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Transcript of THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM Revitalizing Weak Market Cities in the U.S....
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Revitalizing Weak Market Cities in the U.S.
Weak Market Cities Conference, LondonSeptember 21, 2006
Metropolitan Policy ProgramBruce Katz, Director
The Brookings Institution
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
What is the Brookings Weak Market Cities Project?
Revitalizing Weak Market Cities in the U.S.
III
I
What is our preliminary framework for policy reform?
II What are our preliminary research findings?
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Develop an empirically-based inventory of weak market cities
Market this agenda in key states
Establish an argument for why cities matter to state and regional competitiveness
III What is the Brookings Weak Market Cities Project?I
Create a state and local policy agenda to strengthen weak market cities informed by the European experience
Organize a network of state and local reformers to advance the policy agenda
Brookings is engaged in a research and policy development effort that aims to…
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Project Schedule
Develop weak market city inventory: Winter, 2005
First convening of weak market city leaders: Jan., 2006
Second convening of weak market city leaders: Dec., 2006
Release and disseminate major policy report: Spring, 2007
Release and disseminate 7 city reports: Summer 2007
Organize/institutionalize network for action: 2006/2007
Continue networking and research effort: 2007-2009
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
III
But some cities have not fully realized many of the advantages enjoyed by more successful urban areas
Several forces are contributing to the weak performance of these cities
What are our preliminary research findings?II
The environment for U.S. cities today is generally positive
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
There are profound demographic and market changes taking place in the United States
U.S. population growth in the 1990s was much stronger than in previous decades, with immigration fueling much of this growth
Men and women are delaying marriage, families are having fewer children, and household size is declining
The country is going through a profound economic transformation marked by globalization, increasing technological innovation, firm fragmentation and demand for highly skilled workers
Urban crime decreased markedly over the past decade
Over the next 30 years, billions of additional square feet are projected to be developed or replaced
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Demographic changes give cities a chance to compete for new residents
• Young professionals
• Childless couples
• Baby-boomers
• New immigrants
• Empty nesters
• Elderly individuals
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
These changes and choices have already led to a population surge in urban areas…
9.8%6.3%
-1.6%-2%
2%
6%
10%
14%
1970s 1980s 1990s
Population growth in 50 largest cities, 1970-2000Source: U.S. Census Bureau
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
…And have also contributed to the downtown revitalization in cities
Absolute change in population, 1990-2000
Source: “Who Lives Downtown,”2005
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
Atlanta Cleveland Denver Seattle Philadelphia Chicago
Po
pu
lati
on
ch
ang
e
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
There are also other characteristics that give cities a unique niche
• Density
• Waterfronts and other amenities
• Educational and medical facilities
• Multicultural diversity
• Built infrastructure
• Creativity
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Density helps make cities competitive because the rules of the economy have changed…
• Average labor productivity increases with employment density
• Density contributes to innovation by attracting young educated workers
• Dense labor markets and high clustering of jobs leads to knowledge spillovers
• Dense local economies are linked to increased patenting
Boston
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
A concentration of research institutions give cities an advantage in the Knowledge Economy
Purchasers: Redirect institutional purchasing towards local businesses
Network builders: Channel university expertise to increase local business capacity
Real estate developers: Use real estate to anchor growth
Work force developers: Address local/regional resource needs
Employers: Offer employment to local residents
Incubators: Offer services to support start ups
University of Penn
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
And urban amenities give them a competitive niche because they attract workers and tourists
Mix of restaurants, services, and retail Entertainment
TourismCultural amenities Seattle Art Museum
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
III
But some cities have not fully realized many of the advantages enjoyed by more successful urban areas
Several forces are contributing to the weak performance of these cities
