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The cell

Subject: ScienceAuthor: Allida De CandidoEnglish teacher: Bruna PavanSchool year: 2004/2005

I.P.S.I.A. “L. Zanussi” - Pordenone

CLIL PROJECT

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Lesson plan pqg. 3Procedure 5Secret cell 7Questions 8Cells sizes 9The words meaning 10 Differences between cells 11 How big are cells? 13What are the correct definitions? 14Relative sizes of cells A 15Relative sizes of cells B 16What else about cells? 17

What is there inside the cell? 18Cellcrossword 24Parts of the cell A 25Parts of the cell B 26

Animal and plant cell 27Similarities and differences 28 Comparing plant and animal cell 29

Cell like a busy factory 30

Departements and functions

in the factory 31

Question loop 32

Final test 37

Glossary 38

Answers 41

Bibliography 51

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Lesson plan

Objectives Students will be able to: describe the cell use appropriate scientific terms for organelles and their

functions remember the names of the organelles explain the resemblances and the differences between animal

and plant cells recognize animal and plant cells know the importance of the cell

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ContentsThe cell structure and function.A comparison between animal and plant cell. Grade levelIt may be adapted for use in a Vocational Training School for students beginning to study Biology. TimeApproximately 3 hours.

ResourcesInternet site; school books.  

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ProcedureThe lesson will start with simple information about the cell:

a)    all living organisms are made of one or more cells;b)    cell size.

Open questions will get some information from the text .With looking up in the dictionary for specific words students will understand better their meaning.In picture1 the students can recognize the shape of different cells and in picture 2 they can see the various sizes of cells and their components.Finally to establish the students’ knowledge there is a chart to fill in with the given definitions. The next step is about what there is inside the cell, the names and the functions of the organelles.The students will be given a paper with all this information and matching halves phrases on the functions to get immediate feedback.With the filling of a crossword the students will be able to remember the names of organelles and their functions. A work in pairs is useful to fix the concepts.  Home

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The third step is made to observe  the difference between plant and animal cells. Looking at Fig.3 the students will also see what animal and plant cells have in common and will be able to fill in the Venn diagram. Some questions about fig.3 are useful to observe and point out the similarities and the differences.

In the fourth step the student will consolidate and memorise the names of organelles, observing the picture and filling in the empty column.

A game and a final test get students to revise all the lesson.

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Secret cellYour body is made up of about 100 billion living cells.

You can tell when they are alive because there are all sorts of chemical changes going on inside them. Every cell is like a tiny ball of jelly full of chemicals

and it’s far too small to be seen without a microscope. In fact you can squeeze thousands of them into the full stop at the end of this sentence.

Micron is the order size of the cell. 

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Questions

1. What other definition of cell do you know?

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2. What instrument do you use for looking at cells?

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3. How many cells are there in your body?

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4. What happens inside the cell?

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Answer these questions:

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Cells vary greatly in size. Most cannot be seen without a microscope, although a few varieties are visible to the naked eye.

The diameter of an average animal cell is about 10 micrometers (or 0.01 millimetre) and of an average plant cell is about 100 micrometers (0,1 millimetre).

Some cells are quite large. Eggs of animals are single cells before their development begins, and they are usually visible to the eye.

Bacterial cells are very small, with diameters of only 0.35 to 0.40 micrometer, near the limit of resolution of an ordinary light microscope.

Cells sizes

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The words meaning

Look up in the dictionary the meaning of these words:Size……………………………………………………………….Average…………………………………………………………Plant……………………………………………………………..Animal…………………………………………………………..Development…………………………………………………Visible……………………………………………………………Bacterial………………………………………………………………………..

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bacteria

animal cell plant cell

Differences between cellsFig.1

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Complete the sentences with the given word:

1. Bacterial cell is the …………………..2. Plant cell is the ………………………3. Animal cell is …………. than the bacterial cell, but

……………..than the animal cell

smaller, smallest, biggest, bigger

The differences

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Fig. 2

How big are cells and their components?

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What is the range in micron to see an animal and a plant cell?

……………………………………

What is the size order of the molecules?

……………………………………

Which instrument do you use to see the plant cell?

……………………………………

What is the range in nm to see the proteins?

……………………………………

Which type of instrument can you use to see the organelles better?

……………………………………

nanometre; electron microscope; between 10 and 100 ;

light microscope; between 0.3 and 10 ;

Complete the chart using the given definitions:

What are the correct definitions?

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Relative sizes of cells

Work in pairs. Ask your partner questions to fill the gaps in your worksheet.…………………microscope is an instrument for looking at the shape of cells.Electron microscope is an ……………………for looking inside the cell. There are three types of cells . One example of this is……………………An animal cell is different from a plant cell in size and in ………………….Micron is the unit of measure of……………..……………………. is the unit of measure of ……………… and virus.The ……………….. of an average animal cell is about 10 micrometers. Most bacterial cells are very small, with diameters of only 0.35 to 0.40 micrometer, near the limit of resolution of an ordinary …………… ………………… 

A

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Relative sizes of cells

Work in pairs. Ask your partner questions to fill the gaps in your worksheet

Light microscope is an …………………… for looking at the shape of the cells.…………………microscope is an instrument for looking inside the cell. There are three types of ……………….. One example of this is bacterium.An animal cell is different from a plant cell in ……………and in shape.……………….. is the unit of measure of cells.Nanometre is the unit of measure of molecules and …………………..The diameter of an average animal cell is about………………Most ………………... cells are very small, with diameters of only 0.35 to 0.40 micrometer, near the ……………….of ………………….. of an ordinary  light microscope.

B

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Worksheet _________________ are the building blocks of life. A living thing is called an _______________________

 All _____________are made up of cells.

 Living organisms are composed of one or more __________________ cells. 

Amoeba, Paramecium and Euglena are examples of _________________ cells.

 Plants and animals are __________________.  Work Bank 

 

What else about cells ?  

microscopic multicellular cellsunicellular organism living things

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Inside the cell there is a secret world. There are many tiny objects called organelles

which have a specific function.

What is there inside the cell?

Nucleus

It contains all the information needed to produce a new living cell.

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Ribosomes

They produce substances (proteins).

Endoplasmic reticulum

It is the place where ribosomes do their work.

Ribosomes

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Cytoplasm

Part of the cell where the chemical reactions take place.

      

Mithocondria

They turn glucose and oxygen into energy.

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Golgy body

This system prepares proteins for use and export.

    

Cell membrane

This structure controls what passes in and out the cell.

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Cell wall

It gives a plant cell strength and support. 

Vacuole It contains a solution of salt and sugar. It also gives the support to the cell.

vacuole

Cell wall

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    Chloroplasts

It contain a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the sun’s energy so that the plant can make its own food during photosynthesis.

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Across

5. It traps energy to make food

6. It produces substances

7. It produces energy

Cellcrossword

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1. It controls what substances pass in and out

of the cell

2. It contains a solution of salt and sugar

3. It controls the activities

4. This is where the cell’s chemical reactions

take place

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Matching halves phrases A

4. proteins are built in the

4. proteins are built in the 6. a Golgy body prepares proteins for

6. a Golgy body prepares proteins for

1. multicellular organisms are composed of

1. multicellular organisms are composed of

3. mitochondria3. mitochondria

8. plasma membrane is the place where

8. plasma membrane is the place where

9. a microscope9. a microscope

10. the sun’s energy is absorbed by10. the sun’s energy is absorbed by11. the photosynthesis is

11. the photosynthesis is

5. the organelle that controls all cell activity is

5. the organelle that controls all cell activity is

7. cytoplasm7. cytoplasm

Parts of the cell

2. organelles are

2. organelles are

Work in pairs. Match one of the sentences from paper A with a sentences from paper B to form one complete sentence.

