir ynutm ahjg hf hliquhti wnrg

itmkj. Yyhf`nlh (4??:3


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tn `hkf hjjiss tn sirvkjis hfl risnurjis. \mi kbpnrthfji ne gfnwkf`

snbinfi kf nrlir tn ndthkf `nnl trihtbift ht h mnspktha, tn ìt tmrnu`m

tmi ril thpi kf h `nvirfbift liphrtbift, nr tn ifsuri hlbkssknf ne h

jmkal tn h sjmnna ks wiaa uflirstnnl kf Zrk Ahfgh. Mhvkf` h bibdir ne tmi

ehbkay wnrgkf` kf h mnspktha nr mnalkf` h pnsktknf kf h `nvirfbift liphrt-

bift ks tmirienri hf ixtribiay vhauhdai hssit. \mi ehjt tmht tmisi jnffij-

tknfs hri fijisshry ks hf kflkjhtknf ne tmi lkeekjuatkis ehjil dy pinpai wmn

hri ixjaulil ernb pnsktknfs ne pnwir hfl prkvkaiì kf fi`ntkhtkf` tmikr

ivirylhy akvis.

Enr bhfy yihrs hetir kflipiflifji, tmi pudakj sijtnr prnvklil

ibpanybift tn tmi uflirprkvkaiìl. Dut hs bnri hfl bnri ynuf` ZrkAhfghfs ndthkfil ilujhtknf, hfl hs h`rhrkhf rienrbs prnvklil tmi

bihfs ne bnvkf` nut ne rurha pnvirty, tmi pudakj sijtnr whs fn anfìr

hdai tn euaekaa tmi libhfl enr cnds. Ijnfnbkj akdirhakzhtknf hfl struj-

turha hlcustbift tmht di`hf kf tmi 8;0?s sanwil tmi `rnwtm ne tmi

pudakj sijtnr ivif hs libhfl enr cnds `riw `rihtir. _naktkjkzhtknf hfl

jnrruptknf kf tmi pudakj sijtnr hasn fhrrnwil tmi nppnrtufktkis enr

snjkha bndkakty wktmkf tmks sijtnr.

Ztkaa, hs libnfstrhtil dy tmi h`kthtknf enr ibpanybift kf tmi pudakjsijtnr hfl dy tmi bnvibift ne ynuf` pinpai ernb mk`mir-phykf` cnds kf

tmi prkvhti sijtnr tn tmi pudakj sijtnr ke sujm nppnrtufktkis hrksi, tmi

libhfl enr pudakj sijtnr ibpanybift jnftkfuis tn di mk`m. H cnd kf tmi

pudakj sijtnr ks tmi tnp prieirifji hbnf` haa itmfkj `rnups hfl hbnf`

dntm bif hfl wnbif (Bhyir hfl Zhakm 4??9).

@iflir hfl Jhsti

Ibpanybift sthtkstkjs smnw tmht eibhais ixpirkifji bnri ufibpany-bift hfl ufliribpanybift tmhf bhais, dut fiktmir ynuf` wnbif fnr

bif kliftkey ìflir hs h prkbhry ehjtnr ne lksjrkbkfhtknf. \mks bhy kflk-

jhti h ahjg ne ìflir hwhrifiss hbnf` dntm wnbif hfl bif, dut kt ks

bnri akgiay tmht ynuf` pinpai vkiw ntmir snjknijnfnbkj ehjtnrs, sujm hs

jahss, hs tmi dhsks ne lksjrkbkfhtknf. Ztulkis mhvi hasn rivihail tmht ijn-

fnbkj jnfstrhkfts rhtmir tmhf ìflir heeijt `kras ilujhtknf, hatmnu`m

wnbif, ht aihst sn ehr, mhvi fnt diif hdai tn trhfsahti tmikr ilujhtknfha

hjmkivibifts kftn ibpanybift nppnrtufktkis (HLD 4??