What are our preliminary research findings?II
The environment for U.S. cities today is generally positive
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Based on a rigorous empirical analysis, we have defined 65 cities as “weak market”• Large and medium-sized cities nationwide were ranked
separately based on economic indicators (change in employment, change in establishments) and labor force indicators (median income, unemployment rate, poverty rate, labor force participation)
• Weak market cities were those that ranked in the bottom third across both sets of economic and labor force indicators
• Weak market cities are also usually located within economically weak metropolitan areas (MSA)
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Insert series of map slides here
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Weak Market Cities Non Weak Market Cities
City Economic Condition Index
Change in Employment -8.3% 18.0%
Change in Annual Payroll 14.0% 45.1%
Change in Establishments 1.4% 18.0%
Residential Economic Wellbeing Index
Median Household Income $29,138 $38,510
Per Capita Income $16,019 $20,424
Unemployment Rate 10.0% 6.5%
Poverty Rate 23.0% 15.2%
Labor Force Participation Rate 58.8% 65.5%
Comparison of Weak Market Cities and Non-Weak Market Cities on Economic Indicators
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Only three weak market cities are located in an economically strong MSA…
Weak Market City
MSA Economic Condition - Strong
Bridgeport, CT
Richmond, VA
San Bernardino, CA
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
….15 weak market cities are located in a moderately strong MSA…
MSA Economic Condition - Moderate
Weak Market Cities
Allentown, PA Miami, FL
Cincinnati, OH New Haven, CT
Detroit, MI Newark, NJ
Fresno, CA Philadelphia, PA
Hartford, CT Santa Maria, CA
Jackson, MS Stockton, CA
Kalamazoo, MI
Lancaster, PA
Macon, GA
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
…and 46 weak market cities are located in an economically weak MSA
Weak Market Cities
MSA Economic Condition - Weak
Albany, GA Erie, PA New Orleans, LA Shreveport, LA
Albany, NY Fall River, MA Odessa, TX Springfield, MA
Altoona, PA Flint, MI Pine Bluff, AR Springfield, OH
Baltimore, MD Harrisburg, PA Pittsburgh, PA St. Louis, MO
Beaumont, TX Huntington, WV Port Arthur, TX Syracuse, NY
Binghamton, NY Long Beach, CA Providence, RI Terre Haute, IN
Birmingham, AL Los Angeles, CA Reading, PA Trenton, NJ
Buffalo, NY Mansfield, OH Rochester, NY Utica, NY
Canton, OH Merced, CA Rocky Mount, NC Warren, OH
Cleveland, OH Milwaukee, WI Saginaw, MI Youngstown, OH
Dayton, OH Muncie, IN Schenectady, NY
Decatur, IL New Bedford, MA Scranton, PA
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
15 weak market cities have populations over 250,000…
1 million +
(2)
500,000 to
1 million (3)
250,000 to 499,999 (10)
Los Angeles Baltimore Buffalo
Philadelphia Detroit Cincinnati
Milwaukee Cleveland
Fresno
Long Beach
Miami
New Orleans
Newark
Pittsburgh
St. Louis
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
…while more than three-quarters (50) have less than 250,000 people
100,000 to 249,000 (18) Under 100,000 (32)
Allentown New Haven Albany, GA Lancaster Saginaw
Beaumont Providence Albany, NY Macon Santa Maria
Birmingham Richmond Altoona Mansfield Schenectady
Bridgeport Rochester Binghamton Merced Scranton
Dayton San Bernardino Canton Muncie Springfield, OH
Erie Shreveport Danville New Bedford Terre Haute
Flint Springfield, MA Decatur Odessa Trenton
Hartford Stockton Fall River Pine Bluff Utica
Jackson Syracuse Harrisburg Port Arthur Warren
Huntington Reading Youngstown
Kalamazoo Rocky Mount
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Signs of hope? 9 of the 65 weak market cities have seen their relative performance improve considerably…
Strong Residential Economic Well-being
Performance (change from 1990 to
2000)
Strong City Economic Performance
(change in growth rate from 1980-1990 to 1990-2000)
Canton, OH New Orleans, LA
Chicago, IL Saginaw, MI
Cleveland, OH Shreveport, LA
Detroit, MI Terre Haute, IN
Youngstown, OH
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
…but 15 of the 65 have seen their relative performance decline
Weak Residential Economic Well-being Performance
(change from 1990 to 2000)
Weak City Economic Performance
(change in growth rate from 1980-1990 to 1990-2000)
Albany, NY Miami, FL
Bridgeport, CT New Haven, CT
Fresno, CA Richmond, VA
Hartford, CT Rochester, NY
Los Angeles, CA San Bernardino, CA
Long Beach, CA Stockton, CA
Macon, GA Syracuse, NY
Merced, CA
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
…and 26 of the cities that qualified as weak market in 2000 would not have qualified in 1990
Cities That Were Weak Market in 2000, But Not in 1990
Albany, NY Long Beach Rochester
Allentown Los Angeles Rocky Mount
Birmingham Macon San Bernardino
Bridgeport Merced Santa Maria
Decatur Miami Schenectady
Fall River New Bedford Stockton
Fresno New Haven Syracuse
Hartford Odessa Trenton
Lancaster Richmond
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Comparing a sample of four weak market cities (Buffalo, Cleveland, Philadelphia, Hartford) to non-weak market U.S. cities reveals a number of trends…
