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The Caribbean: A Region in Motion Andrea Queeley, Ph.D. Asst. Professor of Anthropology and African...
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Transcript of The Caribbean: A Region in Motion Andrea Queeley, Ph.D. Asst. Professor of Anthropology and African...
The Caribbean: A Region in The Caribbean: A Region in MotionMotion
Andrea Queeley, Ph.D.
Asst. Professor of Anthropology and African and African Diaspora Studies
Florida International University
OverviewOverview
Where is the Caribbean?Who is a Caribbean?What is Caribbean culture?
Caribbean GeographyCaribbean GeographyFive Areas of Insular CaribbeanFive Areas of Insular Caribbean
% of total land mass (91K sq. mi)% of total land mass (91K sq. mi)
Bahamas Islands (6%)Greater Antilles (88%)Lesser Antilles (4%)Cayman Islands, Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao
(2%)
Greater AntillesGreater Antilles
CubaHispaniola: HAITI and the DOMINICAN
REPUBLICJamaicaPuerto Rico
Lesser AntillesLesser Antilles
From the Virgin Islands to Trinidad and Tobago
Section from Virgin Islands to Grenada divided into Leeward (NORTH) and Windward Islands (SOUTH)
Leeward: from Virgin Islands to Dominica Windward: from Martinique to Grenada
Leeward IslandsLeeward Islands
Virgin Islands (BR, US) Anguilla (BR) St. Martin/Marteen (FR, NTH) St. Barts, Saba, St. Eustacius (NTH) St. Kitts and Nevis (IND) Antigua and Barbuda (IND) Montserrat (BR) Guadeloupe (FR) Dominica (IND)
Windward IslandsWindward Islands
Martinique (FR)St. Lucia (IND)St. Vincent and the Grenadines (IND)Grenada (IND)
* Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago in area but are not considered to be part of the Windwards
Areas of the Circum-Areas of the Circum-CaribbeanCaribbean
South America: Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Northern coasts of Venezuela and Colombia, Northeastern Brazil
Central America: Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Belize, Northeastern Mexico
Miami and New Orleans (?)
S. Florida New OrleansS. Florida New Orleans
Spanish territory from 1513-1763
Climate Proximity to
Caribbean Population due to
migration
French territory until early 19th c (1804)
Spanish occupation (1763-1804)
Destination for Cubans and Haitians in (18th and 19th centuries)
United Fruit Company head quarters
Creole language, food, festival culture
Indigenous PresenceIndigenous Presence(pop. approx. 750K)(pop. approx. 750K)
Ciboney: migrated from Florida and the Bahamas around 2000BC
Arawaks (Taínos): migrated from South America around 300BC
Caribs: migrated from South America around 1000AD (note: more recent arrival, somewhat militaristic)
Decimation of Indigenous Decimation of Indigenous PopulationPopulation
DiseaseDeprivationInfant MortalitySuicideMassacreCultural collapseMixture
Indigenous LegacyIndigenous Legacy
Language (gua gua, bohio, guajiro, conuco)Naming (Caribbean)AncestryCommunities (Caribs of Dominica and St.
Vincent, Taínos in Cuba)National Identity: Narrative of Resistance
European PresenceEuropean Presence
Approx. 2 million migrated to the Caribbean and Latin America by 1800
Primary colonizing powers: Spanish, French, British, Dutch, Portuguese
An additional 7-9 million arrived in the Caribbean and LA beginning in the late 19th century, primarily Southern Europeans, Germans, Slavs, Britons, French
African PresenceAfrican Presence
Estimated 10-15 million Africans were brought to the Americas
600K to U.S., 5-6 million to Brazil, 5 million to Caribbean (2 to British Caribbean, 800K to San Domingue)
Caribbean receives 50% of Africans in 17th c, 60% in 18th c., and 40% in 19th c
Current population: 39 million, 73% of whom are Afro-Caribbean
Asian Migration: Asian Migration: Abolition and the Problem of LaborAbolition and the Problem of Labor
Abolition of the Trade- British: 1807- French: 1802 then
1817- Dutch: 1818- Spanish: 1820
Abolition of Slavery- British: 1838- French: 1848- Dutch: 1863- Spanish
-Mainland: 1811
-DR: 1801-05, 1822
-PR: 1873
-Cuba: 1886
Asian Indentured LaborAsian Indentured Labor
Between 1838 and 1924, approximately 700,000 people migrate from Asia to the Caribbean
536,000 migrants to British West IndiesMajority from India (80%)China and Java (20%)
Asian Presence: Destinations Asian Presence: Destinations (1830-1917)(1830-1917)
Chinese- 126K to Cuba- 18K to British
Caribbean (most to Guiana, fewer to Trinidad, Jamaica and Surinam)
Indians- 240K to British
Guiana- 144K to Trinidad- 106K to French
Caribbean
Arab and Jewish PresenceArab and Jewish Presence
Jews: Spain and Portugal in 15th c; Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt in 19th century
Lebanese, Syrians, Palestinians in late 19th cFleeing persecutionCentral involvement in commerce
Post-Emancipation Post-Emancipation Intraregional MigrationsIntraregional Migrations
Frustrated FreedomAnglo-Caribbean to Spanish-speaking
Caribbean and Central AmericaU.S. presence in the regionRailroad, Panama Canal, Agro-industryCirculation of labor, goods, ideasOrigins of the Garvey Movement
Migrations: Creation of the Migrations: Creation of the Circum-CaribbeanCircum-Caribbean
A Rising Voice: Afro-Latin America– Brazil– Nicaragua – Honduras
LanguagesLanguages
English Spanish Dutch French Portuguese
Kréyol Creole/Patois Papiamentu Garifuna
Heterogeneity: Heterogeneity: Diverse Religious TraditionsDiverse Religious Traditions
Christianity (Catholic, Protestant, Revivalist—Pentecostals, Baptists, Seventh-Day Adventists, Shouters)
Islam Judaism Hinduism
Lucumí (Santería), Palo Monte, Espiritismo (Cuba)
Candomble (Brazil) Vodun (Haiti) Spiritual Baptists (Anglo-
Caribbean) Shango (Trinidad) Rastafari Obeah (Jamaica)
Religion and SpiritualityReligion and Spirituality
Spirit PossessionRelationship to Natural WorldAncestor VenerationDivinationDiffuse, decentralizedConcrete, practical solutionsRitual healing and harming
The Art of SportThe Art of Sport
CapoeiraCricketFutbolBaseballDominoes
Selected SourcesSelected Sources
Chomsky, A.,Barry Carr, and Pamela Smorkaloff, eds. 2003. Indigenous Society and Conquest. In The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Durham: Duke University Press.
Geggus, David. 2007. The sounds and echoes of freedom: the impact of the Haitian Revolution on Latin America. In Beyond Slavery: The Multi-layered Legacy of Africans in Latin America and the Caribbean. Davis, Darién J., ed. Lantham: Rowman and Littlefield.
Look Lai, Walter. 2004. The Chinese Indenture System in the British West Indies and Its Aftermath. In The Chinese in the Caribbean. Andrew Wilson, ed. Princeton: Markus Weiner Publishers.
Randall, Stephen J., 2009. “The Historical Context”, in Understanding the Contemporary Caribbean in Hillman, Richard and Thomas D’Agostino, eds. Colorado: Lynne Reinner Publishers.
http://www.miamiherald.com/multimedia/news/afrolatin/index.html