The Byzantine Empire and Orthodox Europe
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Transcript of The Byzantine Empire and Orthodox Europe
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Chapter NineUnit Two/AP World HistoryMs. Tully
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND ORTHODOX
EUROPE
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Enjoyed global popularity in 6 th/7 th C
Global contraction European phenomenon
Common culture/religion for Europe spread North
Great Schism of 1054Series of contractions
& expansions
CHRISTENDOM – THIRD WAVE CIVILIZATION
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Byzantium Constantinople 330 C.E.Division of Eastern/Western Roman Empire Division
of Eastern/Western EuropeEast wealthier, stronger Byzantine Empire Conscious preservation of Greco-Roman pastHellenism + Roman Empire + Christianity =
Byzantine Empire
BUILDING ON THE ROMAN PAST
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High levels of political, economic, cultural activity from 500-1450 C.E.
Center for interregional trade
Frequent Invasions & Conflicts
Greek instead of Latin
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
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Most significant ruler desire to restore Roman glory
Heavily influenced by his wife Theodora
Codificiation of Roman Law
Renovation of Constantinople Hagia Sophia
Reconquered western land weakened empire
JUSTINIAN (R. 527-565)
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BYZANTINE EMPIRE UNDER JUSTINIAN
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HAGIA SOPHIA
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Centralized authority in ConstantinopleEmperor head of state and church
casearopapsim Elaborate centralized bureaucracyRoman style militaryState-controlled economyPrimary concern defense against
Islamic invadersEmpire’s strength/size reduced
BYZANTINE POLITICS
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Fundamental differences from start
New doctrinal issues emerge
1054 – Mutual excommunication (Patriarch and Pope Leo IX)
Great Schism Church splits into two traditions: Greek/Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholicism
THE SPLIT BETWEEN EASTERN & WESTERN CHRISTIANITY
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Emperor also “Patriarch” of Orthodox church
Networks of bishops and monasteries
Numerous churches, iconography
Spread to Balkans, Russia
EASTERN ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY
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Decline begins after 1054 (Schism)1071: Battle of Manzikert - Seljuk Turks take territoryEmergence of independent Slavic kingdoms in
Balkans 1204: Western Crusaders sack Constantinople1453: Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks
THE DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
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Slavic language & culture dominated Eastern EU
Orthodox Missionaries – Cyril & Methodius (864 CE)
Conflict between Catholicism and Orthodoxy
Large influx of Jews
THE SPREAD OF CIVILIZATION IN EASTERN EUROPE
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Scandanavian trade routes develop in 6th/7th C
Formation of Kievan Rus’ 855 CE @ Kiev
Vladimir I converted kingdom to Christianity Formation of Russian Orthodox Church
THE EMERGENCE OF THE KIEVAN RUS’
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TRADE ROUTES
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Largest single state in EuropeYaroslav – Last great Kievan princeByzantine influence – court spectacle, luxury/ceremony, church traditions
Religious influence in art – icons, illuminated manuscripts, literature
Rise of boyars (aristocrats)
POLITICS AND RELIGION IN KIEVAN RUS’
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Decline began in 12 th C
Influenced by Byzantine decline
Mongol Invasions (1237-1238) & (1240-1241) Tartars
Orthodox Christianity & Russian culture remain Third Rome
KIEVAN DECLINE
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Byzantine Empire Participated actively in interregional trade Constantinople: great trading city, connection
between East and West Maintained strong empire despite rapid surge of Islam,
as well as developing cultural innovations and Orthodox Christianity
Kievan Rus’ Dependent on Byzantium as main trading connection Period of decline and isolation when Byzantium
declines and Mongols invade East cut off from western contacts, which stifles
economic, political, and cultural growth. This will occur just as the West will begin to grow and strengthen.
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS
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In what respects did Byzantium continue the patterns of the classical Roman Empire? In what ways did it diverge from those patterns?
How did Eastern Orthodox Christianity differ from Roman Catholicism?
In what ways was the Byzantine Empire linked to a wider world? Consider political, cultural, economic connections.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS