The Birth of a Theory: Continental Drift. Throughout history, most people believed that the...

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The Birth of a Theory: Continental Drift

Transcript of The Birth of a Theory: Continental Drift. Throughout history, most people believed that the...

Page 1: The Birth of a Theory: Continental Drift. Throughout history, most people believed that the continents had always been in the same positions that they.

The Birth of a Theory:

Continental Drift

Page 2: The Birth of a Theory: Continental Drift. Throughout history, most people believed that the continents had always been in the same positions that they.

Throughout history, most people believed that the continents had always been in the same

positions that they are today.

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In 1915, a German scientist, named Alfred Wegener,

proposed the idea of “Continental

Drift”.

Alfred Wegener

Alfred Wegener

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1. The earth is always changing, land masses (continents) are constantly moving.

What is the theory of continental drift?

The hypothesis:

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What is the theory of continental drift?

2. Originally all of the continents were joined together in one super-continent called Pangaea and slowly moved to their current positions.

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http://www.auburn.edu/academic/science_math/res_area/geology/camp/Pangaea.jp

g

http://www.auburn.edu/academic/science_math/res_area/geology/camp/Pangaea.jp
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What evidence did Wegener use to support his theory

of continental drift?

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http://www.abdn.ac.uk/zoohons/lecture1/img008.GIF

1 - Earth’s landmasses—especially South America and Africa—fit together

like a jigsaw puzzle.

http://www.abdn.ac.uk/zoohons/lecture1/img008.GIF
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Fossil Evidence

2 - The fossils from the exact same land-living animals and plants are found on continents now separated by the Atlantic Ocean.

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http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/parks/animate/A15.gif

http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/parks/animate/A15.gif
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Matching Rock Layers

3 - The rocks of South America match the rocks of Africa in age and layers.

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Matching Mountains

4 – The Appalachian Mountains match the mountains in Ireland and Scotland.

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Fossils

5 – Fossils of tropical swamp plants were found in the eastern United Sates, Europe, and Siberia.

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Glacier Evidence

6 - Glaciers scars are found on continents such as Asia,

India, and Australia which are too warm for glaciers today.

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Panthalassa

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Evidence of “continental drift”—.

•Physical fit of continents•Fossil evidence•Rock layer sequences•Glacial evidence•Matching mountain ranges

Key concepts

Alfred Wegener

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Was Wegener’s theory believed?

• Scientists did not believe Wegener’s ideas because he couldn’t explain HOW the continents moved!!!

NO

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Harry Hess

Harry Hess was a navy sea captain and scientist that

proposed the idea of seafloor

spreading.

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A bit of history…

Sonar was developed during World War II to locate German submarines.

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After the war, sonar was used to map the ocean floor.

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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs172-97/images/fig2-lg.gif&imgrefurl=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs172-97/&h=343&w=396&sz=50&tbnid=fAYG2c-dqa8J:&tbnh=103&tbnw=118&start=8&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsonar%2Bmapping%2Bof%2Bocean%2Bfloor%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
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Many new features were discovered…

1 – a huge volcanic mountain range in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean (M.A.R.)

M.A.R.

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Page 26: The Birth of a Theory: Continental Drift. Throughout history, most people believed that the continents had always been in the same positions that they.
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2 – deep trenches in the Pacific Ocean

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http://www.harcourtschool.com/glossary/science/images/gr6/trench6.jpg

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Hypothesis:

The ocean floor is getting bigger at the ridges and smaller at

the trenches.

Evidence:•The newest rocks are on the ocean floor along the Atlantic Ridge.

oldest

youngest

oldest

•The oldest rocks are on the continents.•The continents are much older than the

ocean floor!

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Volcanoes located along ocean ridges erupt, creating new ocean floor.

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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.iceland.is/embassy/Lang.nsf/Files/Eruption/%24file/volcanic_eruption_web.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.iceland.is/embassy/icelandis.nsf/form/content.html%3FopenForm%26wt%3D4B0130312E30332E30392E3030004C01454E4700&h=250&w=400&sz=13&tbnid=Xn4B-7CYcZQJ:&tbnh=75&tbnw=120&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dvolcanic%2Bareas%2Bof%2BIceland%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG
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Iceland’s Volcanoes

http://www.navis.gr/photos/images/iceland.jpg

http://www.navis.gr/photos/images/iceland.jpg
http://www.navis.gr/photos/images/iceland.jpg
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http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Map_Satellite/World_Map1_11218.gif

http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Map_Satellite/World_Map1_11218.gif
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World Earthquake Data

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http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Map_Satellite/World_Map1_11218.gif

http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Map_Satellite/World_Map1_11218.gif
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The earth’s lithosphere is broken into huge sections called plates that are in constant motion.

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http://www.iris.edu/seismon/html/plates.html

http://www.iris.edu/seismon/html/plates.html
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Plate Tectonics

Plate Tectonics – The idea that the earth’s surface is broken into huge pieces called

plates. These plates are constantly moving and bumping into each other,

carrying the continents and ocean floor to new locations.

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How fast are the plates moving?

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You may wonder…

How are the continents moving?

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Convection Cells!

Magma circulates under the ground, pushing around the plates. (Convection Cells)

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Page 50: The Birth of a Theory: Continental Drift. Throughout history, most people believed that the continents had always been in the same positions that they.

What are the plates made of?

• Ocean plates are made of basalt.

• Continental plates are made of granite.

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Plates—continental crust, oceanic crust

Features—faults, trenches, mid-ocean ridges, folded mountains, hot spots, volcanoes

Related actions —earthquakes, volcanic activity, seafloor spreading, mountain building, convection in mantle.

Key concepts

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Divergent Plate Boundaries

Two land or ocean plates move apart in opposite directions. Magma flows to the surface between

them creating new crust.

ocean floor

M.A.R.granite granite

basalt

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Page 54: The Birth of a Theory: Continental Drift. Throughout history, most people believed that the continents had always been in the same positions that they.

Mid-Atlantic Ridge = Divergent Boundary

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http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/270/Lec12/spreexamples.jpeg

http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/270/Lec12/spreexamples.jpeg
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Iceland – a continent directly over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

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Subduction Zones

• An ocean plate and a continental plate hit head-on. The ocean plate subducts under the continent forming a trench. The subducting plate melts. Magma rises to the surface creating a string of volcanic mountains parallel to the shoreline.

trench volcanic mountains

basalt

granite

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Page 60: The Birth of a Theory: Continental Drift. Throughout history, most people believed that the continents had always been in the same positions that they.

What are the plates made of?

• Ocean plates are made of basalt.

• Continental plates are made of granite.

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Andes Mountains

Subduction zones form chains of volcanic mountains along the shoreline.

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Pacific Ocean

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Cascade Mountains

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The Cascade Mountains

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Collision Zones

Two continents hit head-on, crinkling up the land into a high mountain chain.

granitegranite

mountains

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India’s Collision with Asia

Himalayas

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The Himalayas Are Born…

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Island Arcs

Two ocean plates hit head-on. One ocean plate is forced to subduct under the other forming an ocean trench.

The subducting plate melts. Magma rises to the surface forming a string of volcanic islands parallel to the trench.

basalt basalt

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The Aleutian Islands

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Island ArcDivergent Boundary

Subduction Zone

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How does tectonic activity affect the earth’s crust?

• Builds mountains

• Creates deep ocean trenches

• Causes earthquakes

• Create volcanoes

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Ocean Trenches

http://www.nhusd.k12.ca.us/ALVE/wow/Ocean/seafloor.gif

http://www.nhusd.k12.ca.us/ALVE/wow/Ocean/seafloor.gif
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Volcanoes

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Most volcanoes occur at plate boundaries…

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http://www.thirteen.org/savageearth/hellscrust/assets/images/ringoffire.jpg

http://www.thirteen.org/savageearth/hellscrust/assets/images/ringoffire.jpg
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Recent patterns of earthquake and volcanic activities; maps showing the direction of movement of major plates and associated earthquake and volcanic activity

Compressional boundaries: folded mountains, thrust faults, trenches, lines of volcanoes (e.g. Pacific “ring of fire”)

Tensional boundaries: mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys

Shearing boundaries: lateral movement producingfaults (e.g. San Andreas Fault).

Real-world contexts:

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http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/pb2/pb22/projects/mamba.html

http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/pb2/pb22/projects/mamba.html
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Resources• http://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/acolvil/plates/pangaea.jpg

• http://platetectonics.pwnet.org/img/wegener.jpg

• http://home.tiscalinet.ch/biografien/images/wegener_kontinente.jpg

• http://library.thinkquest.org/17457/platetectonics/comic.jpg

• http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/CHD/classroom@sea/carlsberg/images/fossil_correlation_lge.jpg

• http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/Giants/Wegener/Images/plate_boundaries.gif

• http://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/acolvil/plates/atlantic_profile.jpg

• http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/graphics/Fig16.gif

• http://cps.earth.northwestern.edu/SPECTRA/IMG/basalt.png

• http://cc.usu.edu/~sharohl/granite.jpg

• http://tlacaelel.igeofcu.unam.mx/~GeoD/figs/tgondvana_ice.jpg

• http://www.physics.uc.edu/~hanson/ASTRO/LECTURENOTES/F01/Lec11/Pangaea.gif

• http://www.poleshiftprepare.com/glacial_striation.jpg

http://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/acolvil/plates/pangaea.jpg
http://platetectonics.pwnet.org/img/wegener.jpg
http://home.tiscalinet.ch/biografien/images/wegener_kontinente.jpg
http://library.thinkquest.org/17457/platetectonics/comic.jpg
http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/CHD/classroom@sea/carlsberg/images/fossil_correlation_lge.jpg
http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/CHD/classroom@sea/carlsberg/images/fossil_correlation_lge.jpg
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/Giants/Wegener/Images/plate_boundaries.gif
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/Giants/Wegener/Images/plate_boundaries.gif
http://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/acolvil/plates/atlantic_profile.jpg
http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/graphics/Fig16.gif
http://cps.earth.northwestern.edu/SPECTRA/IMG/basalt.png
http://cc.usu.edu/~sharohl/granite.jpg
http://tlacaelel.igeofcu.unam.mx/~GeoD/figs/tgondvana_ice.jpg
http://www.physics.uc.edu/~hanson/ASTRO/LECTURENOTES/F01/Lec11/Pangaea.gif
http://www.physics.uc.edu/~hanson/ASTRO/LECTURENOTES/F01/Lec11/Pangaea.gif
http://www.poleshiftprepare.com/glacial_striation.jpg
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• http://www.ggs.org.ge/plates.jpg• http://earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100/plots/1008_world_volc_map.jpg• http://www.aeic.alaska.edu/Input/affiliated/doerte/personal/aleutians/ak_map_big.jpg• http://www.4reference.net/encyclopedias/wikipedia/images/Aleutians_aerial.jpg• http://www.avo.alaska.edu/gifs/2-3/02-95-03.jpg• http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/CHD/classroom@sea/carlsberg/images/island_arc.jpg• http://nte-serveur.univ-lyon1.fr/nte/geosciences/geodyn_int/tectonique2/himalaya/ima

ges/Fig5a_inde.gif• http://terra.kueps.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~sake/himalaya.jpg• http://www.andes.org.uk/peak-info-5000/sabancaya.jpg• http://www-step.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~keizo/photos/andes.JPG• http://www.letus.northwestern.edu/projects/esp/top10/andespage/andesphysical.jpg• http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/CHD/classroom@sea/carlsberg/images/atlantic_tectonics

%20.jpg

• http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/parks/animate/A08.gif

• http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/230NAt.jpg

• http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/graphics/hess.gif

• http://www.minerva.unito.it/sis/hess/Image20.gif

• http://atlas.geo.cornell.edu/education/instructor/tectonics/images/divergent_small_white.gif

http://www.ggs.org.ge/plates.jpg
http://earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100/plots/1008_world_volc_map.jpg
http://www.aeic.alaska.edu/Input/affiliated/doerte/personal/aleutians/ak_map_big.jpg
http://www.4reference.net/encyclopedias/wikipedia/images/Aleutians_aerial.jpg
http://www.avo.alaska.edu/gifs/2-3/02-95-03.jpg
http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/CHD/classroom@sea/carlsberg/images/island_arc.jpg
http://nte-serveur.univ-lyon1.fr/nte/geosciences/geodyn_int/tectonique2/himalaya/images/Fig5a_inde.gif
http://nte-serveur.univ-lyon1.fr/nte/geosciences/geodyn_int/tectonique2/himalaya/images/Fig5a_inde.gif
http://terra.kueps.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~sake/himalaya.jpg
http://www.andes.org.uk/peak-info-5000/sabancaya.jpg
http://www-step.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~keizo/photos/andes.JPG
http://www.letus.northwestern.edu/projects/esp/top10/andespage/andesphysical.jpg
http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/CHD/classroom@sea/carlsberg/images/atlantic_tectonics%20.jpg
http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/CHD/classroom@sea/carlsberg/images/atlantic_tectonics%20.jpg
http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/parks/animate/A08.gif
http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/230NAt.jpg
http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/graphics/hess.gif
http://www.minerva.unito.it/sis/hess/Image20.gif
http://atlas.geo.cornell.edu/education/instructor/tectonics/images/divergent_small_white.gif
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• http://www.thepubliccause.net/LoudSONAR/Active%20SONAR%20Graphic.jpg

• http://chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov/HSD/images/sonar.gif

• http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/files/OGL98090.jpg

• http://www.innovations-report.com/bilder_neu/20175_Pacific_basin.jpg

• http://pao.cnmoc.navy.mil/pao/Educate/OceanTalk2/images/image19a.gif

• http://www.bedford.k12.ny.us/flhs/science/kwoodell/iceland/thingvellir2.jpg

• http://www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/contdrift1.gif

• http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/images/iceland.gif

• http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&lr=&q=volcanic+areas+of+Iceland&btnG=Search

• http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/plate/harvard-map.GIF• http://www.kidscosmos.org/kid-stuff/mars-trip-graphics/mt-st-helens-before.jpg• http://www.serve.com/wizjd/pics/rain01_m.jpg• http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/tectonic/cascade/plates.gif• http://www.kidscosmos.org/kid-stuff/mars-trip-graphics/volcano-map-2.jpg• http://www.yenwen.net/CraterLake01/WatchmanTop01_2.JPG• http://www.crater.lake.national-park.com/crat1.htm

http://www.thepubliccause.net/LoudSONAR/Active%20SONAR%20Graphic.jpg
http://chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov/HSD/images/sonar.gif
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/files/OGL98090.jpg
http://www.innovations-report.com/bilder_neu/20175_Pacific_basin.jpg
http://pao.cnmoc.navy.mil/pao/Educate/OceanTalk2/images/image19a.gif
http://www.bedford.k12.ny.us/flhs/science/kwoodell/iceland/thingvellir2.jpg
http://www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/contdrift1.gif
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Page 92: The Birth of a Theory: Continental Drift. Throughout history, most people believed that the continents had always been in the same positions that they.
Page 93: The Birth of a Theory: Continental Drift. Throughout history, most people believed that the continents had always been in the same positions that they.

Lithosphere

Page 94: The Birth of a Theory: Continental Drift. Throughout history, most people believed that the continents had always been in the same positions that they.

CONTINENTAL DRIFT AND PLATE TECTONICS DRIFT AND PLATES Continental drift concept Introduction did continents originate at their present locations or.

CONTINENTAL DRIFT AND PLATE TECTONICS DRIFT AND PLATES Continental drift concept Introduction did continents originate at their present locations or.

Plate Tectonics Earth Science. Continental Drift Alfred Wegener proposed the idea of continental drift in 1912. Looking at the continents, it is possible.

Plate Tectonics Earth Science. Continental Drift Alfred Wegener proposed the idea of continental drift in 1912. Looking at the continents, it is possible.

Alfred Wegener First proposed continental drift hypothesis in 1915 Published The Origin of Continents and Oceans Continental drift hypothesis.

Alfred Wegener First proposed continental drift hypothesis in 1915 Published The Origin of Continents and Oceans Continental drift hypothesis.

An Idea Before Its Time 9.1 Continental Drift Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis stated that the continents had once been joined to form a single.

An Idea Before Its Time 9.1 Continental Drift Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis stated that the continents had once been joined to form a single.

The Theory of Continental Drift. Continental Drift Theory Proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 250 million years ago, all of the continents were combined.

The Theory of Continental Drift. Continental Drift Theory Proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 250 million years ago, all of the continents were combined.

