The BodyStructure and Function

LEARNINGOBJECTIVES

• By the end of this lesson you will;

• Know the different types of joints

• Have a clearer understanding of how the body moves

• Know the different parts which make up a joint.

Body Systems

Within the Human body there are a number of different systems.

• The skeletal system• The muscular system• The cardiovascular system• The respiratory system

During this lesson we will be focusing on the Skeletal and Muscular systems.

The Body

• Understanding the framework of the body, will make it easier for us to understand how the body moves.

• Your body’s frame is made up of two vital components

• Bones• Muscles.

Body Structure

Bones

Purpose of the Skeleton

(1) Supports your body

(2) Protects vital organs (heart & lungs)

(3) Blood is produced in longer bones (femur)

(4) Enables movement to occur

Skeleton• The skeleton is made up of bones

and joints. Bones support the body (so it can stand, sit etc..) and also allow movement to take place.

• Without the skeleton our body would not be able to move at all

• In order to allow our bones to move, we have muscles attached to them.

Body Movement

Your skeleton is made up of bones and Joints.

Joints are where bones meet.

Movement occurs at joints with help from the muscles.

Body Structure

• Bones and muscles work together allowing body movement to take place.

• Joints are where 2 or more bones meet.

• Tendons attach muscles to bones.

• Ligaments join bones to other bones and help provide stability.

Types of joint

• There are two main types of joint in the human body.

• These are; Hinge joints and Ball and Socket joints.

• These joints can be found in many different areas of the body. The different types of joint allow different kinds of movement from the limbs involved.

Hinge Joint

• A Hinge joint is a type of joint which only allows an opening and closing movement.

• Hinge joints are easily remembered by thinking about the hinge action on a door- opening and closing action.

• A hinge joint can only move in one direction

• Examples would be- the knee or the elbow joint

Ball and Socket Joint

• A ball and socket joint allows movement in all directions.

• A ball and socket joint allows rotation of a limb

• Ball and socket joints can be found at the shoulder or the hip

The knee is a hingejoint. It can only openand close like a door.

The shoulder isa ball and socketjoint. It rotates inall directions.

Write down another example of a hinge joint and an activity which requires this movement.

Write down anotherexample of a ball andsocket joint and an activity which requiresthis movement.

The MusclesFront View

The MusclesBack View

Muscles

• Muscles are attached to bones so that we can push or pull the bones in different directions. It is this pushing and pulling action that allows our bones to move.

• It is this combination of muscles and bones working together that allows our body to move.

Movement

– When one muscle CONTRACTS the opposite muscle relaxes When one muscle CONTRACTS the opposite muscle relaxes (e.g. Biceps contract, triceps relax = elbow comes up) (e.g. Biceps contract, triceps relax = elbow comes up)

(when the triceps contract, biceps relax = elbow comes down)(when the triceps contract, biceps relax = elbow comes down)

– Remember, muscles must work in pairs to create movementRemember, muscles must work in pairs to create movement

• To create movement, muscles have to work To create movement, muscles have to work IN PAIRSIN PAIRS..

The Skeletal + Muscular Systems

• Ligaments hold connecting bones together, and prevent over twisting and stretching.

• Cartilage covers the ends of bones and acts as a shock absorber reducing bones rubbing.

• Synovial fluid reduces friction between bones.

• Tendons are cords which attach muscle to bone.

The Skeletal + Muscular Systems

Label on the diagram 2 ball and socket joints.

Label on the diagram 2 hinge joints.

Label on the diagram the biceps and triceps.

Label on the diagram the quadriceps and hamstrings.

Label the abdominal muscles

Select an activity, and a skill/technique. Name the main jointused in performing the skill. Describe how the movement isproduced, including the muscles and tendons.

Part Description

Ligament

Tendon

Muscle

Joint

Cartilage

Synovial Fluid