The Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire and Russiaand Russia(330–1613)(330–1613)

Chapter 10Chapter 10

I. The Byzantine EmpireI. The Byzantine Empire

A. The Age of JustinianA. The Age of Justinian

1. Justinian ruled the Byzantine empire 1. Justinian ruled the Byzantine empire from 527 to 565. During his reign, from 527 to 565. During his reign, Justinian:Justinian:a. recovered provinces that had been a. recovered provinces that had been

previously overrun by invaders. previously overrun by invaders. The The Byzantine empire reached its greatest size Byzantine empire reached its greatest size under Justinian.under Justinian.

b. launched a program to beautify b. launched a program to beautify Constantinople. Constantinople. The church of Hagia The church of Hagia Sophia improved on earlier Roman buildings.Sophia improved on earlier Roman buildings.

A. The Age of JustinianA. The Age of Justinian

c. reformed the law. c. reformed the law. Justinian’s Code Justinian’s Code was a model for medieval monarchs, the was a model for medieval monarchs, the Roman Catholic Church, and later legal Roman Catholic Church, and later legal thinkers. thinkers.

d. used the law to unite the empire d. used the law to unite the empire under his control. under his control. Justinian ruled as an Justinian ruled as an autocrat,autocrat, or sole ruler with complete or sole ruler with complete authority. He also had power over the authority. He also had power over the Church. Church.

B. Christianity in East and B. Christianity in East and WestWest

1. Byzantine Christianity:1. Byzantine Christianity:a. Byzantine emperor controlled Church affairsa. Byzantine emperor controlled Church affairs

b. People rejected pope’s claim to authority over b. People rejected pope’s claim to authority over all Christiansall Christians

c. Clergy kept right to marryc. Clergy kept right to marry

d. Greek was language of the Churchd. Greek was language of the Church

e. Easter was main holy daye. Easter was main holy day

f. Emperor outlawed the use of f. Emperor outlawed the use of icons,icons, or holy or holy imagesimages

B. Christianity in East and B. Christianity in East and WestWest

2. Western European Christianity2. Western European Christianitya. Pope controlled Church affairsa. Pope controlled Church affairs

b. People accepted pope’s claim to b. People accepted pope’s claim to authority over all Christiansauthority over all Christians

c. Clergy prohibited from marryingc. Clergy prohibited from marrying

d. Latin was language of the Churchd. Latin was language of the Church

e. Christmas was main holy daye. Christmas was main holy day

f. Use of holy images permitted.f. Use of holy images permitted.

B. Christianity in East and B. Christianity in East and WestWest

3. 1054 – Differences between east 3. 1054 – Differences between east and west provoked a schism, or and west provoked a schism, or permanent split, between the permanent split, between the Eastern (Greek) Orthodox and the Eastern (Greek) Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church.Roman Catholic Church.

C. Decline of the Byzantine C. Decline of the Byzantine EmpireEmpire

1. External factors included invasions, the 1. External factors included invasions, the Crusades, and attacks by the Ottoman Crusades, and attacks by the Ottoman Empire.Empire.

2. As a result, the Normans conquered southern 2. As a result, the Normans conquered southern Italy, Seljuk Turks advanced through Asia Italy, Seljuk Turks advanced through Asia Minor, trade rivalries led to a conflict with Minor, trade rivalries led to a conflict with Venice and knights captured Constantinople Venice and knights captured Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, Constantinople is during the Fourth Crusade, Constantinople is eventually captured by the Turks and eventually captured by the Turks and transformed into Muslim Istanbul. transformed into Muslim Istanbul.

D. The Byzantine HeritageD. The Byzantine Heritage

1. For 1,000 years, the Byzantines built on the culture of the 1. For 1,000 years, the Byzantines built on the culture of the Hellenistic world. Byzantine civilization blended Christian Hellenistic world. Byzantine civilization blended Christian beliefs with Greek science, philosophy, arts, and literature.beliefs with Greek science, philosophy, arts, and literature.

a. The Byzantines extended Roman achievements in a. The Byzantines extended Roman achievements in engineering and the law.engineering and the law.

b. Byzantine artists made unique contributions that influenced b. Byzantine artists made unique contributions that influenced western styles from the Middle Ages to the present. western styles from the Middle Ages to the present.

c. Byzantine scholars preserved the classic works of ancient c. Byzantine scholars preserved the classic works of ancient Greece. They also produced their own great books, especially Greece. They also produced their own great books, especially in the field of history. in the field of history.

II. The Rise of RussiaII. The Rise of Russia

A. The Geography of RussiaA. The Geography of Russia

1. Russia’s varied climate zones 1. Russia’s varied climate zones helped shape early Russian life:helped shape early Russian life: a. A band of fertile land in the south was a. A band of fertile land in the south was

home to Russia’s first civilization. home to Russia’s first civilization. b. The steppe provided a highway for b. The steppe provided a highway for

nomads migrating from Asia to Europe.nomads migrating from Asia to Europe.