Continental Drift / Displacement of Continents excerpt from Core …breakthroughinenergy.com/sitefiles/media/PDF Documents... · 2018. 8. 7. · Continental Drift / Displacement of

Continental Drift / Displacement of Continents excerpt from Core …breakthroughinenergy.com/sitefiles/media/PDF Documents... · 2018. 8. 7. · Continental Drift / Displacement of

Continental Drift. What is continental drift? 1912 Alfred Wegener Hypothesized that- the continents are moving = Continental drift all continents once.

Continental Drift. What is continental drift? 1912 Alfred Wegener Hypothesized that- the continents are moving = Continental drift all continents once.

CONTINENTAL DRIFT, SEAFLOOR SPREADING, AND PLATE … · CONTINENTAL DRIFT •1912- Alfred Wegener (meteorologist) •THEORY: modern continents were once all together – PANGAEA (1

CONTINENTAL DRIFT, SEAFLOOR SPREADING, AND PLATE … · CONTINENTAL DRIFT •1912- Alfred Wegener (meteorologist) •THEORY: modern continents were once all together – PANGAEA (1

Continental Drift Who is Alfred Wegener? A German scientist who 1912 suggested that that the continents have and are moving – Theory of Continental Drift.

Continental Drift Who is Alfred Wegener? A German scientist who 1912 suggested that that the continents have and are moving – Theory of Continental Drift.

Evidence for Continental Drift Jigsaw Puzzle fit of continents Alfred Wegener during Greenland expedition.

Evidence for Continental Drift Jigsaw Puzzle fit of continents Alfred Wegener during Greenland expedition.

So what has caused the continents to drift ?? What do you think?

So what has caused the continents to drift ?? What do you think?

Continental Drift Drifting Continents Continental drift is the idea that continents are moving very slowly, parallel to Earth’s surface. Alfred Wegener.

Continental Drift Drifting Continents Continental drift is the idea that continents are moving very slowly, parallel to Earth’s surface. Alfred Wegener.

EARTH SCIENCE. An Idea Before Its Time Continental Drift Wegener’s __________________ ________________________hypothesis stated that the continents.

EARTH SCIENCE. An Idea Before Its Time Continental Drift Wegener’s __________________ ________________________hypothesis stated that the continents.

Activity 41. Challenge: What is the evidence that the continents have moved? Key Vocabulary: Continental Drift The idea that the continents were.

Activity 41. Challenge: What is the evidence that the continents have moved? Key Vocabulary: Continental Drift The idea that the continents were.

Drifting Continents (pages 136–140). Continental Drift (pages 137–139) Key Concept: Alfred Wegener’s hypothesis was that all the continents were once.

Drifting Continents (pages 136–140). Continental Drift (pages 137–139) Key Concept: Alfred Wegener’s hypothesis was that all the continents were once.

Drifting Continents and Spreading · PDF fileDrifting Continents and Spreading Seas The Road To Plate Tectonics. Alfred Wegener and the Continental Drift hypothesis: ... documents

Drifting Continents and Spreading · PDF fileDrifting Continents and Spreading Seas The Road To Plate Tectonics. Alfred Wegener and the Continental Drift hypothesis: ... documents

Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics - colorado.edu · Continental Drift – continents were once united and have since become independent structures that have been displaced all

Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics - colorado.edu · Continental Drift – continents were once united and have since become independent structures that have been displaced all

Plate Tectonics. 6-1 Continental Drift Continental Drift theory that the continents were once a single land mass that broke apart Pangaea supercontinent.

Plate Tectonics. 6-1 Continental Drift Continental Drift theory that the continents were once a single land mass that broke apart Pangaea supercontinent.

OCN 201: Continental Drift...Theory of Continental Drift (Alfred L. Wegener, 1912) • Continents are moving laterally across the face of the Earth • Continents were joined together

OCN 201: Continental Drift...Theory of Continental Drift (Alfred L. Wegener, 1912) • Continents are moving laterally across the face of the Earth • Continents were joined together

Continental Drift Hypothesis – Wegner believed continents had once been joined, and over time they drifted apart Pangaea – the first super-continent Alfred.

Continental Drift Hypothesis – Wegner believed continents had once been joined, and over time they drifted apart Pangaea – the first super-continent Alfred.