The Benguela Current Large Marine - Data center · 2008-07-07 · The Benguela Current Large Marine...
Transcript of The Benguela Current Large Marine - Data center · 2008-07-07 · The Benguela Current Large Marine...
The Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem: A Social, Cultural, and Ecological Profile
Nicole E. Rohr Hosts: Drs. Kenneth Sherman and Marie‐Christine Aquarone
National Marine Fisheries Service Large Marine Ecosystems Program
June 27, 2008
Presented in partial fulfillment of EVS 614
Rohr | 2
LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
Ecosystem conservation and management often starts and stops at country borders, which
seldom correlate with the boundaries of ecosystems (Rickelefs, 1987; Graham et al, 1991). This can
result in the disjunctive regulation and management of large ecosystems that encompass several
countries. To address this issue, scientists at the National Marine Fisheries Service in the United States
created 64 distinct large marine ecosystems (LMEs) from the world’s major coastal and estuarine
ecosystems. These ecological delineations were based on marine bathymetry, hydrography,
productivity, and trophodynamics (Sherman and Alexander, 1986) with no regard to existing political
boundaries (figure 1). Seventeen LME Projects in Africa, Latin America, and Eastern Europe currently
exist (table 1), and each project is a collaboration among the countries that lie within the boundaries of
the respective LME. The countries may be politically distinct but they work together with a shared goal
of sustaining the ecological integrity of an ecosystem through integrated transboundary ecosystem
management (Sherman, 1994; Shannon, 2006).
In order to develop ecological and socioeconomic baselines and monitor the effects of
management of each LME, a set of Five Modules and Indicators were developed (Sherman and Duda,
1999). These five modules incorporate many aspects of management ranging from the evaluation of
physical and biological processes to stakeholder involvement and participation (figure 2). The three
science‐based modules (productivity, fish and fisheries, and pollution and ecosystem health) were
designed to provide assessment information on which to base management recommendations. The
socioeconomics and governance modules were defined to assess the extent to which management
options are effective in contributing to resource sustainability (Edwards and Murawski, 1996; Murawski,
1996).
Rohr | 3
The Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem Programme (BCLME Programme) completed its
first decade in 2007, which presents an opportunity to evaluate its successes. The end of the first decade
is also a good juncture to revise the program in order to improve its performance. This white paper
summarizes the accomplishments of the governance module of the BCLME, and highlights remaining
challenges and areas of potential improvement. The following section describes the BCLME including
physical oceanographic properties and the most significant industries in the coastal regions. Next, the
BENEFIT and BCLME Programme are described including how they were established and the major
objectives of each initiative. Then, I describe the Benguela Current Commission including how it is
politically structured, why it is unique among other commissions, and what the Commission hopes to
achieve in the future. Finally, I discuss how the BCLME Programme will move forward into the next
decade, celebrating its successes while making improvements to better understand, manage, and
protect its marine resources and the economic opportunities that rely on these resources.
BENGUELA CURRENT LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEM
The Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) is located along the coast of southwest
Africa and its name is derived from the current which it encompasses (figure 3). The BCLME stretches
from the Angola Front in the north to the Cape of Good Hope in the south and eastward past the
boundary of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ); encompassing the entire Namibian coast, the complete
western coast of South Africa, and part of the Angolan coast (Shannon, 2006). The Benguela Current is
an upwelling system with a center located around Lüderitz in southern Namibia (Shannon 1985). The
Benguela upwelling system has a mean annual primary productivity of 1.25 kilograms of carbon per
meter square per year (Shannon and O’Toole, 2003), which makes it one of the four most productive
upwelling systems in the world. Strong upwelling events are responsible for the high level of primary
and secondary productivity that characterizes the BCLME but can also contribute to hypoxic and anoxic
Rohr | 4
events that are common in the region (Chapman and Shannon, 1985; Monterio and van der Plas, 2006).
Other oceanographic phenomena contribute to the uniqueness of the BCLME; these include but are not
limited to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (Colberg et al, 2004), Agulhas Current Retroflection with
concurrent Agulhas Rings (Duncombe Rae et al, 1992), and the net transport of heat towards the
equator (Shannon and O’Toole, 1999).