A

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nucleusnucleus minute structures inside a cell

minute structures inside a cell

ribosomes ribosomes

chlorophyllchlorophyll

produce energy

produce energycontains the organellescontains the organelles

cells make contact with the external environment

cells make contact with the external environment

a number of cells

a number of cells

use and exportuse and export

a chemical reaction

a chemical reaction

enlarges the image of a cell

enlarges the image of a cell

Parts of the cell

Matching halves phrases B Work in pairs. Match one of the sentences from paper B with a sentences from paper A to form one complete sentence.

B

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The illustrations (Fig. 3) show some structures found in plant and animal cells.

Animal and plant cell

Nucleus

Mitochondrion

Mitochondrion

Nucleus

Endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi body Golgi body

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Cell wall

Cell membrane

Cell membrane

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animal cell plant cell

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1. What is the nucleous like?…………………………………………………………………………………..2. Which position does it occupy inside the animal cell?…………………………………………………………………………………3. Does it have a natural colour in the picture?……………………………………………………………………………………4. What does it contain inside?……………………………………………………………………………………5. Which structure is it surrounded by?……………………………………………………………………………………6. Are there mitochondria in both cells? ……………………………………………………………………………………7. Which shape have they got?……………………………………………………………………………………8. What are the things that you can see inside?……………………………………………………………………9. Are there chloroplasts in the plant cell?…………………………………………………………………………………10. Which colour do they have?…………………………………………………………………………………… 11. Is it their true color? Why?……………………………………………………………………………………

12. In which cell is there a big vacuole?…………………………………………………………………………………..13. Do you remember what it contains inside?…………………………………………………………………………………14. In which cell are vacuoles very big?……………………………………………………………………………………15. Have the cells got a cell membrane?……………………………………………………………………………………16. Where is it located in the cell?……………………………………………………………………………………17. Is the animal cell surrounded by a wall? ……………………………………………………………………………………18. Which cell breathes?……………………………………………………………………………………19. Which cell produces oxygen?………………………………………………………………..20. Which cell produces food by itself?…………………………………………………………………………………21. With which colour is Golgy body represented in the picture?……………………………………………………………………………………22. Is this body found in both cells?………………………………………………………………………………

Look at Fig. 3 and answer these questions.

Similarities and differences

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Comparing plant and animal cellsAnimal and plant cells are the same in some ways. We say that they have some of the same features. Animal and plant cells are also different.

Look at Fig 3 and try to spot the differences. Fill in the Venn diagram to compare a plant cell to an animal cell. Use the words in the word box.

 

 

cell membrane cell wall chloroplast cytoplasm

mitochondria nucleus ribosome vacuole

animal cell plant cell

What's the most complicated cell? ______________________It is because it produces oxygen and food (glucose) for all living things using the sunlight directly. The animal cell depends on the plant cell.

in common

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Cell like a busy factory

A cell can be thought as a factory with different departments where many activities take place.

Look at Fig.4. Work in pairs and try to understand what happens in each department. Discuss with each other.

Fig. 4

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In the second column of the chart, write the name of the organelle connected with the factory activities described in the first column.

 

 

 

Ribosomes

 

Departments and functions in the factory

Departments and functions in the factory Organelle

Executive department: decides what products are made

Power plant: provides energy for all process 

Workers: produce materials

Packaging departments: assemble the products

Factory floor: where most products are assembled, finished and shipped 

Assembly line (where workers do their work)

Shipping/ Receiving department

Have you filled in the gaps!? If not, try again! This is another clue for you.

Golgi body, Cell membrane, Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Endoplasmic reticulum, Mitochondrion, Ribosomes

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Question loop

There are 25 strips of paper all different, each with a question and an answer. Print the pages and cut the strips.Hand out a strip to each student.Start the loop by getting one pupil to ask their question. Someone should recognize the correct answer and read it. Then they should read out their question and so on. Eventually the loop should return to the first person.

