THECELLULAR

RADIOHANDBOOK

THECELLULAR

RADIOHANDBOOK

A Reference forCellular System Operation

Fourth Edition

NEIL J. BOUCHER

A Wiley-Interscience Publication

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

New York . Chichester . Weinheim . Brisbane . Singapore . Toronto

This book is printed on acid-free paper.zy

Copyright ( 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.

Boucher, Neil J.

The cellular radio handbook : a reference for cellular system operation / Neil J.

Boucher.Ð4th ed.

p. cm.

``A Wiley-Interscience publication.''

ISBN 0-471-38725-8 (cloth : alk. paper)

1. Cellular telephone systemsÐHandbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title.

TK6570.M6 B68 2000

621.3845 06Ðdc21 00-027086

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

CONTENTS

Preface to the Fourth Edition xxiii

About the Author xxv

1 What is Cellular Radio? 1

Early Cellular, 2Mobile and Trunked Radio, 2Cellular Systems, 3

2 World System StandardsÐA History 7

Pre-Cellular Systems, 7Japan, 10NMT450, 11NMT 900, 11Italy, 12Advanced Cellular System (ACS), 13AMPS, 13The Motorola SC9600, 15The AT&T Autoplex System 1000, 16Analog Call Channel Capacity, 16Analog Frequency Bands, 16World Cellular Connection Rates, 17AMPS Frequencies, 17TACS Frequencies, 19NAMPS, 20Digital, 20GSM, 20DAMPS, 20CDMA, 203G, 20

3 Basic Radio 21

Basic Elements, 21Dynamic Channel Allocation, 25

v

Noise and Signal-to-Noise Performance, 25dBs, 26Propagation, 26Radio Controller, 27Antennas, 27Mobile, Transmit Power and Health, 29

4 PlanningÐAn Essential Network Function 30

Flexibility, 30Time Frame, 30Radio Surveys, 31Site Acquisitions, 31Frequency Planning, 32Trunk Network Planning, 32Room to Grow, 32Other Facilities, 33

5 Cell Site Selection and System Design 34

Design Objectives, 34Assumptions and Limitations, 34Suitable Sites, 35Joint User Sites, 36Getting A Starting Point for the Design, 36Special Considerations, 37What the Customer Will Accept, 39Map Studies, 39Computerized Techniques, 40Handhelds, 40A Program for Calculating Range or Path Loss, 41Getting to Know the Terrain, 41Manual Propagation Prediction, 42The Okumura Studies, 43ERP, 45The Cost 231 Wal®sch/Ikegami Model, 46The Carey Report, 47Estimating Base-Station Range, 48Terrain Dependence and Standard Deviation, 49Estimating the E¨ect of Base-Station Height, 51Multi-Cell Systems, 51Computer-Aided Design, 51Survey Plots, 52Filing Surveys, 53Maps and Map Tables, 54Designing for Customer Demand, 54Determining Channel Capacity, 54Base Capacity, 56Increasing Capacity, 56Real-Time Frequency Planning, 56Customer Density, 57Determining Base Stations in the CBD, 57Omni Cells, 58Antennas, 58

vi CONTENTS

System Balance, 58Sectored Antennas and System Balance, 60500-Watt ERP Rural Systems, 60Designing PCS Networks, 60Microcells, 60Modeling Cellular Systems, 62Site Acquisitions and Safety, 65Satellite Mapping, 65

6 Radio Survey 66

Standing-Wave Patterns, 68Measuring Field Strength, 68Sampling Speed, 69Modern Survey Techniques, 69Sampling Interval, 72Reverse Path Sampling, 75Using Wide-Band Measuring Receivers, 75Multiple Receiver Antennas, 76Survey Transmitters, 76Mounting Survey Antennas, 78Automatic Position-Locating Systems, 79Preparation of Results, 81Spectrum Check, 83Con®rming Coverage, 83Surveying as a Maintenance Tool, 84Some Necessary Precautions for Radio Survey, 85

