The Brain. CNS – composed of the brain and spinal cord Composed of wrinkled, pinkish gray tissue...
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![Page 1: The Brain. CNS – composed of the brain and spinal cord Composed of wrinkled, pinkish gray tissue Surface anatomy includes cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062719/56649edc5503460f94bed1f8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Brain
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• CNS – composed of the brain and spinal cord
• Composed of wrinkled, pinkish gray tissue
• Surface anatomy includes cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem
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• Ventricles of the Brain
• The ventricles are:– The paired C-shaped lateral ventricles – The third ventricle found in the diencephalon– The fourth ventricle found in the hindbrain
dorsal to the pons
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Cerebral Hemispheres
• How many brains do you have - one or two? Actually, this is quite easy to answer...you have only one brain. However, the cerebral hemispheres are divided right down the middle into a right hemisphere and a left hemisphere. Each hemisphere appears to be specialized for some behaviors. The hemispheres communicate with each other through a thick band of 200-250 million nerve fibers called the corpus callosum. (A smaller band of nerve fibers called the anterior commissure also connects parts of the cerebral hemispheres.)
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• Cerebral Hemispheres• Form the superior part of the brain and make up
83% of its mass• Contain ridges (gyri) and shallow grooves (sulci)• Contain deep grooves called fissures• Are separated by the longitudinal fissure• Have three basic regions: cortex, white matter, and
basal nuclei
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• Major Lobes, Gyri, and Sulci of the Cerebral Hemisphere
• Deep sulci divide the hemispheres into five lobes:– Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula
• Central sulcus – separates the frontal and parietal lobes
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Broca’s Area
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Wernicke’s Area
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• The cerebral cortex is the largest part of your brain. It does a lot of brain work, like thinking, decisions, and creativity.
It's the part of the brain that allows you to think about who you are.
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• Cerebral Cortex• The cortex – superficial gray matter;
accounts for 40% of the mass of the brain• It enables sensation, communication,
memory, understanding, and voluntary movements
• No functional area acts alone; conscious behavior involves the entire cortex
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• Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
• The three types of functional areas are:– Motor areas – control voluntary movement– Sensory areas – conscious awareness of
sensation– Association areas – integrate diverse
information
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Sagittal View of Brain
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Diencephalon
• Central core of the forebrain
• Consists of three paired structures – thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
• Encloses the third ventricle
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Hypothalamus
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Thalamus
• Plays a key role in mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory
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Hypothalamus
– Relay station for olfactory pathways
Main visceral control center of the body
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Epithalamus
• Pineal gland – extends from the posterior border and secretes melatonin– Melatonin – a hormone involved with sleep
regulation, sleep-wake cycles, and mood
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Brain Stem
• Consists of three regions – midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
• Similar to spinal cord but contains embedded nuclei
• Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival
• Provides the pathway for tracts between higher and lower brain centers
• Associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves
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Pons
– Connect higher brain centers and the spinal cord
– Relay impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum
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Medulla Oblongata
• Gray matter that relays sensory information
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Cerebellum
• Located dorsal to the pons and medulla
• Coordinates movement
• Makes up 11% of the brain’s mass
• Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction
• Cerebellar activity occurs subconsciously
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• thinking and learning
• • creativity
• • five senses
• • memory and emotion
• • problem-solving
• • decisions
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• Brain stem controls:
• Breathing
• Heartbeat
• Articulate Speech
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Lateral View of Brain
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Limbic System
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Limbic System
• Puts emotional responses to odors – e.g., skunks smell bad
One can react emotionally to conscious understandings
One is consciously aware of emotion in one’s life
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Reticular Formation
– Sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert
Helps control coarse motor movements
Autonomic centers regulate visceral motor functions – e.g., vasomotor, cardiac, and respiratory centers