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
Buffalo, NY Cleveland, OH Philadelphia, PA Hartford, CT
City MSA
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
During the 1990s, these four cities experienced a decline inemployment coupled with little/no employment growth in their metros
Employment growth 1990-2000
Avg. Non-Weak Market CitiesAvg. Non-Weak Market Cities, MSA
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Buffalo, NY Cleveland, OH Philadelphia, PA Hartford, CT
City
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Annual payroll growth during the 1990s was also relatively slow
Payroll growth, 1990-2000
Avg. Non-Weak Market Cities
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Buffalo, NY Cleveland, OH Philadelphia, PA Hartford, CT
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
These cities generally lost population…
Population growth 1990-2000
Avg. Non-Weak Market Cities
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
Buffalo, NY Cleveland, OH Philadelphia, PA Hartford, CT
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
…And establishments
Establishment growth1990-2000
Avg. Non-Weak Market Cities
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
$0
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
$35,000
$40,000
Buffalo, NY Cleveland, OH Philadelphia, PA Hartford, CT
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Today, median household incomes in these cities are comparatively low...
Median household income, 2000
Avg. Non-Weak Market Cities
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Buffalo, NY Cleveland, OH Philadelphia, PA Hartford, CT
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
…And poverty rates are high
Poverty rate, 2000
Avg. Non-Weak Market Cities
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Buffalo, NY Cleveland, OH Philadelphia, PA Hartford, CT
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Levels of educational attainment are also below the national average for cities…
BA Attainment, 2000
Avg. Non-Weak Market Cities
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
-$15,000
$5,000
$25,000
$45,000
$65,000
$85,000
$105,000
$125,000
Buffalo, NY Cleveland, OH Philadelphia, PA Hartford, CT
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Home values are low…
Median home value, 2000
Avg. Non-Weak Market Cities
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
Buffalo, NY Cleveland, OH Philadelphia, PA Hartford, CT
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
…And vacancy rates are extremely high
Share of all housing units that are vacant, 2000
Avg. Non-Weak Market Cities
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
These metros have also decentralized, both in terms of people...
Selected cities and suburbs, population growth 1990-2000Source: U.S. Census Bureau
-10.8%
-5.4%-4.3%
-13.0%
1.9%
4.5%
7.4%
4.3%
-15%
0%
15%
Buffalo, NY Cleveland, OH Philadelphia, PA Hartford, CT
City Suburbs
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
And jobs…
Percent employment within 10 miles of metro CBD,1998 and 2002Source: U.S. Department of Commerce County Business Patterns
-5%
10%
25%
40%
55%
70%
Buffalo Cleveland Philadelphia Hartford
1998 2002
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
…Leaving the poor concentrated in the core
Percent of poor population living in neighborhoods of extreme poverty (rate of 40 percent or higher), 2000Source: Brookings analysis ofU.S. Census data
Central CityPoor in
Neighborhoods of Extreme Poverty
Buffalo 27.8%
Cleveland 28.5%
Philadelphia 25.4%
Hartford 26.7%
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
III
But some cities have not fully realized many of the advantages enjoyed by more successful urban areas
Several forces are contributing to the weak performance of these cities
What are our preliminary research findings?II
The environment for U.S. cities today is generally positive
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
The poor performance of weak market cities is largely a function of the shifting national economy
For the most part, weak metros and cities haven’t fully transitioned from an older industrial economy to an innovative, entrepreneurial one
A strong city depends on a strong metropolitan region – and the ability to capture a critical share of the metro economy
Size matters: small- and medium-sized cities and metros may be disadvantaged by fewer agglomeration benefits, a lack of large research centers, and a weak civic/economic infrastructure
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
The economies of weak market cities are further exacerbated by negative demographic forces that can be self-reinforcing
As the quality of human capital, costs of doing business, and amenities are correlated with metro/city performance over time, these cities can become mired in a downward spiral
Out-migration, racial and ethnic segregation, and concentrated poverty have negative impacts on schools, public safety, market investment, fiscal health, and quality of life
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
In addition, major federal and state policies often stack the deck against cities