7 Cellular Radio Interference 87

Frequency Reuse Interference, 88Co-Channel Interference, 89Adjacent-Channel Interference, 89Interference from Other Systems, 89Intermittent and Mobile Interference, 89Interference from Non-Cellular Systems, 90Intermodulation, 91Interference between AMPS and GSM Band Systems, 92Interference into Non-Cellular Systems, 93Improving Frequency Reuse, 93Blocking, 93Use of Terrain and Clutter, 93Use of Sector Antennas, 937-Cell Patterns, 944-Cell Patterns, 94Channel Borrowing, 95Power Reduction, 95Antenna Height, 96Coping with Interference, 96Antenna Types Used in Cellular Radio, 97Handheld Bene®ts, 97Leaky Cables, 98System Parameters, 98E¨ective Use of Downtilt, 98

CONTENTS vii

Downtilt and How It Works, 98Example, 101Downtilt in Practice, 102

8 Cell Plans 103

Basic Considerations, 1037-Cell Pattern, 1034-Cell Pattern, 10412-Cell Pattern, 105The Stockholm Ring Model, 105Mixed Plans, 105AMPS, 106SAT Codes, 107SAT Codes After Cell Splitting, 110Digital Color Codes, 110

9 Units and Concepts of Field Strength 112

Relationship Between Units of Field Strength at AntennaTerminals, 114

Conversion Tables, 115Statistical Measurements of Field Strength, 115Conclusion, 117

10 Filters and Combiners 118

Transmitter Combiners, 118Crystal Filters, 121Resonant Cavities, 121Harmonic Filters, 124How Much Power Loss is Acceptable?, 124Practical Combiners, 126Antenna Combiners and Splitters, 126Receiver Combiner, 127Antenna Duplexers, 127Receiver Combining, 128Noise Figure, 131Receiver Multiplexer, 131Customized RF, 132Advanced Cavity Technology, 132Filtronics 132Co-Sited GSM and AMPS/CDMA, 133Superconductors, 137Superconducting Filters, 138

11 Cellular Repeaters 142

Digital Repeaters, 142Cell-Extender Repeaters, 142Enhanced-Cell Extenders, 146Tra½c Capacity of the Simple Repeaters, 147Cell-Replacement Repeaters, 147Tra½c Capacity of Cell-Replacement Repeaters, 148Tunnels, 150Universal Repeaters, 150

viii CONTENTS

12 Antennas 151

Gain, 151VSWR, 151Bandwidth, 151Beamwidth, 151Front-to-Back Ratio, 151Antenna Construction, 151Omnidirectional Antennas, 152Other Types of Omni-Antenna, 152Sector Antennas, 153Panel Antennas, 157Polar Diagrams, 158Voltage and Power Limitations, 159Antenna Impedances, 160Antennas with Downtilt, 161Polarization, 161Diversity, 162Leaky Cables, 163Tunnels, 165Use of Yagi Antennas, 165Indoor Coverage with Lossy Cables/Microcell Antennas, 166Antenna Materials, 167Mounting, 167Drainage, 170Intermodulation, 170Measuring VSWR, 171Remote Antenna Monitoring, 171Smart Antennas, 172The Future, 179Wide-Band Fractal Antennas, 179

13 Cellular Links 180

Microwave, 180Margins, 181Fresnel Zone, 182Design Software, 183Fading Depth, 184Losses in Antenna Coupling, 185Calculation of Outage Time, 185System Gains, 186Gain Measurements, 186Feeder Losses, 186Interference, 187Margins, 187System Capacities, 187Advantages of Digital Systems, 188Rack Space, 188Microwave Links in Cellular Systems, 188United States and Japan, 189Rest of the World, 189Drop and Insert, 190Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, (SDH), 190Factors in Choosing Microwave, 191

CONTENTS ix

Survey, 192WirelineÐIts Development, 193Echo Suppression, 194Minilinks, 195Satellite Links, 197VSAT, 197Fiber Optics, 199SONET, 199Infrared Links, 199Trunking, 200Standby, 202Split Routes, 202