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Question loop

Q 1.What simple units are all living things made of?

A The cell wall

Q What cell has a vacuole and a cell wall? A Cells

Q What does chloroplast contain? A A plant cell

Q What special feature does a sperm cell have?

A It contains the pigment to adsorb light energy for photosynthesis

Q Why are root cells long and thin? A A tail to allow it to move

Q What structures are made from tissues? A To give the maximum surface area to absorb water 

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Q Why does the plant cell have a cell wall? A Organs are made from tissue 

Q Why are nerve cells long and thin? A To keep its shape and support the plant

Q What useful product is made in photosynthesis?

A To carry nerve impulses around the body

Q What is the function of the nucleus? A Oxygen

Q Which are the typical three parts of the plant cell?

A It controls the activities of the cell

Q Where in the cell do most of the chemical reactions take place?

A Cell wall, chloroplasts and large permanent vacuole 

Q What does the cell membrane do? A In the cytoplasm

Q What occurs in the mitochondria? A It controls what passes in and out of the cell

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Q Which is the only cell without nucleus? A The energy production

Q Which organelle do the products assemble?

A Red blood cell

Q Which organelle do proteins produce? 

A The Golgy body

Q Where in the cell workers make proteins ? A Ribosome

Q Which organelles does the sunlight use? A In the endoplasmic reticulum

Q What is the name of the heredity material in a cell?

A Chloroplasts

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Q Who was the first person to give the name “cell”?

A DNA

Q What does a plant need for photosynthesis?

A Robert Hook

Q A synonym of organism with many cells 

A Water, carbon dioxide, light

Q What functions do lisosomes have? A Multicellular organism

Q Which part of a plant cell is made of cellulose?

A Digest, destroy and recycle materials

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Final test Name_________________Date ______________ 

1. All living things are made up of_________________________ .

2. The inside of a cell is____________________ which is jelly like. 3. All cells have a _________________ which separates them from the outside world. 4. Some organisms consist of only_____________ cell, like amoeba or bacteria.

5. All cells contain ____________________for storing information. 6. All cells contain _________________ for building proteins. 7. The _________________ prepares proteins for use and export. 8. Plant cells have a group of green structures called________________ . They use the energy from the sun to

make food. 1. A ________________ organism is an animal cell that lives on its own, without other cells. 10. The mitochondria are often called the___________________ of the cell. 

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Glossary

Animal Any living organism different from plants by the lack of chlorophyll and the requirement for complex organic nutrients.

Average Arithmetical mean of a series of numbers obtained by dividing their sum by the quantity of numbers.

Bacterium Unicellular microscopic simple organism found almost everywhere.

Cell The microscopic unit of all living organisms

Chemical 1. Related to a science of chemistry. 2. A substance characterized by definite molecular composition.

Chlorophyll Green plant pigments which capture the light photoreceptors of life energy.

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Energy The capacity of doing work.

Euglena Unicellular organism with one or two flagella, chloroplasts and a generally elongated shape.

Glucose A monosaccharide; found free or combined and is the most common sugar.

Limit of resolution

The minimum distance between two point objects which allows them to be seen.

Micron A unit of length equal to one millionth of a metre

Microscope An instrument through which minute objects are enlarged by means of lenses.

Organelle A subcellular structure with a special function.

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Organism An individual which effects all life functions.

Oxygen An essential element in cellular respiration and in combustion processes.

Paramecium An unicellular ciliated protozoan.

Photosynthesis Process in the green part of the plants, that produced oxygen and organic components from carbon dioxide and water.

Plant Any organism distinguished by the presence of chlorophyll, a rigid cell wall and a big vacuole.

Protein An organic substance made up of a variety of amino acids.

Solution A mixture in which the components are uniformly distributed.