Federal• Subsidized housing policies
reinforce concentrated poverty
• Homeownership tax expenditures favor suburban buyers
• Environmental regulation pushes growth outward
• Despite improvements, transportation funding is still geared toward highway building
• States set the geography of fragmented governance
• Major state spending programs have skewed funding to greenfields
• State fiscal systems are often biased against cities and older suburbs
• Barriers to brownfield development hinder their productive re-use
• Many state constitutions prevent government from using gasoline tax on transit
• Increasing restrictions on eminent domain threaten urban development
State
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
And cities themselves are often dysfunctional
• Many local governments are inefficient/ineffective in their ability to deliver basic services
• Weak urban education systems don’t adequately prepare students for skilled work or higher education
• Outdated zoning and building codes hinder development and reuse
• Cities’ inability to cope with vacant land and aging infrastructure exacerbates blight and depresses the market
• Urban economic development – characterized by fads – doesn’t leverage cities’ unique assets
• High-cost labor laws deter business investment
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
So how can city and state leaders fix what’s broken, capitalize on urban assets, and help foster city and regional prosperity?
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
IV What is our preliminary framework for policy reform?III
3
1
2
5
Fix the Basics
4
Build on Economic Strengths
Grow the Middle Class
Transform the Physical Landscape
Create Neighborhoods of
Choice
3
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Build on Economic Strengths
GOAL: Leverage existing strengths to build a “high road”
economy of knowledge, innovation, and entrepreneurship
POTENTIAL ACTION STEPS:
Undertake a diagnostic
Focus on competitive niches that play to the new economy
Promote innovation and entrepreneurship
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Louisville Visioning Report
Established in 1996 by a “Visioning Committee” of 40 community leaders to examine the area’s economy and develop a plan to promote future growth
Committee hired a consultant who gathered and analyzed data on the metro economy, talked to almost 100 economic development authorities, and conducted a workshop with top business leaders
Example – Perform Diagnostic
Based on this “Boyle Report,” Committee devised seven detailed economic development strategies for the region against which they have evaluated progress over time
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Northeast Ohio “Fund for Our Economic Future”
Multi-year collaborative effort on the part of more than 60 foundations and a network of civic, business and academic leaders in Akron, Youngstown and Cleveland
Establishes a shared regional vision and action agenda to generate economic development in the cities of northeast Ohio
Example – Focus on competitive niches that play to the new economy
Includes a strong evaluation component which allows for continual assessment of the program’s efforts
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Fix the Basics
GOAL: Ensure that fundamental city services are delivered
in a transparent, efficient, and effective manner
POTENTIAL ACTION STEPS: Make streets safer Improve K-12 schools Modify tax system Streamline government regulation and services Create marketable sites for development Improve infrastructure
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Fort Wayne Red Tape Committee
After interviewing business owners, architects, and engineers, city found that the cumbersome permit approval process was a barrier to attracting real estate development or new businesses
The team made several major improvements, including a better tracking system for permits, new triaging criteria to determine which permits needed extra attention, greater cooperation between city departments, and more regular data collection
Team of employees from various city agencies determined what customers wanted and how system needed to be reformed
Example – Streamline Government Regulation and Services
The permitting process was reduced from 31 steps to 7, and processing time was cut considerably
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
New Jersey Rehabilitation Subcode
Adopted in 1998 by a 30 member committee of code officials, architects and preservationists, the new subcode removes regulatory barriers and reduces the costs of rehabilitation
Rehab work grew quickly in New Jersey’s larger cities. The estimated cost of all rehab work in Newark grew by nearly 60 percent under the new code, and 84 percent in Jersey City
Code revision has improved the stock of affordable housing. In Newark, about $3 out of every $4 of the estimated cost of construction authorized by permit is for work on existing houses. In Trenton, housing rehabilitation outpaces new housing construction by more than 14 to 1
Example – Create marketable sites for development
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Build a Better Educated Work ForceTransform the Physical Landscape