14 Base-Station Maintenance 203

Base-Station Maintenance, 203Maintenance Work Load, 204Locating a Cable Fault, 206Air-Conditioning, 207Mean Time Between Failures, 208Transceivers, 209Base-Station Controller Using Statistics, 209Customer Complaints, 210Line-Up Levels, 211Test Mobile, 211Site Audio Test Loops, 212Interaction with the Switch/BSC, 212Site Log Books, 212Call-Out Procedures, 212Equipment, 213Quality and Calibration of Test Equipment, 213Test Sets, 214Analog, 215Quantifying Coverage Problems, 220Lossy T, 221O¨-Air Monitoring, 221Rogue Mobiles, 222Co-Channel and Adjacent-Channel Interference, 223Third-Party Interference, 223Spare Parts, 224Systems in Chaos, 224Optimization, 225Monthly Routines, 228Monthly Routine Checklists, 229

15 Base-Station Control and Signaling 231

Call to Mobile Station, 231Mobile-Originated Call, 234Call Supervision, 235Setting Up a Call Between Two Cars, 236Hando¨s, 238Amps Signaling Format, 239Signal Strength Parameters, 241

x CONTENTS

16 Power and Distribution 243

Air-Conditioners, 243Calculation of Heat Loads and Losses, 243Heat Loads, 245Solar Heat, 246Simpli®ed Calculations for O½ces and Other Buildings, 246Units of Heat, 247Power Conditioning, 247Ferro-Resonant UPS, 248Uninterruptable Battery Supplies, 248Power Standby Units, 248Power Conditioners, 248The DC Distribution Panel, 248DC±DC Converter, 249Recti®ers and Batteries, 249Power Rating, 250Batteries, 250Load Testing, 252Conductivity Testing, 252Battery Life, 255Redundant Batteries, 256Battery and Recti®er Loading, 256Emergency Plant, 257DC Distribution, 258Cables, 258Solar-Powered Base Stations, 259Wind Generators, 260Three-Phase Power, 260

17 Protection and Grounding 262

Lightning Protection, 262Lightning Charges, 262Static Air Charges, 263Grounding, 265Internal Grounding, 267Measuring Ground Resistance, 270Ground-Loop Currents, 273

18 Trunking 274

Maintenance Considerations, 274Route Diversity, 274Circuit Spreading, 274Route Capacity, 275Redundancy, 275Using Redundant Equipment, 276E¨ective Use of the Switch-Port Capacity, 276Time-Dependent Routing, 276Multiple-Switch Operation, 276Using Base Stations as Nodes, 276A Typical Trunking Optimization, 277Transcoders, 278Increasing Trunking E½ciency, 279

CONTENTS xi

Advanced Grooming, 279The 2 Mbit/S CCITT Digital Standard, 281Framing, 282The Multiframe Format, 282Redundancy, 282Faults in the 2-Mbit/S Stream, 282Modem Access, 283Bits/Sec versus Baud Rate, 283The 300/1200/2400 Standards, 284Asynchronous Modems, 284The X.25 Protocol, 284ATM, 284

19 Switching 286

Switch Concentrators, 286The Telephone, 288Step-by-Step Switches, 288Crossbar Switches, 290DTMF Dialing (Tone Dialing), 290Space Switches, 291Time Switches, 292SPC Switches, 292Limited-Availability (Blocking) Switches, 294Full-Availability (Non-Blocking) Switches, 294A PSTN Switch, 296Wireline Telephone Switches, 298Cellular Switching, 298The Alcatel S12, 302Roaming, 303Switch Peripherals, 303Calls to/from Mobiles to PSTN, 305Hando¨s, 305Call Success Rates, 305Interswitch Operations, 305IS-41 History, 306ANSI-41, 306The A-Key, 307Disconnection, 309Uncharged Local Calls, 309Switch Con®gurations, 310Switch Hierarchy, 312Non-Wireline Switch Locations, 314Switch to Base-Station Links, 314Signaling, 314Interfacing Switches, 317Synchronization, 317Intelligent Networks, 317

20 Tra½c Engineering Concepts 321

Time-Consistent Busy-Hour Tra½c, 323Measurement of Congested Circuits, 324Grade of Service, 324Dimensioning Base-Station and Switch Circuits, 325

xii CONTENTS

Erlang B Table, 325Extended Erlang B, 326Erlang C, 326Overloaded Circuits, 327Estimating Carried Tra½c, 328Using Erlang C and Getting It Right!!!, 329Dual-Mode Base-Station Channel Dimensioning, 330Circuit E½ciency, 331Dispersion, 332Tra½c Forecasting, 332Alternate Routing, 334Optimizing Circuits, 334E¨ect of Alternative Routing on GOS, 337

21 Mobiles 338

Early Mobile Phones, 338CDMA One, 338GSM, 338Multiband, 338The Trends, 340Cellular Test and Measurement Set, 340Sensitivity and Performance, 341GSM Phone Testing, 342Antenna Types, 342Mobile Antenna Installation, 344Antenna Mounting, 346Noisy Antennas, 346Antenna Gain, 346Decibel's Mobilcell, 349Passive Repeaters, 350Batteries and Talk Time, 350Zinc-Air Fuel Cells, 356Battery Recycling and Disposal, 356Amps Number Assignment Module (NAM), 356

22 Towers and Masts 358

Monopoles, 360Guyed Masts, 362Towers, 364Soil Tests, 365Other Users, 365Antenna Platforms, 365Tower Design, 366Security, 367How Structures Fail, 368Tower, Mast, and Monopole Maintenance, 370Inspection, 372Sti¨ness, 372Repair, 372Making the Tower a Feature, 372When It Gets Too Hard to Get Approval, 374Stealth Antennas, 375Tower Inspection Checklist, 381

CONTENTS xiii

23 Installations 382

Training, 383The Operator's Responsibility, 383Acceptance Testing, 383Commissioning, 384Moving Away from Turnkey Installation, 384Acceptance-Test Checklists, 388

24 Equipment Shelters 394

Basic Considerations, 394Switch Building Description, 395Internal Finishes, 397External Finishes, 399External Supply, 399Electrical Power Outlets, 399External Emergency Plant, 399Essential Power, 399Air Conditioning, 399Typical Switch Room, 399Base-Station Housing, 399Grounds and Paths, 406

25 Budgets 407

Equipment Requirements, 407Switches, 408Typical Work-Hour Requirements, 409Costs, 409Digital Radio Systems (DRS Single HOPS), 410Billing System (Including Computer and Software), 411Costs of a ``Typical'' Analog Cellular System, 411An Exercise, 411Revenues, 413Air-Time Charges, 414

26 Billing Systems 415

History, 415Cellular Billing, 415Upward Compatibility, 417The Dangers of Contracting For A Billing Systems, 417Resellers and Third-Party Vendors, 417Flexibility of Tari¨s, 418Account Settlement, 418Metered Billing, 418Billing Cycles, 418Itemized Accounts, 419Remote Billing, 419Multiple Switches, 419Follow-Up and Account Management, 419Bill Preparation and Letter Stu½ng, 419Validation, 419Tracking Sales and Inventory, 419

xiv CONTENTS

On-Line Inquiries, 419GSM Roaming Services, 419Billing Houses, 420More on Billing Houses, 421Do-It-Yourself Billing, 421Billing Service, 422Management Information Systems, 422Why the Processors Need to Be So Big, 424Billing Charges, 425

27 Marketing 426

Customer Disillusionment, 426What Customers Want, 426A Customer Pro®le, 427Customer Churn, 427Initial Marketing Surveys, 428Mobile Terminal Policy, 429Safety, 430Distribution of Mobile Units, 430Emergency Users, 430Charges, 430Looking at the Future, 432

28 Fraud 434

The Nature of Fraud, 343Categories of Fraud, 435Roaming Fraud, 437Special Precautions in the United States, 437Reducing Fraud, 437PIN Numbers, 437Fraudbuster, 438Shared Secret Data, 438Radio Frequency Fingerprinting, 438Fraud in Other Countries, 439Fighting Back Against Fraud, 439

29 Data Over Cellular 440

Analog, 440Interstitial Data Networks for AMPS, 441Digital, 442Packet Switching, 442Data Limitations, 442SCADA Systems, 443CDPD, 443Data in the Future, 443Bluetooth, 445But Don't Be Fooled, 446

