The Blood and B lood Vessels
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Transcript of The Blood and B lood Vessels
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The Blood and Blood Vessels
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Dr.Mohammed Sharique Ahmed QuadriAssistant prof. Physiology
Al Maarefa College
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Objectives
By the end of this lecture you should be able to• Describe the composition of Blood• Describe composition of Plasma and Types of Cells
Present [RBC, WBC, Platelets]• List the normal Values for Hb, RBC, WBC, PLT• Define Anemia, Polycythemia, Leukocytosis, Leukopenia,
Thrombocytosis, Thrombocytopenia • List the different types of the blood
Vessels(Arteries ,Arterioles – resistance, Capillaries, Veins)
• Define blood Pressure, Hyper tension, Hypo tension• Define normal Heart rate
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BLOOD
• Blood transports O2, nutrients to tissues and CO2 to lungs and other products of metabolism to kidneys.
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Blood
• Represents about 8% of total body weight
• Average volume• 5 liters in women
• 5.5 liters in men
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BLOOD COMPOSITION
• Blood consists of – Liquid PLASMA , in which cellular elements
are present.
– Cellular Elements are• Red Blood Cells(RBC) or Erythrocytes• White Blood Cells (WBC) or Leukocytes• Platelets or Thrombocyte
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Normal values • Plasma: fluid part, 55% of total blood volume.• Cellular elements: 45% of total blood volume.
– Red Blood Cell [RBC] – 5 millions / mm3
– Hemoglobin [Hb] – 15 gm / dl
– White Blood Cell [WBC] – 4000-11000/mm3
– Platelet – 150,000-400,000 /mm3
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Blood CompositionHematocrit or packed cell volume: % of total blood volume occupied by RBCs.
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Blood • Consists of 3 types of specialized cellular elements
suspended in plasma (liquid portion of blood)– Erythrocytes
• Red blood cells ( contains hemoglobin)• Important in O2 transport
– Leukocytes• White blood cells• Immune system’s mobile defense units
– Platelets • Cell fragments• Important in hemostasis(they prevent blood
loose from damaged blood vessels).
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF WBC & THEIR FUNCTIONS
WBC FUNCTION
1. Neutrophil (60-70%) Phagocytosis (engulf bacteria)
2. Eosinophil (1-4%) Important in allergic reactions
3. Basophil (0.5-1%) Important in allergic reactions and have heparin
4. Lymphocytes (25-33%) For immunity
5. Monocyte (2-8%) Tissue macrophage
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PLASMA• Plasma is transport medium for inorganic and organic
substances.• Plasma Composition: Water – 90% Solids – 10 %
Electrolytes [1%]– mainly Na+, Cl-, K+, HCO3-, Ca2+
Plasma protein [6-8%] Organic Substances - Glucose, Amino acids, Lipids, Vitamins Waste products – urea, creatinine Dissolved gases – O2 and CO2 Hormones
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Plasma• Plasma proteins
– Compose 6% to 8% of plasma’s total weight– 3 groups of plasma proteins
• Albumins– Most abundant plasma proteins
• Globulins– 3 subclasses
» Alpha (α)» Beta (β)» Gamma (γ)
• Fibrinogen – Key factor in blood clotting
Most of the plasma protein are synthesized in liver.
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PlasmaConstituent Functions
Water (makes up 90% of plasma)
Transport medium, carries heat
Electrolytes Membrane excitability; osmotic distribution of fluid between ECF and ICF; buffer pH changes
Nutrients, wastes, gases, hormones
Transported in blood; blood gas CO2 plays role in acid-base balance
Plasma proteins In general, exert an osmotic effect important in distribution of ECF between vascular and interstitial compartments; buffer pH changes
Albumins Transport many substances; contribute most to colloid osmotic pressure
Alpha and beta globulins
Transport many water-insoluble substances; clotting factors; inactive precursor molecules
Gamma globulins AntibodiesFibrinogen Inactive precursor for the fibrin meshwork of a clot
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CLINICAL APPLICATION• Anemia – Decrease in RBC & Hb
• Polycythemia – Increase in RBC & Hb
• Leukocytosis – Increase in WBC count (more than 11,000 /mm3
• Leukopenia – Decrease in WBC count (less than 4000 /mm3)
• Thrombocytosis – Increase in platelet count
• Thrombocytopenia – Decrease in platelet count
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BLOOD VESSELS
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BLOOD VESSELS
• Blood is transported to all parts of the body through blood vessels to supply O2, nutrition and remove the waste products e.g. CO2, Urea.
• Oxygenated blood is pumped by left ventricle to Aorta and goes to blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrition to body.
• Blood is returned to right side of the heart as Deoxygenated blood through veins.
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Basic Organization of the Cardiovascular System
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Vascular Tree• Consists of
– Arteries• Carry blood away from heart to tissues
– Arterioles• Smaller branches of arteries
– Capillaries• Smaller branches of arterioles• Smallest of vessels across which all exchanges are made
with surrounding cells– Venules
• Formed when capillaries rejoin• Return blood to heart
– Veins • Formed when venules merge• Return blood to heart
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Arteries • Specialized to
– Take blood from heart to the organs
– Has large radius
– Large Act as PRESSURE RESERVOIR to provide
driving force for blood when heart is relaxing
– Has thick, highly elastic wall.
– Has elastic fibers in the wall.
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Arteries as a Pressure Reservoir
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Arterioles
• Arterioles are highly muscular (smooth muscle).
• Have small radius
• Have no elastic fiber.
• Are Major resistance vessels
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Arterioles
• Mechanisms involved in adjusting arteriolar resistance– Vasoconstriction
• Refers to narrowing of a vessel– Vasodilation
• Refers to enlargement in circumference and radius of vessel
• Results from relaxation of smooth muscle layer
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Arteriolar Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation
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Capillaries
• Thin-walled, small-radius, extensively branched
• have endothelial lining only between blood and
tissues.
• Sites of exchange between blood and surrounding
tissue cells (exchange vessels)• Bring blood within reach of every cell.
• 10 billions in number.
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Capillaries
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Veins– Bring blood to heart.
– Veins are thin walled as compared to arteries
– Large radius
– Also serve as blood reservoir
– serve as a BLOOD RESERVOIR (under resting conditions nearly 65% of blood in located in the veins).
– As they can store blood, they are called they are called ‘CAPACITANCE VESSELS’.
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Lymphatic System
• Extensive network of one-way vessels
• Provides accessory route by which fluid can be returned from interstitial to the blood
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Percentage of blood volume in different parts of circulatory system
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‘USEFUL INFORMATION’
• Normal Pulse Rate – 72 beats/min (range 60-100 beats/min)
• Normal Blood Pressure (BP) – 120/80 mmHg (range for systolic BP – 100-140 mmHg) (range for diastolic BP – 60-90 mmHg)
• Hypertension (high blood pressure) – when BP is above 140/90 mmHg.
• Hypotension (low blood pressure) – when BP is below 100/60 mmHg.
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References
• Human physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, seventh edition
• Text book physiology by Guyton &Hall,11th edition
• Text book of physiology by Linda .s contanzo,third edition
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