The Central Nervous System
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Transcript of The Central Nervous System
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The Central Nervous System
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Neuron
The basic functional unit of the The basic functional unit of the CNS CNS
Exhibits excitabilityExhibits excitability Exhibits conductivity Exhibits conductivity
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The microscopic gap separating The microscopic gap separating neuronsneurons
SynapseSynapse
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Neurotransmitters
A chemical substance capable A chemical substance capable of transmitting an impulse of transmitting an impulse across the synaptic cleft across the synaptic cleft
Contained in small sacs called Contained in small sacs called vesicles vesicles
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Variety of neurotransmitters
Cause Cause acuteacute CNS reaction CNS reaction Small moleculeSmall molecule Rapidly actingRapidly acting
Which are these?Which are these?
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ANSWERS:
AcetylcholineAcetylcholine Dopamine, Epinephrine, Dopamine, Epinephrine,
Norepinephrine, Serotonin Norepinephrine, Serotonin Asparate, Gamma- Asparate, Gamma-
aminobutyric acid (GABA), aminobutyric acid (GABA), Glutamate, Glycine Glutamate, Glycine
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Variety of neurotransmitters:
Causes prolonged CNS Causes prolonged CNS reactions reactions Large moleculeLarge molecule Slow actingSlow acting
Which are these?Which are these?
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Answers:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)(ACTH)
InsulinInsulin
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Factors:
Synaptic fatigueSynaptic fatigue UpregulationUpregulation DownregulationDownregulation
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Dysfunction
Excessive stimulation:Excessive stimulation: 1. Muscle cramps1. Muscle cramps 2. Convulsions2. Convulsions
3. Psychotic symptoms3. Psychotic symptoms 4. Hallucinations4. Hallucinations 5. Tension5. Tension
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And........
Depression results in:Depression results in: 1. Decreased levels of 1. Decreased levels of
consciousness consciousness 2. Respiratory depression2. Respiratory depression
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Narcotics and Analgesics
Mechanism of action:Mechanism of action: Bind to opiod receptors on cell Bind to opiod receptors on cell
membranes of specific neurons membranes of specific neurons in the brain resulting in in the brain resulting in decreased paindecreased pain
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Analgesics & Antipyretics
Mechanism of action:Mechanism of action: Inactivates cyclooxegenayse Inactivates cyclooxegenayse
which prevents prostaglandin which prevents prostaglandin formationformation
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Sedatives & Hypnotics
BarbituratesBarbiturates BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines Nonbarbiturates & Nonbarbiturates &
NonbenzodiazepinesNonbenzodiazepines
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Mechanism of Action
BarbituratesBarbiturates Inhibits functionInhibits function of nerve cellsof nerve cells
BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines Bind with Bind with
receptors to receptors to increase the increase the effects of GABAeffects of GABA
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Antianxiety Drugs
Benzodiazepines are the most Benzodiazepines are the most commoncommon
Mechanism of action:Mechanism of action: Facilitate the inhibitory effects Facilitate the inhibitory effects
of GABAof GABA
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Antidepressant Drugs
Types of drugs:Types of drugs: 1. Tricyclic antidepressants1. Tricyclic antidepressants
2. SSRI2. SSRI 3. MAOI3. MAOI
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Mechanism of Action
Increases the amount of Increases the amount of neurotransmitters neurotransmitters
(serotonin & epinephrine)(serotonin & epinephrine)
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Antipsychotics
Treats psychotic processesTreats psychotic processes Mechanism of action:Mechanism of action:
Decreases the effects of Decreases the effects of Dopamine by occupying Dopamine by occupying receptor sitesreceptor sites
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Anticonvulsants
Treats seizure disordersTreats seizure disorders Mechanism of action is unclearMechanism of action is unclear May: May:
1. Decreases neuronal 1. Decreases neuronal excitabilityexcitability2. Prevents spread of impulses2. Prevents spread of impulses
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Alcohol
Depresses the CNSDepresses the CNS Rapidly absorbed from the Rapidly absorbed from the
stomach and small intestinesstomach and small intestines Quickly distributed to all body Quickly distributed to all body
tissuestissues