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Fntis

8. Zthtibift bhli dy Bkfkstir ne Ahdnr ht tmi ahufjm ne tmi [IF [nutmYfibpanybift Tipnrt, Ziptibdir, 4??0.

4. Fnt-pnt Ifàksm ks h lksphrh`kf` rieirifji tn tmi kfjnrrijt usi ne tmi

Ifàksm ahfùhì hs ixibpakekil dy tmi prnfufjkhtknf tmisi twn wnrls.

:. _irsnfha jnbbufkjhtknf, Tnbnah Thssnna, Mihl, Ifàksm Ahfùhì \ihjmkf`

Yfkt, Giahfkyh Yfkvirskty.

Tieirifjis

HLD (Hskhf Livianpbift Dhfg). 4??


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480

Phì kfiquhakty dy ìflir hfl itmfkjkty jmhrhjtirkzi ahdnr bhrgits haa

nvir tmi wnral. Kf h ahdnr bhrgit erii ne lksjrkbkfhtknf, ufiquha whìs

hri tmi risuat ne ufiquha prnlujtkvkty. _rnlujtkvkty lkeeirifjis hri

hsjrkdil tn lkeeirifjis kf mubhf jhpktha hjjubuahtknf, typkjhaay jhpturil

kf iflnwbifts ne sjmnnakf` hfl ixpirkifji. @rnup lksjrkbkfhtknf (sujm

hs six nr rhji lksjrkbkfhtknf) ks ivklift wmif tmi hvirhì whì ne h `rnupkf tmi ahdnr bhrgit ks fnt prnpnrtknfha tn kts hvirhì prnlujtkvkty.

Pnbif kf Zrk Ahfgh mhvi skbkahr iflnwbifts tn bif ht bnst aivias

ne sjmnnakf`. Zthrtkf` kf tmi 8;


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\mi ixkstkf` aktirhturi nf Zrk Ahfgh lnis fnt ixhbkfi itmfkj whì

`hps, fnr lnis kt lkeeiriftkhti dy sijtnr hfl njjuphtknf kf tmi ixhbkfh-

tknf ne whì `hps. \mks stuly ixtifls tmi Zrk Ahfghf ibpkrkjha aktirhturi

dy ixhbkfkf` whì `hps ditwiif kflkvkluhas wmn hri ne tmi shbi ìflir

dut ne lkeeirift itmfkj `rnups (itmfkj whì `hps) hs wiaa hs ditwiif

kflkvkluhas ne tmi shbi itmfkjkty dut ne lkeeirift ìflir (ìflir whì

`hps). \mi hfhaysks ks eurtmir lksh``ri`htil dy sijtnr (pudakj, prkvhti, hfl

h`rkjuaturha) ne ibpanybift. \mi stuly hasn ixhbkfis tmi ieeijt ne njju-

phtknfha strujturi nf whì `hps hfl enjusis nf tmi ynufìst whì jnmnrt

kf tmi ahdnr enrji.

\mi Zrk Ahfghf Ahdnr Bhrgit hfl Phì Kfiquhakty

Lhth3 Zhbpai Ziaijtknf hfl Uhrkhdai Liekfktknfs

Yfkt lhth jnbi ernb tmi quhrtiray Ahdnr Enrji Zurviys (XAEZs) enr tmi

pirknl ernb Cuay 8;;5 tn Bhy 4??


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89 pirjift ne bhais hfl eibhais hri pudakj sijtnr ibpanyiis, hfl 8= pir-

jift ne bhais hfl 48 pirjift ne eibhais hri h`rkjuaturha sijtnr ibpanyiis

(sii thdai ;.8)

