THE CASE STUDY AS A RESEARCH STRATEGY Definition A case study is an empirical inquiry that:...
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THE CASE STUDY AS A RESEARCH STRATEGY
Definition
A case study is an empirical inquiry that:
investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context
relies on multiple sources of evidence
looks intensely and deeply at the phenomenon under investigation
Sources of Evidence1. documents and archival records
e.g.
2. interview
letters diaries calendars progress
reports
memoranda administrative
documents
newspaper clippings
organizational records
minutes of meetings
direct observation
participant observation
3. observation
4. questionnaire
5. psychological tests
6. physical artifacts
Case Study Designs
1. Single-Case Designs
Rationales for a Single Case:
a. single case represents a critical test of a significant theory
b. case represents an extreme or unique case
c. revelatory case
2. Multiple-Case Designs
multiple cases are multiple experiments
vs.
multiple respondents
The Stresses and Coping Reactions of Separated Women: An Exploratory Study
by Edelvina S. Relucio
Statement of the Problem
1. What are the problems, stresses, and needs of the separated woman? What matters preoccupy her? What are her concerns?
2. What are the ways by which the separated woman copes with her marital separation? How does she respond to the problems and stresses? How does she adapt to her separation? What are the effects of the separation on her? What are her insights and learnings?
3. What are the phases or stages that she goes through as she faces all these problems and stresses? What are the significant time points in the process of marital separation?
Sample
7 separated women who have children
Measures/Sources of Evidence
1. Interview Schedule (open-ended questions)
2. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
3. Focus Group Discussion
4. Genogram
A Multiple Case Study of the Dynamics of Five Filipino Families with Adolescent Suicide
by Charina G. Cordova
Statement of the Problem
1. What multigenerational patterns exist within Filipino families with adolescent suicide?
2. What structures exist within Filipino families with adolescent suicide?
3. How do the members of the Filipino families with adolescent suicide communicate with one another?
4. How do the members of the Filipino families with adolescent suicide manage conflict?
5. What other factors are involved in the dynamics of Filipino families with adolescent suicide?
Sample
5 Filipino families, 2 members per family
Measures
1. Genogram
2. Interview Schedule (open-ended questions)
e.g. Tell me about your family.
What are the significant/key events that took place in your family?
A Multiple Case Study of the Process and Factors Involved in Women’s Decision to Stay or
Leave Abusive Relationships
by Rosalie Ann R. Reyes
Statement of the Problem
1. How do battered women respond to the abusive relationship? Is there a stage-like process that women go through in the way they respond to the battering?
2. Is the process experienced as predicted by the Modified Stages of Engagement Theory?
3. What are the factors influencing the decision to stay or leave an abusive relationship?
Sample
10 battered women
Measures
1. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
2. Interview Schedule (with the Genogram)
How will you analyze the data?
How will you organize and write up your results?
How will you integrate your findings?
You should be guided by:1. Statement of the problem
2. Measures
qualitative data (interrater reliability)
quantitative data
3. Theoretical Framework
EXAMPLE 1
Statement of the Problem
What is the process of survivorship like for cancer survivors?
Reason for Hope: A Multiple Case Study on the Process of Surviving
Cancerby Ma. Fiona Ella M.
Gorospe
Sample
11 cancer survivors
Measures
1. Remarkable Recovery Registry (Information Sheet)
2. Informal Story-telling or Kuwentuhan
How were you diagnosed?
What did you do and how did you feel when you found out you had cancer?
How and why did you survive?
3. Survivor Attribution Checklist
4. Practices Checklist
5. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Data Analysis and Write-up of ResultsA. The Survivor’s Subjective Experience
(individual case write-up)
(Remarkable Recovery Registry, Kuwentuhan, TAT)
Survivor 1:
(name)
case write-up
TAT themes
process of survivorship
immediately after diagnosisreintegrating back into the worldmidway into survivorship
practices for maintenance Survivor
2 Survivor 11
B. The Patterns of Survivorship (group analysis; quantitative)
(Practices Checklist, Survivor Attribution Checklist, TAT)
Attributions for Recovery
Coping Styles and Coping Effectiveness
Practices
Statement of the Problem
Does the founder permit his children to grow within the company, to make their own decisions, and to commit inevitable mistakes?
Individuation:
EXAMPLE 2
The Psychological Dynamics of Successful
Family Corporationsby Queena N. Lee
Who is the power in the family? How is this power exercised?
Power:
How do the siblings relate to each other? Is there any hint of sibling rivalry?
Sibling Relationships:
How are in-laws treated by the family?
In-Laws and other Extended Family Relationships:
How are outsiders treated by the family? Are professionals hired into the family business?
Professionals and Other Non-Family Relationships:
Sample
8 families, all running successful business
Measures
1. Demographic Questionnaire
2. Interview Schedule
3. Genogram
4. Beavers’ Self-Report Family Inventory
5. Beavers’ Interactional Scale of Family Competence and Style
6. Family Business Organizational Charts
Data Analysis and Write-up of ResultsA. Family Dynamics: An Overview
Individuation
Power Sibling Relations and Other
Nuclear Family Alliances In-Laws and Other Extended Family
Relationships
Professionals and Other Non-Family Relationships
Global Functioning
Family 1 - The Hernandez Family: Quality Shoes Genogram
Organization Background
Family 2 Family 8
B. Write-Up Per Family
Individuation PowerSibling Relations and Other Nuclear
Family Alliances In-Laws and Other Extended Family
RelationshipsProfessionals and Other Non-Family
RelationshipsGlobal Functioning
C. Comparative Analyses and Conclusions
Background
Individuation
Power
Sibling Relations and Other Nuclear Family Alliances
In-Laws and Other Extended Family Relationships
Professionals and Other Non-Family Relationships
Global Functioning
1. it allows the researcher to answer “how” and “why” questions
2. it uses multiple sources of evidence, thus, it enables the researcher to understand a phenomenon in a more in-depth way
3. probably the best strategy for understanding the phenomenology or subjective world of the participant
4. it can combine qualitative and quantitative data
1. lacks rigor
2. takes too long and results in massive documents
3. can only be used for clinical cases
4. can only be used for exploratory purposes
5. usually confused with “qualitative research”
essence of qualitative research consists of two conditions
a. the use of close-up, detailed observation of the natural world by the investigator (as in participant observation)
b. the attempt to avoid prior
commitment to any theoretical model
6. provides very little basis for scientific generalization
Generalize to the population
vs.
Statistical Generalization
Analytic Generalization
Generalize to theoretical propositions