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AnswersSecret cell

1. Cell is the smallest living part of an animal or a plant body

2. I use a light microscope for looking at the shape of cells; I use electron microscope for looking inside the cell.

3. There are about 100 billion cells in my body.

4. Chemical changes happen inside the cell.

Sizes of cells

Size: measure

Average: medium amount

Plant: a living thing that grows in earth and has a stem, leaves and roots

Animal:a living creature that is not a plant

Development: a process of regulated growth and differentiation

Bacterium: Extremely small, relatively simple prokaryotic microrganism

The differences

1. Smallest 2. Biggest 3. Bigger 4. Smaller

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What is the range in micron to see an animal and a plant cell?

between 10 and 100

What is the size order of the molecules?

nanometre

Which instrument do you use to see the plant cell?

light microscope

What is the range in nm to see the proteins?

between 0,3 and 10

Which type of instrument can you use to see the organelles better?

electron microscope

What are the correct definitions?

Relative sizes of cellsA = underlined B= in bold

Light microscope is an instrument for looking at the shape of cells.

Electron microscope is an instrument for looking inside the cell.

There are three types of cells . One example of this is bacterium.

An animal cell is different from a plant cell in size and in shape.

Micron is the unit of measure of cells.

 

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Nanometre is the unit of measure of molecules and virus.

The diameter of an average animal cell is about 10 micrometers. Most bacterial cells are very small, with diameters of only 0.35 to 0.40 micrometer, near the limit of resolution of an ordinary light microscope.

What else about cells? Cells are the building blocks of life. A living thing is called an organism.All living things are made up of cells.Living organisms are composed of one or more microscopic cells.Amoeba, Paramecium and Euglena are examples of unicellular cells. Plants and animals are multicellular.

To remind the organelles

Across: 5. Chloroplast; 6. Ribosome; 7. Mitochondrion.

Down: 1. Cellmembrane; 2. Vacuole; 3. Nucleus; 4. Cytoplasm

Parts of the cell

A italic B bold

1. Multicellular organisms are composed of

a number of cells

2. Organelles are

minute structures inside a cell

3. Mitochondria

produce energy

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4. Proteins are built in the ribosomes5. The organelle that controls all cell activity nucleus  6. Golgy body prepares proteins for use and export7. Cytoplasm contains the organelles8. Plasma membrane is the place where cells make contact with the external environment9. A microscope enlarges the image of a cell10. The sun’s energy is absorbed by chlorophyll11. Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction

 

 

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1. The nucleous shape is round.

2. It occupies a central position inside the animal cell.

3. No, because it is transparent. To see it you need colouring.

4. It contains DNA, the genetic material.

5. It is surrounded by endoplasmic reticulum.

6. Yes, there are mithochondria in both cells.

7. They have got an extended shape.

8. You can see some membrane foldings.

9. Yes, in the plant cell there are chloroplasts.

10. They are green.

11. This is a true color for the presence of chlorophyll.

Similarities and differences

12. There is a big vacuole in the plant cell.

13. It contains inside a solution of water, salts and sugar.

14. They are very big in the plant cell.

15. Both cells have a cell membrane.

16. It’s located at the periphery of the cell and envelops it and contain the cytoplasm.

17. No it isn’t. The plant cell is surrounded by a wall .

18. Both cells breathe.

19. Plant cell produces oxygen.

20. The plant cell produces food by itself. Because of this its name is autotrophic.

21. Golgy body is pink in the picture. 22. Yes, it is in both cells.

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Comparing the plant and animal cell

 

 

animal cell plant cell

What's the most complicated cell? Plant cell

Cell MembraneMitochondriaNucleusCytoplasmRibosoma Cell wall

ChloroplastVacuole

in common

Departments and functions in the factory Organelle

Executive department: decides what products are made Nucleus

Power plant: provides energy for all process Mitochondrion

Workers: produce materials Ribosomes

Packaging department: assembles the products Golgy body

Factory floor: where most products are assembled, finished and shipped

Cytoplasma

Assembly line (where workers do their work) Endoplasmic reticulum

Shipping/ Receiving department Plasma membrane

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Question loop

Q1 What simple units are all living things made of ?A1 Cells

A25 The cell wall

Q2 What cell has a big vacuole and a cell wall?A2 A plant cell

A1 Cells

Q3 What does chloroplast contain?A3 It contains the pigment to adsorb light energy for photosynthesis