A. The Geography of RussiaA. The Geography of Russia

2. A network of rivers provided 2. A network of rivers provided transportation for both people and goods. transportation for both people and goods. a. Major rivers ran north to south, linking a. Major rivers ran north to south, linking

Russia to the Byzantine world in the south. Russia to the Byzantine world in the south.

3. The city of Kiev was located at the heart 3. The city of Kiev was located at the heart of the vital trade network linking Vikings, of the vital trade network linking Vikings, Slavs, and Constantinople. Slavs, and Constantinople. b. Kiev would later become the center of the b. Kiev would later become the center of the

first Russian state. first Russian state.

B. Mongol ConquestB. Mongol Conquest

1. Between 1236 and 1. Between 1236 and 1241, Batu, the 1241, Batu, the grandson of grandson of Genghiz Khan, led Genghiz Khan, led Mongol armies Mongol armies into Russia; they into Russia; they looted and burned looted and burned Kiev and other Kiev and other Russian towns.Russian towns.

C. Effects of the Mongol C. Effects of the Mongol ConquestConquest

1. In the early 1200s, Mongol armies, 1. In the early 1200s, Mongol armies, led by Ghengis Khan, conquered led by Ghengis Khan, conquered Russia. The Mongols ruled Russia for Russia. The Mongols ruled Russia for 240 years.240 years.

C. Effects of the Mongol C. Effects of the Mongol ConquestConquest

a. Kiev and other Russian towns were destroyed.a. Kiev and other Russian towns were destroyed.b. Many Russians were killed.b. Many Russians were killed.c. The Mongols tolerated the Russian Orthodox Church, c. The Mongols tolerated the Russian Orthodox Church,

which grew more powerful. which grew more powerful. d. Russians adopted Mongol practice of subjugating d. Russians adopted Mongol practice of subjugating

women. women. e. Trade routes opened up between China and Eastern e. Trade routes opened up between China and Eastern

Europe. Europe. f. Absolute power of the Mongols served as a model for f. Absolute power of the Mongols served as a model for

later Russian rulers.later Russian rulers.g. Russia was cut off from Western Europe at an important g. Russia was cut off from Western Europe at an important

time.time.

D. Moscow Emerged as the D. Moscow Emerged as the Chief Russian PowerChief Russian Power

1. During the Mongol period, the princes of Moscow 1. During the Mongol period, the princes of Moscow steadily increased their power. steadily increased their power.

2. Moscow benefited from its location near 2. Moscow benefited from its location near important river trade routes. important river trade routes.

3. Moscow was made the capital of the Russian 3. Moscow was made the capital of the Russian Orthodox Church.Orthodox Church.

4. Ivan the Great and Ivan the Terrible centralized 4. Ivan the Great and Ivan the Terrible centralized power and recovered Russian territories. power and recovered Russian territories.

III. Shaping Eastern EuropeIII. Shaping Eastern Europe

A. The Geography of Eastern A. The Geography of Eastern EuropeEurope

1. Several geographic features contributed to 1. Several geographic features contributed to developments in Eastern Europe:developments in Eastern Europe:

a. Much of Eastern Europe borders on the steppes of a. Much of Eastern Europe borders on the steppes of southern Russia.southern Russia.

b. Trade and travel routes linked the Balkans with the b. Trade and travel routes linked the Balkans with the Byzantine Empire and, later, the Muslim Ottoman Byzantine Empire and, later, the Muslim Ottoman empire. empire.

c. In contrast, the northern regions of Eastern Europe c. In contrast, the northern regions of Eastern Europe forged closer ties with Western Europe. forged closer ties with Western Europe.

B. A Diverse Mix of PeoplesB. A Diverse Mix of Peoples

1. Eastern Europe’s geography made it a 1. Eastern Europe’s geography made it a cultural crossroads. cultural crossroads.

2. The ease of migration encouraged many 2. The ease of migration encouraged many peoples to seek homes, as well as power, peoples to seek homes, as well as power, in the region. in the region.

3. As a result, Eastern Europe now includes a 3. As a result, Eastern Europe now includes a wealth of languages and cultures.wealth of languages and cultures.

C. Early KingdomsC. Early Kingdoms1. During the Middle Ages, Eastern Europe included 1. During the Middle Ages, Eastern Europe included

many kingdoms and small states. Sometimes many kingdoms and small states. Sometimes empires absorbed national groups. Alliances or empires absorbed national groups. Alliances or royal marriages bound others together for royal marriages bound others together for periods of time.periods of time.

a.a. Poland Poland reached its height of power when Queen reached its height of power when Queen Jadwiga married a Lithuanian duke. However, it Jadwiga married a Lithuanian duke. However, it declined when its rulers were unable to maintain a declined when its rulers were unable to maintain a strong central government.strong central government.

b.b. Hungary Hungary was overrun, first by Mongols, and then by was overrun, first by Mongols, and then by Ottoman Turks.Ottoman Turks.

c.c. Serbia Serbia was overrun by Ottoman Turks. was overrun by Ottoman Turks.