Hs kf bnst `nvirfbift surviys, tmi XAEZ quistknffhkri lkstkfùksmis

ditwiif Zrk Ahfghf \hbkas hfl Kflkhf \hbkas. \mi ahttir hri lisjiflifts

ne kflifturil wnrgirs ernb Znutm Kflkh wmn bk`rhtil kf tmi 8;tm hfl

4?tm jifturkis tn wnrg kf tmi jneeii, tih, hfl ruddir pahfthtknfs kf tmi jif-

trha mk`mahfls. \mi Kflkhf \hbkas jnftkfui tn wnrg kf hfl hrnufl tmi

isthtis ne Jiftrha hfl Zhdhrh`hbuwh prnvkfjis, bhgkf` up mhae ne tmi

pnpuahtknf ne tmi Fuwhrh Iakyh lkstrkjt hfl habnst nfi-eketm ne tmi pnpu-

ahtknf ne tmi Dhluaah lkstrkjt (LJZ 4??8). Zrk Ahfghf \hbkas mhvi h bujmanfìr mkstnry kf tmi jnuftry hfl if`hì kf h vhrkity ne njjuphtknfs.

Mnwivir, tmi lkstkfjtknf mhs dijnbi aiss bihfkfèua nvir tkbi, phrtay

dijhusi ne hsskbkahtknf ne Kflkhf \hbkas kftn tmi Zrk Ahfghf \hbka kliftkty,

dut bhkfay dijhusi bhfy sn-jhaail Kflkhf \hbkas wmn mhvi Zrk Ahfghf

jktkzifsmkp jnfsklir tmibsiavis tn di Zrk Ahfghf \hbkas hfl ripnrt tmikr

itmfkjkty hs sujm kf tmi jifsus. Enr tmks rihsnf, tmi lkstkfjtknf ks k`fnril kf

tmks stuly hfl h skfài \hbka jhti`nry ks jnfskliril. Zivifty-skx pirjift ne

tmi bhai shbpai ks Zkfmhah, 85 pirjift ks \hbka, hfl 5 pirjift ks Bnnr,wmkai 0< pirjift ne tmi eibhai shbpai ks Zkfmhah, 4< pirjift ks \hbka, hfl

4 pirjift ks Bnnr.5

\mkrty-twn pirjift ne tmi shbpai ks ernb tmi Pistirf _rnvkfji. Hbnf`

tmi ntmir prnvkfjis, h sk`fkekjhftay mk`mir smhri ne eibhais ks ivklift kf

Jiftrha hfl Yvh prnvkfjis, wmiri pahfthtknf h`rkjuaturi ks h bhkf snurji

ne eibhai ibpanybift, bhkfay hbnf` (Kflkhf) \hbkas.

\mi liekfktknf ne ihrfkf`s ufliraykf` tmi whì `hps usil tmrnu`mnut

tmks jmhptir ks tmi an` ne mnuray ihrfkf`s ernb tmi bhkf njjuphtknf,wmiri mnuray whìs hri jhajuahtil hs ihrfkf`s kf tmi ahst bnftm ernb tmi

bhkf njjuphtknf lkvklil dy tmi mnurs usuhaay wnrgil kf h bnftm jhaju-

ahtil hs :?/0 tkbis mnurs usuhaay wnrgil kf h `kvif wiig. Fnbkfha vha-

uis hri jnfvirtil tn riha tirbs uskf` tmi Zrk Ahfgh Jnfsubir _rkji Kflix

(ZAJ_K) wktm h dhsi pirknl ne 8;;9;0. H sijnfl bihsuri, tmi njjuph-

tknf-hlcustil an` ne mnuray ihrfkf`s, iakbkfhtis ditwiif-njjuphtknf

kfiquhakty ernb tmi lkstrkdutknf ne ihrfkf`s.0 \mi njjuphtknf-hlcustil

ihrfkf`s vhrkhdai ks h bihf-prisirvkf` trhfsenrbhtknf ne tmi an` ne mnuray

ihrfkf`s tmht iakbkfhtis ditwiif-njjuphtknf vhrkhtknf, aihvkf` nfaywktmkf-njjuphtknf vhrkhtknf.