30 Privacy 447

Analog Surveillance Techniques, 447Analog Encryption, 449

CONTENTS xv

Analog Privacy by Frequency Inversion, 449Digital Encryption (of Analog Signals), 451Digital Cellular Encryption, 451

31 Rural and O¨shore Applications of Cellular Radio 452

Environmental Limitations, 452Small Switches and Repeaters in Rural Areas, 452Cellular Pay Phones, 452Rigidly Mounted Versus Mobile Rural Units, 453Rural Mobil Networks, 455Networks with External Terminal Equipment Antennas (WLL), 456Call Rates and Customer Density, 456O¨shore Coverage, 457Petrocom, 458

32 Interconnection 461

Keeping it Simple, 462Cost Per Minute of Tra½c Flows, 462Determining Fair Cost for Inter-Carrier Tolls, 464Nationwide or Wide-Area Cellular Operators, 465User-Pays Principle, 465The GSM Charging Principles and Their Applications to Other

Networks, 466

33 Preparing Invitations to Tender 468

Technical Preparation, 468Sample Tender O¨er, 469

34 Modulation/Demodulation Methods 478

Receiver Processing Gain, 478Threshold E¨ect in FM Systems, 480Bandwidth, 481Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis, 481Signal-to-Noise Improvements with a Phase-Locked Loop, 483Companding, 484Spread Spectrum, 484Modulation, 485

35 Noise and Noise Performance 487

Galactic and Extra-Galactic Background Noise, 487Thermal Noise, 488Atmospheric Noise, 489Manmade Noise, 489Static Noise, 489Shot Noise, 489Partition Noise, 489Absolute Quantum Noise Limits, 489Cross Talk, 490Subjective Evaluation of Noise, 490Noise Factor, 490

xvi CONTENTS

The Ampli®er's Contribution to Noise, 491Cascaded Ampli®ers, 491Noise Factor of an Attenuator, 493Processing Gain and Noise, 494S/N Performance in Practice, 497

36 Digital Cellular 499

Some History, 499PCS/PCN, 500Complexity, 500Path Delay, 501Naming Systems, 501Digital Caveat Emptor, 502No Duplex Filter?, 502Battery Talk Time, 502Voice Quality, 502The Future of Analog Cellular in a Digital World, 505Digital Advantages, 505Interference from TDMA Systems, 505Third-Generation Systems, 505Universal Mobile Radio, 508

37 GSM Pan-European Cellular 510

Background, 510What GSM O¨ers, 511Implementation, 511Encryption, 511The Radio Frequency Interface, 511GSM Enhanced Encoder, 512GSM 900 Frequency Usage, 512Modulation, 512GSM Frame Structure, 513Data Transmission, 514Link Integrity, 514Physical and Logical Channels, 514Synchronization, 515Handling Multipath, 515System Considerations, 517GSM Terminology, 517Signaling and Interfacing, 519Basic Support Services, 519The Operations Support System, 519Base-Station Subsystem, 520Transcoder, 521Base-Station Controller, 521Base Transceiver Station (BTS), 522Motorola's First Implemenation, 523Overlay/Underlay Cells, 523Network Con®guration, 523Frequency Hopping, 525Discontinuous Transmission, 526The Location Registration, 526Digital Bearer Services, 527

CONTENTS xvii

Teleservices, 527Short-Message Feature, 527GSM Roaming, 528GSM Mobile Units, 528Access Control, 529Smart Cards, 529Security, 531Incoming PSTN Calls, 532Complexity, 533PCS, 533In-Building Coverage, 534GPRS, 538Two-Site Frequency Reuse, 538Intellectual Property Rights, 539Supplementary Services, 539GSM Terms, 540

38 DAMPS 547

Network Structure, 547Base-Station Controller, 547Base Transceiver Station, 547Structure, 548The DAMPS TDMA Frame Structure, 548Voice-Channel Processing, 550Signaling, 550The RF Environment, 552Modulation, 554Radio Frequency Ampli®er, 554The Receiver, 554Authentication, 554Dual-Mode Mobiles, 554The CODEC, 555Mobile-Assisted Hando¨, 556DAMPS Terms, 556

