The Cell Cycle Chapter 12. Cell division - process cells reproduce; necessary to living things. Cell...
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Transcript of The Cell Cycle Chapter 12. Cell division - process cells reproduce; necessary to living things. Cell...
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The Cell Cycle
Chapter 12
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• Cell division - process cells reproduce; necessary to living things.
• Cell division due to cell cycle (life of cell from origin in division of parent cell until own division into 2)
• Unicellular organisms - results in many new members.
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• Multicellular organisms - division helps in development of organism and repair and renew preexisting cells
• Requires distribution of identical genetic material (DNA) to 2 daughter cells.
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• Genome - cell’s genetic information packaged as DNA.
• DNA molecules packaged into chromosomes.
• Body cells - somatic cells; sex cells - gametes.
• DNA has proteins – maintains structure; helps control gene activity.
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• Duplicated chromosome - 2 sister chromatids (identical copies of chromosome’s DNA)
• Region where strands connect shrinks to narrow area (centromere)
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• Processes continue every day to replace dead and damaged cells.
• Produce clones - cells with same genetic information.
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http://www.s8int.com/images2/cloned.jpg
Cloned cells
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• Mitotic (M) phase of cell cycle alternates with much longer interphase.
• M phase includes mitosis, cytokinesis.
• Interphase - 90% of cell cycle.
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• Interphase - cell grows by producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles, copies chromosomes, prepares for cell division; 3 subphases.
• 1G1 phase (“first gap”) - growth. • 2S phase (“synthesis”) -
chromosomes copied. • 3G2 phase (“second gap”) - cell
completes preparations for cell division.
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http://www.fhcrc.org/science/labs/fero/RL_gifs/cycle.jpg
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• Mitosis – 5 subphases.• End interphase - centrosomes
duplicated, begin to organize microtubules into aster (“star”).
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• 1Prophase - chromosomes tightly coiled, with sister chromatids joined together.
• Nucleoli disappear; mitotic spindle forms, appears to push centrosomes away toward opposite ends (poles) of cell.
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• 2Prometaphase - nuclear envelope fragments and microtubules from spindle interact with chromosomes.
• Microtubules from 1 pole attach to 1 of 2 kinetochores (special regions of centromere), microtubules from other pole attach to other kinetochore.
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• 3Metaphase - spindle fibers push sister chromatids until all arranged at metaphase plate (imaginary plane equidistant between poles)
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• 4Anaphase - centromeres divide, separating sister chromatids.
• Each pulled toward pole to which it is attached by spindle fibers.
• 2 poles have equivalent collections of chromosomes.
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• 5Telophase - cell elongates; free spindle fibers from each centrosome push off each other.
• 2 nuclei form, surrounded by fragments of parent’s nuclear envelope.
• Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) begins.
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• Animals - cytokinesis (cleavage) - appearance of cleavage furrow in cell surface near old metaphase plate.
• Cytoplasmic side of cleavage furrow contractile ring of actin microfilaments and motor protein myosin form.
• Contraction of ring pinches cell in 2.
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• Plants, cytokinesis - cell plate between dividing cells.
• Plate enlarges until membranes fuse with plasma membrane at perimeter; contents vesicles forming new wall material in between.
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Bacteria• Prokaryotes - binary fission.• DNA of bacteria coiled, highly
packed. • Binary fission - chromosome
replication begins at 1 point in circular chromosome, (origin of replication).
• Copied regions move to opposite ends of cell.
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• As chromosome replicates and copied regions move to opposite ends of cell, bacterium grows until it reaches 2x original size.
• Cell division involves inward growth of plasma membrane, dividing parent cell into 2 daughter cells with complete genome.
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Regulation of cell cycle
• Some cells divide frequently in life (skin cells), others can divide (reserve - liver cells) mature nerve, muscle cells do not divide at all.
• Some control over when cells divide/how often they divide in lifetime.
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• Cycle driven by specific chemical signals in cytoplasm.
• Events of cell cycle directed by cell cycle control system.
• Checkpoint in cell cycle is critical control point where stop/go signals regulate cycle.
• 3 major checkpoints found in G1, G2, and M phases.
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• G1 checkpoint (most important), cell either get go ahead to finish cycle and divide, or receive stop signal.
• If stop signal - goes into G0 phase (remains in limbo waiting to start).
• Most human cells in this mode.
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http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgaug99/01.jpg
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• Proteins, kinases, can activate/deactivate other proteins.
• Kinases always present in cell; need cyclins (protein) to activate.
• Complex of kinases and cyclin - cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks).
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http://www.mie.utoronto.ca/labs/lcdlab/biopic/fig/9.5.jpg
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• MPF (“maturation-promoting factor”) triggers cell’s passage past G2 checkpoint to M phase.
• G1 checkpoint regulated by at least 3 Cdk proteins and several cyclins.
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http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2002/cdk02.gif
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• M phase checkpoint makes sure chromosomes are attached to spindle so each cell ends up with right amount of chromosomes.
• Cell division influenced by growth factors, proteins released by 1 group of cells that stimulate other cells to divide.
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http://www.fhcrc.org/science/education/courses/cancer_course/basic/img/growth_factors.gif
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• Platelet growth driven by growth factors.
• Presence of injury - released to stimulate division of platelet cells to seal wound.
• Density of cells too high - cell division inhibited.
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Cancer
• Cancer cells divide out of control - no regulation.
• Can either produce own growth factors or have problem in signaling pathway.
• Can divide indefinitely if they have continual supply of nutrients.
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http://www.sandia.gov/news/resources/releases/2005/images/mitopic.jpg
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• Starts when single cell undergoes transformation to change it into cancer cell.
• If immune system does not destroy, can form tumor (gathering of cells).
• If tumor does not invade other areas - benign.
• If it does - malignant.• If cells get into blood stream, travel
throughout body (metastasis).
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http://www.livercancer.com/images/metastasis.gif
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• http://www.teachersdomain.org/resources/tdc02/sci/life/stru/dnadivide/index.html