In addition to being extremely biologically productive, the BCLME also offers many prominent
economic opportunities. The oil and natural gas industry has expanded in the last three decades,
primarily in Angola, due largely to an extensive surveying effort by the oil and natural gas companies
(Morant, 1999). As of 2006, the offshore oil and gas industry accounted for 69% of the BCLME marine
economy, which was estimated at US$ 15 billion (O’Toole, 2008). Many positive socio‐economic effects
have resulted from this expansion but these come at the expense of the ecosystem. In addition to the
obvious threat of oil and natural gas spills, the disruption and smothering of the benthos by drilling and
discharge respectively can cause large disturbances. The shipping industry, which is prominent in the
distribution of oil and natural gas, is a large contributor to the potential spread of invasive species
because of ballast water exchange in foreign ports (Carlton and Geller, 1993; Ruiz et al, 1997). Sewage,
food and galley waste, and oily water discharge are a few other threats that oil ships pose to the natural
environment (Morant, 1999).
Led by DeBeers and its affiliates, diamond mining is prominent in the BCLME region and, in
2006, accounted for 15% of the BCLME marine economy (O’Toole, 2008). Mining is conducted on‐shore,
near‐shore, and off‐shore and, similar to the oil and gas industry, has both positive and negative impacts
(Clark et al, 1999). The positive effects generally include socio‐economic benefits derived from
employment and tax revenue while negative effects can include harmful socio‐economic impacts
associated with an influx of people into small towns. These include inadequate waste management
systems for the sudden increase in human population, which can result in an increase of nutrient
Rohr | 5
pollution to the adjacent marine ecosystem. An increase in nutrients results in harmful algae blooms
that contaminate the waters, cause fish kills, and prevent human activities. Diamond mining also has
negative environmental impacts but the extent of these impacts is currently unknown (Clark et al, 1999).
Fisheries rank very high in national importance in Angola and Namibia. While fisheries are less
important in South Africa as a whole, they are vital to coastal communities (Hampton et al, 1999).
Overall, fisheries account for 5% of the economy in the BCLME region (O’Toole, 2008). In general,
fisheries have been declining since the late 1960’s (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2003) with one of
the most drastic reductions seen in the South African and Namibian sardine fishery (figure 4). A few
species such as the sardinella have seen increases in populations but it is unclear at this point whether
this is due to an actual increase in numbers or a range shift due to the changing climate (Hampton et al,
1999). Currently, there are major gaps in information regarding life history characteristics of the major
economic fish species. This information is vital for effective catch regulations and management of
artisanally and commercially important fish species (Hampton et al, 1999) and the BCLME Programme is
making an effort to close these gaps.
GENERAL FRAMEWORK OF BENEFIT AND THE BCLME PROGRAMME
In the mid‐1990’s, the countries that border the BCLME recognized the need for a holistic
approach to the study of the marine environment. Data evolving from such a study would provide the
basis for responsible and effective management that promotes the sustainability of the ecosystem
(Shannon, 2006). In 1995, the Namibian Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources hosted a
Workshop/Seminar on Fisheries Resource Dynamics in the Benguela Current Ecosystem in Swakopmund,
Namibia. From this workshop, the initiatives for two regional programs were developed: Bengeula‐
Environment‐Fisheries‐Interaction and Training (BENEFIT) and the Benguela Current Large Marine
Ecosystem (BCLME) Program.
Rohr | 6
BENEFIT commenced in 1997. With ten years of financial support from the Global Environment
Facility (GEF) from 1997 through 2007, BENEFIT was dedicated to the development of enhanced science
capabilities for assessing the Benguela Current ecosystem through improving the understanding of its
ecosystem dynamics (Shannon, 2006). Capacity building for marine science and technology was also
identified as a high priority for the three countries.
In the same year following the initiation of BENEFIT, a basic plan for the BCLME Programme was
laid out. In contrast to the strictly science‐based goals of BENEFIT, the BCLME Programme is aimed at
the sustainable and integrated management of the Benguela Current ecosystem as a whole with a focus
on transboundary management (United Nations Development Programme – Global Environment
Facility, 2001) through the use of the Five Modules and Indicators (Sherman and Duda, 1999). From
1997 to 2001, the basic plan for the BCLME Programme was developed into a comprehensive program
through the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) (BCLME Programme Co‐ordinating Unit, 1999) and
the Strategic Action Plan (SAP) (BCLME Programme Co‐ordinating Unit, 2002). The TDA identifies basic
underlying transboundary problems and indicates areas in the BCLME requiring action. Three main areas
were identified for regional action:
• sustainable management and utilization of resources;
• assessment of environmental variability, ecosystem impacts, and improvement of variability;
• and maintenance of ecosystem health and management of pollution.