39 NAMPS 557

Standards, 557Additional Services, 558Network Con®guration, 558How Does It Perform?, 558Mobiles, 559The Hardware, 559

40 E-TDMA 560

Soft Capacity, 561Capacity Gains, 562Channels to Spare, 563Fixed Wireless Applications, 563

41 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 564

Transmission, 564CDMA Coverage, 564

xviii CONTENTS

Channel Bandwidth, 564Soft Hando¨, 565The Softer Hando¨, 565CDMA Multipath Enhancement, 565Rake Receivers, 566Enhanced Services, 566Diversity, 566CDMA Overlay, 566Capacity Considerations, 567Soft Capacity, 567Power Control, 568Open-and Closed-Loop Power Control, 568Pilot Carrier, 568Channel Structure, 569Registration, 570Service Options, 570Authentication, 571Variable Rate Vocoder, 571Cell Site Equipment, 572Frequency Planning, 574Switching, 575CDMA Base-Station Simulator, 576CDMA Terms, 576

42 Japanese Digital 578

Roaming, 578Personal Handy Phone System, 578Decline of PHS, 579Personal Digital Cellular, 579Technical, 579Timing and Operations, 580

43 Satellite Mobile Systems 581

Early Systems, 581Satellite Orbits, 582Iridium, 585The Launching, 589Mobiles, 585Demise of Iridium, 589Globalstar, 589Optical Satellite Links, 591Medium Earth Orbit Satellites, 592Paging Services Using LEOs, 593Satellite Lifetimes, 593Technical Advances, 593

44 Cordless Telephone Technologies 595

Cordless Is Not Cellular, 595PACS, 604Home Base Stations, 604Cordless GSM, 604HomeBase, 605

CONTENTS xix

The Future for Cordless, 605The Potential of Millimeter-Wave Cordless, 606The Technology, 606High GHz Base-Station Antennas, 607Integrated PCN SystemÐThe Future, 607Mobile Units, 608

45 iDEN 609

Transitioning from Analog, 609Hybrid Cellular/Trunk?, 609Design, 610Performance, 610Data, 611Mobiles, 611

46 Wireless Local Loop 612

Wireless Local Loop, Including LMDS and PTMP, 612WLL, 612De®ning Local Loop, 613Revenues, 613WLL the Challenge, 613Bandwidth, 614Wired Local Loop, 614xDSL, 615Alternative Technologies, 615Cellular-Based WLL, 616Non-Cellular Solutions, 617New Technologies, 619Ongoing Costs, 620

47 The Technology 622

Radio Frequency Ampli®er, 622Third-Order Intercept, 625Implementation of IF A-to-D Conversion, 631Sample and Hold Function, 632Making a Mobile, 632An Example of GSM Phone Construction, 632CODEC, 633Connectors, 635Direct Fault Monitoring, 636Why 50 Ohms?, 636

48 Coding, Formats, and Error Correction 638

Digital Signaling, 638Words, 638Parity, 638Convolutional Codes, 639Hamming Codes, 639Modulo-2 Arithmetic, 639Cyclic Block Codes, 640BCH Codes, 641Polynomial Codes, 641

xx CONTENTS

Golay Code, 642POCSAG, 642Interleaving, 642

49 Digital Modulation 643

Digital Encoding, 644Modulation Systems, 644Spectrally E½cient Encoding, 646Demodulation, 647GSM, 647p=4 QPSK, 647Spread Spectrum or CDMA, 648CDMA, 649Modulation, 649Demodulation, 650Frequency Hopping, 650Chirp Spread Spectrum, 650Testing, 650Multipath Immunity, 650Processing Gains, 650CODECs, 650Digital System Performance, 654

50 Other Mobile Products 656

Public Mobile Radio, 656Paging, 660Voice Mail, 661Packet Radio, 661

51 Safety Issues 663

Introduction, 663Want To Know More about EMR? 665TDMA, 667Not Intrinsically Safe, 667Use of Mobile Phones While Driving, 667Mobile Use in Aircraft, 667EMR Monitoring, 668AC Voltages, 669

