The Big Bang. CMBR Discussion Why can’t the CMBR be from a population of unresolved stars at high...
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The Big Bang
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CMBR
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Discussion
Why can’t the CMBR be from a population of unresolved stars at high redshift?
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Discussion
If I proposed building an x-ray satellite in order to observe the CMBR at a time when the Universe was hotter than 3000 K, would you fund such a mission?
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Maybe the Universe starts here?
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Discussion
If you take a bunch of protons and smash them together what would you expect to happen?
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proton – proton chain
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Proton-Proton chain too slow
Even at 15 million K, it takes on average 14 billion years at a rate of 100 million collisions per second to fuse two protons to produce a deuterium atom in the Sun’s core.
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Matter and photons
The higher the temperature of the CMBR, the higher the energy of the photons
The higher the energy, the more massive the particles that can be created
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Protons and neutrons
At temperatures greater than 1011 K, CMBR photons had enough energy to create proton-antiproton and neutron-antineutron pairs
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H to He ratio
Because the Universe has about 75% H and 25% He by weight, we know that there must have been 7 protons for every neutron at the time of nucleosyhthesis.
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Matter and Energy in the universe
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Electric and Magnetic Waves
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General Relativity or Quantum Mechanics?
These two theories disagree inside a black holes.
Because we can never see inside a black hole does it even matter?
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Unified Field Theory
Einstein tried to explain the electromagnetic force using curved spacetime and failed.
Was accomplished by Kaluza, but it required four space dimensions and one time dimension
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Messenger particles
Today, most scientists believe that the transmission of a force must be quantized
Forces are caused by the exchange of virtual particles
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The 4 fundamental forces
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What’s the difference?
The difference between the forces is their strength and the distance over which they can act.
Electromagnetism and gravity can act over infinite distances.
The nuclear forces can act only over very small distances.
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But if the observable universe is very small, there is no effective difference between the range of the forces.
Furthermore, the more energy you give to the messenger particles the stronger the force will appear.
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Electroweak force
10-12 sec after Big BangTemperature 1015 K Observable universe about 1 mm in diameter
Photons of the CMBR had enough energy to turn into W particles
No difference between the electromagnetic force and the weak force.
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The Electronuclear force
At 10-35 sec Temperature 1027 K
No difference between the strong, weak, or electromagnetic forces.
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What caused inflation?
A phase change may have caused the inflationary expansion
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Phase changes
Water below 32 degrees F will undergo a phase change from a liquid to a solid.
The properties of liquid water are very different from the properties of ice.
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It was the freezing out of the strong nuclear force that is believed to have caused inflation.
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A brief history of the Universe
Decay of the “false vacuum”
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Plank Era
Time: 0 to 10-43 sec
Quantized gravity?
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Grand Unification Era
Time: 10-43 sec to 10-38 sec
Strong, weak nuclear and electromagnetic forces are the same
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Electroweak Era
Time: 10-38 sec to 10-10 sec
Strong force freezes out causing inflation
Creation of particles
Weak nuclear and electromagnetic forces are the same
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Particle Era
Time: 10-10 sec to 10-3 sec
Weak nuclear force freezes out
Quarks confined to protons and neutrons
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Era of nucleosynthesis
Time: 0.001 sec to 5 min
Protons and neutron form deuterium, tritium, helium, lithium and beryllium
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Era of Nuclei
Time: 5 min to 380,000 years
Photons coupled to ions
CMBR acoustical oscillations
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Era of atoms
time: 380,000 years to 430 million years
Gravitation collapse of over dense regions
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Re-ionization
Time: 430 million years to 1 billion years
First stars form, probably in globular clusters
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Dark matter simulation
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The future
The universe is likely to expand forever
Matter/dark matter will become more clumped together into larger isolated galaxies
Once all H gas is used up galaxies will become redder and dimmer until all stars go out
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Exam Thursday
Same format as last exam. Covers all reading assignments not included on the last exam.
One sheet of notes, writing on one side.