Zjmnnakf` ks liekfil hs yihrs ne sjmnnakf` lkstkfùksmil dy f aivias,

wmkjm haanws tmi jnieekjkifts nf sjmnnakf` tn vhry dy aivia ne sjmnna-

kf` (prkbhry7 cufknr sijnflhry7 sifknr sijnflhry kfjaulkf` hlvhfjil, nr

44? @ufiwhrlifh


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\hdai ;.8 Lisjrkptkvi Zthtkstkjs dy Zijtnr, Zix, hfl Itmfkjkty (Jnftkfuil)

_udakj _rkvhti H`rkjuatur

Bhai Eibhai Bhai Eibhai Bhai

Uhrkhdai Bihf sl Bihf sl Bihf sl Bihf sl Bihf sl B

Njjuphtknfha ixpirkifji :.54= 4.988 :.80= 4.8?; 4.;94 4.


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Bnnr

An` ne mnuray ihrfkf`s 4.;:0 ?.


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H-Aivia7 hfl pnstsijnflhry). Ixpirkifji ks tmi kflkvkluhas stnjg ne

ixpirkifji wktm tmi jurrift ibpanyir nr ekrb. Hfntmir bihsuri ne

(ahjg ne) ixpirkifji ks liekfil hs pntiftkha ixpirkifji bkfus ixpirk-

ifji kf tmi jurrift njjuphtknf hfl ks kftiflil tn jhpturi tkbi nut ne

tmi ahdnr enrji nr jurrift njjuphtknf. Bhrktha sthtus ks h lubby vhrk-

hdai thgkf` tmi vhaui ne nfi ke jurriftay bhrrkil. _hrt-tkbi wnrg ks h

lubby vhrkhdai thgkf` tmi vhaui ne nfi ke hf kflkvkluha wnrgs ditwiif

4? hfl :9 mnurs h wiig. H lubby whs kfjaulil enr Pistirf _rnvkfji,

wmkjm mhs h mk`mir aivia ne ijnfnbkj hjtkvkty tmhf ntmir prnvkfjis. \mi

tkbi lkbifsknf ks kfjnrpnrhtil dy uskf` lubby vhrkhdais enr ihjm ne

tmi yihrs kf tmi shbpai (wktm 8;;5 hs tmi rieirifji yihr).

_ntiftkha Znurjis ne Phì Lksphrktkis

Kfvistbifts dy tmi sthti ilujhtknf kferhstrujturi kf Zrk Ahfgh dntm dienri

kflipiflifji hfl snnf hetirwhrl mhvi ifsuril mk`m aivias ne prkbhry

ifrnaabift (;0 pirjift) hfl jnbpaitknf enr haa sjmnna-hì jmkalrif (Pnral

Dhfg 4??9). Ht tmi anwir sijnflhry aivia, `rhli ; jnbpaitknf rhtis hri

snbiwmht mk`mir enr `kras (=< pirjift) tmhf enr dnys (=8 pirjift). Itmfkj

bkfnrktkis, mnwivir, bhy mhvi anwir ilujhtknfha htthkfbift ht tmks aivia.=\hdai ;.8 smnws mk`mir iflnwbifts enr Zkfmhaisi hfl Bnnr wnbif tmhf

enr tmikr bhai jnuftirphrts. Ilujhtknf `hps ditwiif Zkfmhaisi bhais

(eibhais) hfl \hbka bhais (eibhais) hri ahrì hfl sk`fkekjhft, wmkai sbhaa

dut sk`fkekjhft ilujhtknf `hps njjur ditwiif Zkfmhaisi hfl Bnnr bhais ht

haa aivias.;

Mubhf jhpktha ks hasn hjjubuahtil tmrnu`m ixpirkifji hfl nf-tmi-cnd

trhkfkf`. \ypkjhaay, bhrrkil wnbif tifl tn mhvi aiss ne dntm (dijhusi ne

kftirbkttift ahdnr enrji phrtkjkphtknf, rieaijtkf` tmikr hdsifji ernb tmiahdnr enrji lurkf` jmkaldihrkf` yihrs), wmkjm bhy risuat kf anwir whìs

(_nahjmig 8;09). Zrk Ahfghf hì-spijkekj ahdnr enrji phrtkjkphtknf rhtis

smnw h phttirf jnfskstift wktm kftirbkttifjy lurkf` jmkaldihrkf` yihrs.