52 Buying Used Hardware 670

Base-Station Hardware, 670Used Switches, 670Microwave Equipment, 671Recti®ers, 671Batteries, 671Towers, 671Cables and Antennas, 671Equipment Updating, 672

Appendix A RF Propagation Routine 673

Mobile Path Loss and Range Calculation Program, 673

CONTENTS xxi

Appendix B ISO Model 675

Appendix C Ampli®er Classes 676

Class A, 676Class B, 676Class AB, 677Class C, 677Class D, 677Class E, 677

Appendix D 911 Location Requirements 679

Emergency Call Location, 679Celltrax Solution, 679GPS Onboard, 680

Appendix E Distortion and Noise 681

Noise and Distortion, 681Cascaded Ampli®ers, 682

Appendix F Recommended Further Reading and Sources of Information 684

Appendix G Internet Protocols 685

Ad-Hoc Networks, 685IEFT: The Future, 687IP Delays, 688Compression, 688Internet Tra½c, 688

Appendix H Erlang B and C Tables 689

Erlang B Table, 689Erlang C Table for Dimension in Base-Station Channels, 692

Appendix I Conversion of Units Used for Cellular RF 695

Appendix J Country Codes 697

Glossary 700

Index 709

xxii CONTENTS

PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION

The ®rst edition of The Cellular Radio Handbook wasreleased in mid-1980, at a time when all commercialsystems were analog. It soon became an industry refer-ence, and was well-accepted. The second edition, whichwas released in June 1992, had little mention of digitalsystems because implementation was running late andno substantial networks existed.

The third edition was released in January 1995 whena large number of GSM systems were installed, but mostwere still having teething problems. By 2000, the GSMsystems have gone on to become dominant, with CDMAo¨ering a strong, but belated challenge.

The new edition is written from the perspective of adigital world, and covers the new technologies that areshaping the future of the industry. The original formathas proven to be successful and is maintained. The in-tention is to present in a concise manner, good en-gineering practices, and su½cient theory to enable anunderstanding at a professional level. Mathematics hasbeen used sparingly, but some topics require more ex-tensive mathematical treatment. Where possible, thesemore technical sections have been dealt with in separate

chapters and can be by-passed without any real loss ofcontinuity.

Many people have assisted me with the preparation ofthis work, but I would like to extend a special thanks tothe following people:

Ian Nicholson, of Telstra

Stuart Je¨rey, of Synacom

Marc Rolfes, a consultant based in Chicago

Stewart Fist, communications journalist withThe Australian

Cindy Wishart, marketing/executive assistant withStealth

Greg Delforce, engineering manager at Filtronics.

Last, but not least, I would like to thank my wife,June, for her patience and help with the proofreading ofthis book.

Neil J. Boucher

Maleny, Australia

December 2000

xxiii

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Neil Boucher is a communications engineer with morethan 20 years experience in mobile and cellular net-works. He has worked in various senior engineeringpositions on cellular networks, both state- and nation-wide in extent. His responsibilities have included systemdesign, installation, maintenance and operations. It isfrom this broad background that the present book isderived.

He is ¯uent in a number of computer languages andhas produced a Windows software suite for cellular onmobile engineering, which encompasses most of thetra½c, RF and power engineering that a cellular engi-neer is likely to encounter. In all, there are more than

100 routines. This package is sold commercially and isavailable through the author.

Mr. Boucher is the author of a number of other tech-nical books on mobile communications including The

Trunked Radio and Enhanced PMR Radio Handbookand the Paging Technology Handbook, both publishedby John Wiley & Sons, Inc. He has written dozens oftechnical papers for various trade publications.

Currently a free-lance mobiles technology consultant,Mr. Boucher's onside interests include ¯ying, sailing,classic cars (and classic car rallys) and astronomy.

He can be contacted by email at NBoucher@ozemail.com.au

xxv

THECELLULAR

RADIOHANDBOOK