The Cape Khoisan Debate. The Question At the time of contact with Europeans, where there two...
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![Page 1: The Cape Khoisan Debate. The Question At the time of contact with Europeans, where there two separate cultures and economies at the Cape? –Khoekhoe herders.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d0e5503460f949e48a2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Cape Khoisan Debate
![Page 2: The Cape Khoisan Debate. The Question At the time of contact with Europeans, where there two separate cultures and economies at the Cape? –Khoekhoe herders.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d0e5503460f949e48a2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Question
• At the time of contact with Europeans, where there two separate cultures and economies at the Cape? – Khoekhoe herders and San hunter-gatherers?
![Page 3: The Cape Khoisan Debate. The Question At the time of contact with Europeans, where there two separate cultures and economies at the Cape? –Khoekhoe herders.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d0e5503460f949e48a2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Main Protagonists
• Carmel Schrire (Rutgers)– Khoi and San mixed from the start (one culture:
two economies)– Richard Elphick’s cycles
• Andrew Smith (UCT)– Khoi and San separate cultures into colonial
times (two cultures: two economies)
![Page 4: The Cape Khoisan Debate. The Question At the time of contact with Europeans, where there two separate cultures and economies at the Cape? –Khoekhoe herders.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d0e5503460f949e48a2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ConventionalView
• SE Bantu speakers brought first livestock (Iron Age migrations)
• Khoekhoe in middle Zambezi learned ceramic technology and herding skills
• They spread south and west
![Page 5: The Cape Khoisan Debate. The Question At the time of contact with Europeans, where there two separate cultures and economies at the Cape? –Khoekhoe herders.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d0e5503460f949e48a2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Sheep and LSA Pottery DistributionKlein 1986
![Page 6: The Cape Khoisan Debate. The Question At the time of contact with Europeans, where there two separate cultures and economies at the Cape? –Khoekhoe herders.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d0e5503460f949e48a2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Early LivestockSealy & Yates 1994
![Page 7: The Cape Khoisan Debate. The Question At the time of contact with Europeans, where there two separate cultures and economies at the Cape? –Khoekhoe herders.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d0e5503460f949e48a2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Migration routes
Sealy & Yates 1994
![Page 8: The Cape Khoisan Debate. The Question At the time of contact with Europeans, where there two separate cultures and economies at the Cape? –Khoekhoe herders.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d0e5503460f949e48a2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Khoisan Languages
insouthern Africa
• Two main subdivisions– Khoe-Kwadi
– Non-Khoe
![Page 9: The Cape Khoisan Debate. The Question At the time of contact with Europeans, where there two separate cultures and economies at the Cape? –Khoekhoe herders.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d0e5503460f949e48a2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Linguistic Model Gueldemann 2008
Kwadi
Proto-Khoe-Kwadi
Proto-Khoe-Kwadi
Pre-Khoe (500 BC – AD 500)mix of Khoe and Non-Khoe
Pre-Khoekhoe•Drying Kalahari, some herders went south to become
•even more “Khoisanized” pastoralists
Nama 17th c.
![Page 10: The Cape Khoisan Debate. The Question At the time of contact with Europeans, where there two separate cultures and economies at the Cape? –Khoekhoe herders.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d0e5503460f949e48a2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Summary of Linguistic Evidence
• Migrations models are plausible• Khoe and non-Khoe different language
families, Proto-Khoe were shepherds• Proto-Khoe had words for sheep, livestock
enclosures, and making butter by shaking a container.
• But had neither cattle nor goats.
![Page 11: The Cape Khoisan Debate. The Question At the time of contact with Europeans, where there two separate cultures and economies at the Cape? –Khoekhoe herders.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d0e5503460f949e48a2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Summary of Ethnographic Evidence
• Ethnographic evidence shows that Khoe language, society and ideology deeply different from Non-Khoe
• We can be sure proto-Khoe and non-Khoe different people, and Proto-Khoe were shepherds
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Conclusion 1
• Linguists and Ethnographers: Khoe and Non-Khoe distinct populations– But 1st millennium AD archaeology no clear
evidence for Khoe-speakers migration from East Africa yet
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Conclusion 2• Gueldemann 2008 model suggests hybridization
of Early Khoe with Non-Khoe all along route of infiltration
– LSA archaeology in SW Cape shows no evidence of two cultures/two economies; Khoekhoe/San.
– Only hunter-gatherer-fishers occasionally with livestock
![Page 14: The Cape Khoisan Debate. The Question At the time of contact with Europeans, where there two separate cultures and economies at the Cape? –Khoekhoe herders.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649d0e5503460f949e48a2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ConventionalView Wrong?
• Radiocarbon dates indicate first sheep at SW Cape three centuries before arrival of Bantu speaking farmers
• SE Bantu words for sheep and cattle are from Khoe language
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Questions for next generation
• Suggest a research question to move the Khoisan Debate forward.