Ekety pirjift ne haa wnbif ditwiif 4? hfl 4< yihrs ne hì hri kf tmi

ahdnr enrji, jnbphril wktm


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`rnwkf`7 hdnut 5? pirjift ne jmkalrif hìs : tn 9 wiri istkbhtil tn mhvi

phrtkjkphtil kf prisjmnna ilujhtknf kf 4??8 (Pnral Dhfg 4??9).8?

Mnwivir, fn kfenrbhtknf ks hvhkahdai nf tmi mnurs ne jmkal jhri prnvklil

pir lhy. Zrk Ahfghf bhtirfkty aihvi difiekts lurkf` tmi pirknl uflir

stuly euaay jnviril =< lhys, wmkjm whs nf tmi uppir dnuflhry ne tmi

kftirfhtknfha fnrb ne 84 tn 8< wiigs (Tnlìrs 8;;;). _rnvksknf ne jnv-

irhì hfl jnbpakhfji hri riqukril nfay kf tmi pudakj sijtnr hfl riùahtil

prkvhti sijtnr. Dijhusi tmiri ks fn sthti haanwhfji, tmi durlif ne prnvkl-

kf` aihvi kf tmi prkvhti sijtnr ehaas nf tmi ibpanyir, jrihtkf` h lkskfjif-

tkvi enr ibpanyirs tn mkri bhrrkil wnbif. \mi ibpanybift ne wnbif

kf tmi riùahtil sijtnr ks hasn sudcijt tn fk`mt-tkbi wnrg prnmkdktknfs hflnvirtkbi akbkts.

\hdai ;.8 kflkjhtis tmht h anwir smhri ne bhrrkil wnbif wnrg kf tmi

ahrìay ufriùahtil prkvhti sijtnr hfl h mk`mir smhri kf tmi pudakj sijtnr.

\misi ekùris hri jnfskstift wktm mk`mir ahdnr enrji htthjmbift ne eibhais

wmiri jnbpakhfji wktm bhtirfkty difiekts ks bhflhtnry hfl wnrgirs bhy

fnt di tirbkfhtil. Mnwivir, tmiy jnual hasn di jnfskstift wktm ibpany-

bift lksjrkbkfhtknf, ke prkvhti sijtnr wnrgirs hvnklil mkrkf` bhrrkil

wnbif hfl usil sudtai bihfs tn ifjnurhì bhrrkil wnbif tn aihvi tmikrcnds vnaufthrkay dienri tmiy `kvi dkrtm.

\mi smhris ne bhrrkil wnbif kf tmi \hbka hfl Bnnr shbpais kf tmi

pudakj sijtnr wiri fnt sk`fkekjhftay lkeeirift ernb ihjm ntmir, dut dntm

wiri sk`fkekjhftay anwir tmhf tmi smhri ne Zkfmhaisi bhrrkil wnbif kf

tmi pudakj sijtnr.88

@rihtir htthjmbift kf tmi h`rkjuaturi sijtnr ks jnfskstift wktm anwir

jmkal-jhri jnfstrhkfts, iktmir dijhusi ne ibpanyirs hjtknfs, hs kf tmi prn-

vksknf ne jrjmis kf tmi pahfthtknfs, nr dijhusi ne tmi eaixkdkakty prnvklildy tmi fhturi ne tmi mnurs hfl anjhtknf ne wnrg hfl jmkal-jhri prnvksknf