GOAL: Undertake one or two major physical projects that
transform the urban landscape in order to catalyze new
development and stimulate economic growth
ACTION STEPS:
Reinvent downtown
Tear down obsolete freeways
Revitalize/transform the waterfront
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
In the 1980s, Chattanooga had terrible air and water pollution, a declining economy and population base, and a 9-to-5 downtown
In 1987, Chattanooga’s civic leaders initiated a strategic planning process aimed at making a walkable connection from downtown to the Tennessee River
14 task forces focused on building an aquarium and children’s museum; improving the streetscape, retail, and transportation; introducing housing; and creating a vibrant river walk
Example – Reinvent Downtown
Chattanooga Downtown Revitalization
A nonprofit development firm helped spur the private sector market; as a result, the downtown has continued to develop and thrive
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Before After
Example – Tear down obsolete freeways
Milwaukee Freeway Demolition
Removal of a little-used spur of the never-completed Park East Freeway began in 2002 to reclaim 11 blocks of downtown land
Renewal project will add commercial and residential development of mixed types
Before
After
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Grow the Middle Class
GOAL: Reduce social inequity by helping low-wage earners
build incomes and wealth
ACTION STEPS:
Ensure access to skills training
Make work pay for low-income workers
Reduce the costs of being poor
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Example – Make work pay for low-income workers
Chicago EITC Outreach Campaign
Outreach partnership between Mayor Daley’s office, employers, business associations, and community groups
Places information about the federal EITC in utility bill inserts, paychecks, grocery store bags, McDonald’s tray liners
Chicago-based Center for Economic Progress coordinates free tax preparation at 16 sites throughout city; $21M in EITC claimed at free tax assistance centers in 2006
South Shore Bank helps EITC claimants without bank accounts to open savings accounts with their refunds
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Example – Reduce the Costs of Being Poor
Bank on San Francisco
Office of the Mayor, the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco and twenty participating banks and credit unions have come together to develop and deliver banking products to lower income consumers
Bank on San Francisco has set a goal of bringing in 10,000 new lower income banking customers out of a current estimated unbanked population of 50,000 households
Program is premised on the idea that alerting business leaders to market opportunity in lower income neighborhoods will help lower income families get connected to the mainstream economy
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Create Neighborhoods of Choice
GOAL: Create neighborhoods that serve families with a
broad range of incomes
ACTION STEPS:
Support mixed-income housing
Grow inner city markets
Transform neighborhood schools
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Public Housing Redevelopment in St. Louis
With support from the state of Missouri, high-rise low-income housing was replaced with mixed-income townhouses, garden apartments, and single-family homes
The new development resulted in an economically diverse community that has already attracted private residential and commercial investment in the surrounding area
A partnership with corporate and philanthropic groups led to the improvement of the local elementary school, resulting in dramatically improved student reading levels
Neighborhood incomes increased 18% from 1989 to 1999 compared to 4% regionally, while unemployment fell 35% during the same period compared to a 3.7% city-wide increase
Example – Support Mixed-Income Housing
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Vaughn High Rises in 1995 Murphy Park Homes
Public Housing Redevelopment in St. Louis
Example – Support Mixed-Income Housing
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
Create Neighborhoods of Choice – Grow Markets
Philadelphia Fresh Food Financing Initiative
Grew out of recognition that there are much smaller (and a fewer number of) grocery stores in Philadelphia’s low-income neighborhoods than higher-income neighborhoods
State provided $10 million to The Reinvestment Fund (TRF), which leveraged additional private funding and a NMTC allocation to form $40 million pool for fresh food retailers in underserved communities across PA
Initiative provides a range of financing resources, including pre-development grants and loans, land acquisition and equipment financing, and capital grants for project funding gaps; it will also provide outreach and technical assistance
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
IV What is our preliminary framework for policy reform?III
3
1
2
5
Fix the Basics
4
Build on Economic Strengths
Grow the Middle Class
Transform the Physical Landscape
Create Neighborhoods of
Choice
3
THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM
www.brookings.edu/metro