THE BIOLOGY OF CANCER A group of diseases identified by uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation...
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![Page 1: THE BIOLOGY OF CANCER A group of diseases identified by uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation VirusesGenetic make-upImmune statusRadiationCarcinogens.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c755503460f94928b76/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
THE BIOLOGY OF CANCERA group of diseases identified by uncontrolled
cell growth and proliferation
Viruses Genetic make-up Immune status Radiation Carcinogens
Normal cell
growth
Abnormal cell
growth
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DEVELOPMENT OF CANCERFirst Mutation Second Mutation
Third MutationFourth Mutation
Tumor formation Angiogenesis Invasion Metastasis
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PROGRESSION OF CANCER
HyperplasiaDysplasia
In situ cancer
Invasive cancer
Mutation
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THE CELL CYCLEProphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
M
G0
G2
Mitosis
G1
S
Cell increases in size & produces RNA and
synthesizes proteins
Cell arrest & absence of cell division
DNA synthesis
Production of new proteins for cell
division
G1 + S + G2 = Interphase
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CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINTS
G1 Checkpoint
Enter into S
Is environment favorable?
G2 Checkpoint
Is environment favorable?Has DNA replicated?
Enter into M Exit M
M Checkpoint
Are all chromosomes attached to the spindle?
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CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES (CDK) & CYCLINS
Mitotic cyclin(Cyclin B)
Mitotic cdk(cdk 1)
Active Mitosis Promoting Factor
Degradedmitotic cyclin
(Cyclin B)
S phase cdk(cdk2)
S phase cyclin(Cyclin A)
Active cdk2-cyclin A complex
DegradedS phase cyclin
(Cyclin A)
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PHOSPHORYLATION OF CYCLIN-CDK COMPLEX
CDK
Cyclin
Inactive cyclin-cdk complex
Active cyclin-cdk complex
(CAK)Cdk activating kinase
Wee-1
Inactive cyclin B-cdk1 complex (Inactive MPF)
Active cyclin B-cdk1 complex (Active MPF)
cdc2
CAK
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CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITORS (CDKIs)
Inhibitors of Kinase 4(INK4s)
Cdk inhibitory proteins(CIPs)
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RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN
Inactive Rb-E2F complex
Cyclin A – Cdk2 complex
Inactive Rb
Active E2F+
Enzyme forDNA synthesis
G1 phase S phase
Late G1 phase
Late M phase
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CONTROL SWITCHES OF THE RESTRICTION POINT
Cyclin D–cdk4 Complex
Activation of cyclin 2 Inactivation of p16 Rb protein phosporylation