The Building Blocks of Rocks. Minerals All minerals are made up of single elements or compounds...
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Transcript of The Building Blocks of Rocks. Minerals All minerals are made up of single elements or compounds...
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The Building Blocks of Rocks
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MineralsAll minerals are made up of single elements or
compoundsElement: an element is made up of atoms, and
cannot be broken down into a simpler substance
Compound: a compound contains 2 or more kinds of atoms that are bonded (chemically joined) together
Atom: an atom is the smallest part of an element – it has all of the properties of the element, but cannot be seen – even with tools!
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Definition of a Mineral – must exhibit ALL of these traits!Naturally occurring – synthetic substances are NOT
mineralsInorganic – cannot form as a result of plant/animal
activities (pearls and coal are NOT minerals)SolidDefinite chemical composition (they are composed
of distinct elements or combinations of elements)(Take a look at the last page of your ESRT!)Internal arrangement of atoms gives it a crystalline
structureDefinite set of physical properties
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Quartz and the Silicon Oxygen tetrahedron
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MINERAL FAMILIES Minerals can be classified according to their chemical compositions – page
16 of ESRT
OXIDES – composed of oxygen and 1 other element (not Si) – example is Hematite
SULFIDES – composed of sulfur and 1 other element – example is Galena
CHLORIDES (Halides) – composed of chlorine and 1 other element – example is Halite
CARBONATES – composed of 1 or more metals + CO3 (carbonate) – example is Calcite
SULFATES – 1 or more metals + SO4 (sulfate) – example is Selenite gypsum
SILICATES – 1 or more metals + Silicon and Oxygen – example is Quartz
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Properties of Minerals for ID! These are used to identify minerals in labs or in the field!
ColorLusterStreakHardnessBreakage Pattern (Cleavage or Fracture)Density/Specific GravityCrystal ShapeSpecial properties such as odor, acid reaction,
magnetism, taste (salty), double refraction, striationsENR: Diaphaneity, Tenacity
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ColorColor is a useful property only for some
mineralsFor most minerals, however, color is NOT a
useful ID tool – why?1) many minerals come in different colors2) one color, such as white, can be seen in
many different mineralsBut, color can be used to ID certain minerals
that usually exhibit only 1 color (such as sulphur, which is yellow)
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So, is color useful?No!!Well, sometimes…..But it sure makes looking at minerals a LOT
more interesting, yo!
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LusterThe way light shines or glares off the surface
of mineralsThis is better than color in mineral IDThis is a fairly subjective propertyYou need to become familiar with some
terms…
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Luster – main propertiesMetallic: looks like metal in the way it
reflects light – examples are galena or pyrite (like polished metal) – Bling
Sub-metallic – (like unpolished metal) - BlungNon-metallic: does not look like polished
metal, so other terms are needed!
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ENR- Types of Non-Metallic LusterVitreous – glassy looking, like quartzSilky – um…like silkWaxy/Resinous – dull shine like candle wax or
resin – like sulphurAdamantine – gives off a glare at a certain
angle, like a diamondDull/Earthy – no shine at all, like bauxitePearly - looks like a pearl when light reflected
off it, like garnet or opalGreasy – like soap (talc)
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StreakThe color of the mineral in powder form
when it’s rubbed against a porcelain plate (called a streak plate)
Most minerals display only one streak color:Hematite always has a reddish brown streakSulphur has a yellow streakSphalerite has a yellow streakMagnetite has a black streak
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HardnessThe mineral’s resistance to being scratchedWe use Moh’s Hardness Scale to determine a
mineral’s hardnessThis scale uses 10 index minerals with
hardness ranging from 1 (least hard) to 10 (hardest)
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Breakage Pattern:Cleavage: the tendency of a mineral to break
along planes of weaknessFracture: no definite planes of weakness, just
breaks irregularly
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Crystal ShapeCrystal shape can vary, and can be difficult to
recognize
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CleavageTendency to split along flat surfaces (planes)
where the chemical bonds are weakCan be spotted when light reflects off an
entire surface simultaneouslyCan be in several directions at varying angles
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Cleavage directions/angles
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FractureTendency to break WITHOUT cleavage,
randomlyCan still exist in minerals that show cleavage
in other directions thoughENR:Types:Conchoidal – fracture pattern resembles a
conch shellFibrous – looks like fibersUneven – looks uneven
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Fracture
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Density/Specific GravityEvery mineral has a certain density, but only
sometimes is it useful for ID!A great example is the hefty mineral Galena
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Acid ReactionMinerals in the carbonate family (CO3) will
react to HCl and will release CO2 bubbles (called effervescence)
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ENR - TenacityResistance to crushing, bending, etc. See lab packet for types
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ENR - DiaphaneityHow light is transmitted through a mineral
(or not)Transparent – full transmission of imageTranslucent – hazy light but no imageOpaque – zero, zilch, nada transmission
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Special propertiesMagnetism – mineral is magnetic, like MagnetiteTaste (salty) – mineral tastes like salt, because
that’s what it is – HaliteDouble refraction – mineral will transmit an
image and will double it! Iceland Spar (a type of calcite) will do this.
Striations – tiny grooves on a cleavage plane (Plagioclase Feldspar)
SEE page 16 of the ESRT, and look in the DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS column
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