The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore...

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The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana: A summary of the site geology, pitlake chemistry, and tungstenskarn mineralogy Chris Gammons Josh Messenger Montana Tech

Transcript of The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore...

Page 1: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana: 

A summary of the site geology, pit‐lake chemistry, and tungsten‐skarn mineralogy

Chris GammonsJosh Messenger

Montana Tech

Page 2: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Part 1: Geochemistry of the Calvert Pit Lake

Page 3: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

• Form when open pit mines close and dewatering pumps are shut off

• Often contain acidic water with elevated concentrations of metals and metalloids

• Can be a hazard for aquatic life

Berkeley Pit lake, Butte, MTpH 2.6

600 mg/L Zn1000 mg/L Fe

Mining Pit Lakes

Page 4: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

What about Calvert pit lake? 

• No pre‐existing information

• Visual observations– Clear, cold, good visibility.– No visible evidence of acid mine drainage.

– Plenty of aquatic insects.  Past reports of trout.         Toads (indicator species). 

– Local swimming hole!  

Page 5: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

• Barbara Pape non‐thesis M.S. project

• Characterize the chemistry, hydrology,  and limnology

• Evaluate seasonal changes in lake stratification

• Identify possible water quality problems

Objectives of pit lake study

Page 6: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Calvert Mine

Big Hole River

Calvert Mine

Pioneer Mtns

• Beaverhead National Forest • Elevation ~ 7100 ft 

Location

Page 7: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Site History• Open pit tungsten mine• 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐ 1961• Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling• Average grade roughly 1% WO3

• Principle ore mineral: Scheelite (CaWO4) • Main pit lake flooded after mining ceased• Mine was listed as abandoned in 1983• Recent interest by small mining company

Page 8: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Geology

– Cretaceous tonalite/granodiorite intruding Paleozoic limestone

– Pockets of marble and epidote‐garnet skarn(well‐known mineral locality)

– Very few sulfide minerals!  

Epidote (green) and calcite (gray)

Page 9: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

• Pit lake• 90 ft deep• 350 x 410 ft diameter 

• No inlet or outlet• Fed by groundwater 

and direct precipitation• Evapo‐concentration

• Small seeps at bottom of waste rock• Contamination?  

Site Conditions  

Page 10: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

seeps

Calvert Creeklake

Waste rock pile

Page 11: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Methods: Barb Pape M.S. study

• Field Data Collection– Aug., Sept., Oct., Dec. 2009.

• Field Methods– Lake Depth Profiles– Seeps and Creek  

• Laboratory Methods– Metals by ICP‐AES (EPA Method 200.7)– Anions and nutrients by IC (EPA Method 300.0)– δ18O and δD of water, δ13C of DIC by IRMS– δ18O of dissolved oxygen

Page 12: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Results: Water Quality Profiles

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Dep

th (f

t bel

ow w

.s.)

Temperature ( C)

Temperature vs. Depth

20 Aug. 09

23 Sept. 09

23 Oct. 09

5 Dec. 09

Oct. Thermocline

Sept. 

Aug. 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

120 140 160 180 200 220SC (µS/cm)

SC vs. Depth

20 Aug. 09

23 Sept. 09

23 Oct. 09

5 Dec. 09

Page 13: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9

pH

pH vs. Depth

20 Aug. 09

23 Sept. 09

23 Oct. 09

5 Dec. 09

CO2 + H2O ↔ CH2O(org) + O2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

‐1 2 4 6 8 10 12

Depth (ft below

 w.s.)

DO (mg/L)

DO vs. Depth

20 Aug. 09

23 Sept. 09

23 Oct. 09

5 Dec. 09

Page 14: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Dissolved concentration, mg/L

0 1 2 3 4 5 6D

epth

, fee

t0

20

40

60

80

100

SiMn

Secchi depth

Mn-reducing bacteria in anoxic bottom waterMnO2 + ½ Corg + 2H+ → Mn2+ + ½CO2 + H2O

Diatoms consume Si in photic zone

Page 15: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Other trace metals in the lake*Element Concentration, g/L

As 1.5 to 1.7Cd < 0.05Co < 0.1Cu < 0.4Mo 3.5Ni < 0.1Pb < 0.15Se 0.11 to 0.14U 3.1 to 3.3W 14 to 26Zn < 0.9

* Metal concentrations in the seeps also very low (data not shown)

Page 16: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Is the pit-lake connected to the creek?

Lake

Creek

Waste Rock

Seeps

“Terminal Lake” scenario

Page 17: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Is the pit-lake connected to the creek?

Lake

Creek

Waste Rock

Seeps

“Flow-through” or “Leaky Lake” scenario

Page 18: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Water Isotope Analyses – δD, δ18O

‐200

‐175

‐150

‐125

‐100

‐75

‐50

‐25 ‐20 ‐15 ‐10 ‐5 0

δD  VS

MOW (o

/oo)

δ18O VSMOW (o/oo)

Pit Lake

Seep

Creek

~ 33% evaporation

Page 19: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Estimate seepage from lake to creek

2. Q1∙ δ18O1 + Q2∙ δ18O2 = Q3∙δ18O3

Q3 = Creek downstream

Q1 = Creek upstream

Q2 = GW seepage from lake

Pit lake

1. Q1 + Q2  =  Q3

Page 20: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Results

• An estimated 1 L/sec of lake water enters Calvert Creek

• This is probably fairly steady year round– lake elevation only changes a few feet seasonally

• Estimated residence time of water in pit lake is about 2.5 years

• Through‐flow of water through the lake helps to maintain excellent water quality

Page 21: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Conclusions: Part 1

• This mining lake has very good water quality!• Lake is seasonally stratified but mixes annually • Geology buffers lake chemistry to neutral pH• Isotopes show evidence of evaporation• Lake is connected to Calvert Creek• Very low metal & nutrient concentrations

– Mn, Si, P increase near bottom of lake  

Page 22: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Part 2 Mineralogy & 

geochemistry of Calvert skarn

M.S. student Josh Messenger (in progress)

Page 23: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Tungsten deposits of Montana (mostly skarns)

http://www.mbmg.mtech.edu/sp28/minm-sod.htm

Calvert Mine

Page 24: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Metamorphic water (+ CO2) expelled from rock Note “roof pendant” of marble

1.  Heat creates contact metamorphic aureole.  2.  Prograde skarn

Magmatic fluids (red) mineralize exoskarn (shaded) and endoskarn (xxx pattern).  

from Evans (1993) textbook

Page 25: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

3.  Retrograde skarn

Meteoric fluids (blue… heated groundwater) add H2O back to the rock… form hydrous skarn minerals.  May re‐distribute some metals (e.g., gold). 

from Evans (1993) textbook

Page 26: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Example hand samplesGarnet‐scheelite prograde skarn

Normal light UV lamp (10 cm sample)

Page 27: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Retrograde skarn

• All pyroxene altered to actinolite(green)

• Some garnet and scheelite remains

garnet

scheelite

Page 28: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Epidote‐rich endoskarn

Page 29: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Example thin section

Altered pyroxenes?

grossularcalcite

Page 30: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Example SEM‐BSE photos

Altered pyroxenes?

scheelite

Actinolite + quartz

scheelite

grossular

Page 31: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Skarn paragenesis at Calvert MinePrograde Early Retrograde Late Retrogradegrossular epidote muscoviteepidote actinolite hematitepyroxene apatite Mn‐oxide

wollastonite siderite Mn‐silicatemagnetite quartz chloritequartz calcite quartzcalcite calcite

scheelitezirconbaritetitanite

NO SULFIDES!

Page 32: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Josh Messenger study, future work

• C, O‐isotopes of marble and skarncalcites

• Fluid inclusions in scheelite, quartz

• P‐T‐XCO2 phase diagrams →

Epidote stable

Retrograde skarn

Prograde skarn ?

Page 33: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Acknowledgements• Roger Haskins and U.S. Tungsten for field support• Barbara Pape (M.S., MT Tech 2013)• Gary Wyss (MT Tech) for SEM work• MT Tech Field Hydrogeology and Field Geology classes

Dr. Simon Poulson, UNV-Reno(Stable isotope guru)

Page 34: The Calvert Mine, Pioneer Mountains, Montana• Open pit tungsten mine • 110,000 tons of ore mined, 1956 ‐1961 • Ore hauled to Melrose, MT for milling • Average grade roughly

Questions?