wktmkf tmi ehbkay. Kf tmi h`rkjuaturi sijtnr, smhris ne bhrrkil \hbka wnbif

wiri sk`fkekjhftay mk`mir tmhf iktmir ne tmi ntmir twn itmfkj `rnups. \mks

ks jnfskstift wktm dittir kfstktutknfha prnvksknf ne jmkal jhri enr \hbka

wnbif kf tmi pahfthtknf sijtnr tmhf enr Zkfmhaisi hfl Bnnr wnbif wmn

wnrg kf tmi ufriùahtil fnfpahfthtknf h`rkjuaturi sijtnr.84

\mi bhkf ibpanybift hfl whì prntijtknf kfstktutknfs tmht kfeau-

ifji sijtnrha hfl njjuphtknfha jmnkji (si`ri`htknf) kf Zrk Ahfgh hri

sivirhfji phy prnvksknfs ibdnlkil kf tmi \irbkfhtknf ne IbpanyilPnrgbifs Hjt (Zpijkha _rnvksknfs) Hjt ne 8;08 (\IPH), tmi whì-

sittkf` bijmhfksb hfl jnaaijtkvi dhr`hkfkf`, hfl jkvka sirvkji mkrkf`

prhjtkjis (Pnral Dhfg 4??5). Drnhlay spihgkf`, wmkai prntijtkf`

ibpanybift, \IPH ehvnrs nalir ibpanyiis (kfsklirs) hfl ristrkjts ekrb

Hf Hfhaysks ne @iflir hfl Itmfkj Phì Lkeeiriftkhas hbnf` [nutm kf Zrk Ahfgh 449


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`rnwtm. Mnwivir kt lnis fnt hppay tn ekrbs wktm eiwir tmhf 89 ibpany-

iis, tn kflkvkluhas wktm aiss tmhf nfi yihr wktm tmi shbi ekrb nr tn ekrbs

kf tmi Dnhrl ne Kfvistbift (DNK) hfl erii-trhli znfi (E\S) sijtnrs.

\rhli ufknfs kf tmisi twn sijtnrs hri hasn riahtkviay wihg, phrtay

dijhusi ne ai`ksahtkvi prnvksknfs hfl phrtay dijhusi ne tmi usi ne tmkrl-

phrty jnftrhjt systibs tn rijrukt wnrgirs hfl tmi prhjtkji ne sudjnf-

trhjtkf` wnrg tn mnbi-dhsil wnrgirs kf tmi bhfuehjturkf` ixpnrt

sijtnr. Pnbif hri bnri akgiay tn di ibpanyil kf sbhaair, kfenrbha ekrbs

hfl kf DNK hfl E\S sijtnrs. Kfenrbhtknf nf ixpirkifji wktm tmi shbi

ibpanyir (sii thdai ;.8) kflkjhtis tmht, nf hvirhì, wnbif kf tmi pud-

akj hfl prkvhti sijtnrs (dut fnt kf tmi h`rkjuaturi sijtnr) mhvi smnrtirspiaas wktm tmi shbi ibpanyir tmhf tmikr bhai jnuftirphrts. Mnwivir,

kf haa tmrii sijtnrs, itmfkj bkfnrktkis mhl skbkahr nr anfìr spiaas wktm

tmi shbi ibpanyir tmhf lkl Zkfmhaisi.

Phìs kf tmi prkvhti sijtnr hri litirbkfil dy :0 \rkphrtkti Phì

Dnhrls, wmkjm sit bkfkbub whìs enr ihjm sgkaa aivia dy sijtnr.8:

Liai`htis tn tmisi dnhrls hri jmnsif ernb hbnf` bhcnr sijtnrha trhli

ufknfs hfl hjtkvi sijtnrha ùkals ne prkvhti ibpanyirs hfl `nvirfbift

fnbkfiis. Pmkai tmks systib prntijts iquha phy enr iquha wnrg kf tmishbi cnd, kt lnis fnt fijisshrkay prntijt iquha phy enr wnrg ne iquha vhaui

(jnb

The Challenge of Youth Unemployment in Sril Lanka

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