A2 A plant cell

Q4 What special feature does a sperm cell have?A4 A tail to allow it to move

A3 It contains the pigment to adsorb light energy for photosynthesis

Q5 Why are root cells long and thin?A5 To give the maximum surface area to absorb water

A4 A tail to allow it to move

Q6 What structures are made from tissues?A6 Organs are made from tissue

A5 To give the maximum surface area to absorb water 

Q7 Why do the plant cells have a cell wall?A7 To keep its shape and support the plant

A6 Organs are made from tissue 

Q8 Why are nerve cells long and thin?A8 To carry nerve impulses around the body

A7 To keep its shape and support the plant

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Q9 What useful product is made in photosynthesis?A9 Oxygen

A8 To carry nerve impulses around the body

Q10 What is the function of the nucleus?A10 It controls the activities of the cell.

A9 Oxygen

Q11 Which are the three parts of the cell that are only found in the plants?A11 Cell wall, chloroplasts and large permanent vacuole.

A10 It controls the activities of the cell.

Q12 Where in the cell do most of the chemical reactions take place?A12 In the cytoplasm.

A11 Cell wall, chloroplasts and large permanent vacuole. 

Q13 What does the cell membrane do?A13 It controls what passes in and out of the cell

A12 In the cytoplasm

Q14 What occurs in the mitochondria?A14 The energy production

A13 It controls what passes in and out of the cell

Q15 Which is the only cell without a nucleus?A15 The red blood cell

A14 The energy production

Q16 Which organelles do the products assemble?A16 The Golgy body

A15 The red blood cell

Q17 Which organelle do proteins produce?A17 the ribosome

A16 The Golgy body

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Q18 Where in the cell workers make proteins ?A18 In the endoplasmic reticulum

A17 The ribosome

Q19 Which organelles does the sunlight use?A19 Chloroplasts

A18 In the endoplasmic reticulum

Q20 What is the name of the heredity material in a cell?A20 DNA

A19 Chloroplasts

Q21 Who is the first person to give the name “cell”?A 21 Robert Hook

A20 DNA

Q22 What three things does a plant need for photosynthesis?A22 Water, carbon dioxide, light

A 21 Robert Hook

Q23 A synonym of organism with many cellsA23 Multicellular organism

A22 Water, carbon dioxide, light

Q24 What is the job of lisosomesA24 Digest, destroy and recycle materials

A23 Multicellular organism

Q25 Which part of a plant cell is made of cellulose?A25 Cell wall

A24 Digest, destroy and recycle materials

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1. All living things are made up of cells.

2. The inside of a cell is cytoplasm which is jelly like. 

3. All cells have a cell membrane, which separates them from the outside world.

4. Some organisms consist of only one cell, like amoeba or bacteria.

5. All cells contain nucleus for storing information.

6. All cells contain ribosomes for building proteins.

7. The Golgy body prepares proteins for use and export.

8. Plant cells have a group of green structures called chloroplasts. They use the energy from the Sun to make food.

9. A unicellular organism is an animal cell that lives on its own, without other cells.

10. The mitochondria are often called the power plant of the cell.

 

Final test

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Bibliography

Internet sites:www.emc.maricopa.edu/.../ BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html www.coe.uga.edu/.../ glynn/models/cell/cell.html www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/ comparingcells.html www.teach-nology.com/.../ science/rain/venn4/

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H. Kingston ( 2002) – GCSE Biology – Letts

J. Martin (2003) - Biology – Cambridge