The SAP outlines the regional policy for the sustainable integrated management of the BCLME as agreed
upon by Angola, Namibia, and South Africa. The SAP summarizes the regional framework for the BCLME
Programme, including:
• details of challenges facing the BCLME in regards to transboundary management;
• establishes the principles that are fundamental to integrated management;
• specifies the nature, scope, and timetable for deliverable management policy actions;
Rohr | 7
• details the institutional arrangements for ensuring delivery;
• elaborates on cooperation between the BCLME region and external institutions;
• specifies how the BCLME Programme will be financed during the start‐up and implementation
phase; and
• outlines approaches to ensure the long‐term self‐funding of the integrated management of the
BCLME.
The BCLME Programme was formally approved in 2002 (BCLME Coordinating Unit, 1999; Shannon,
2006).
In 2007, the two five‐year funding cycles of the BENEFIT Project by the GEF came to an end with
the three countries involved being dedicated to moving forward with continued improvement through
the BCLME Programme (de Barros et al., 2007). BENEFIT was formed through a bottom‐up initiative not
only concerned with science but also with the capacity building and education that allowed for the
science to be conducted. Perhaps the most impressive accomplishment was the establishment of the
Interim Benguela Current Commission (IBCC), which recently became the permanent Benguela Current
Commission (BCC). The IBCC/BCC is the first international commission established specifically to
manage an entire ecosystem shared by several nations in the world and now serves as an example to
other LME countries (such as in the Guinea Current LME) of what can be achieved regardless of the
individual countries political and civil statuses (Juda and Hennessey, 2005; Olsen et al., 2006).
BENGUELA CURRENT COMMISSION (BCC)
By the end of the ten‐year funding period for BENEFIT, a major goal with collaboration of the
BCLME Programme was to have a self‐sufficient Benguela Current Commission (BCC) established to
implement an ecosystem‐based management approach in the three countries of the BCLME (Sherman,
2006). This goal was met in 2007 (United Nations Development Programme, 2007). The BCC’s main
Rohr | 8
objectives are to develop a better understanding of the BCLME, to improve the management of human
impacts, to facilitate regional capacity building, and to increase the benefits derived from transboundary
management and harvest of fish stocks (Programme Coordination Unit Report PCU/BCC/04/01, 2004). A
phased approach was undertaken to establish the BCC. First, a draft of the intergovernmental
agreement was prepared. Next, working groups and joint management committees were brought into
operation to address the most pressing concerns of the BCLME. Finally, the Interim Benguela Current
Commission (IBCC) was created as a preliminary step towards a permanent commission (Juda and
Hennessey, 2001; Sherman, 2006).
The IBCC/BCC was a bottom‐up commission of three politically tumultuous countries. Angola
was a very poor country until the recent discovery of oil, Namibia had no way of protecting its EEZ from
international fishing fleets until it was recognized as an independent country until 1990, and Sout Africa
struggled with apartheid. In addition, all three of these countries also experienced civil wars. Aside from
civil problems, the countries struggled with a lack of trust among the governments, single‐species
management was the established approach to fisheries, and there was an absence of cross‐sectoral
communication. There was also little or no regional cooperation and a lack of stakeholder participation
in the management process (Tapscott, 1999). Despite all obstacles, representatives from each country
realized they share a unique and fragile ecosystem, and came together to better understand and
manage the BCLME (Vousden and Ngoile, 2005).
Research, capacity building, and management conducted through the BCLME Programme are
equally distributed among Angola, Namibia, and South Africa. Three Activity Centers were established,
one in each country, and each has a different focus (Appendix A). The Center for Biodiversity, Ecosystem
Health, and Pollution is headquartered in Luanda, Angola. This Center is responsible for projects such as
mapping of habitats, biodiversity and species composition assessments, as well as the assessment of the
effects of diamond and oil mining. The Center for Living Marine Resources is in Swakopmund, Namibia.
Rohr | 9
This Activity Center is primarily focused on the assessment and management of artisanal and
commercial fisheries. The Center for Environmental Variability in Cape Town, South Africa, handles the
monitoring and assessment of oceanographic data, harmful algal blooms, and the shellfish sanitation
program (United Nations Development Programme – Global Environment Facility, 2001). (For a list of
completed projects in each of the activity centers, see Appendix B).
All three Centers actively work on capacity building with a special focus on Angola due to its
lower level of education and the need for an upgraded communications system. One of the most
effective capacity building techniques utilized in all three countries was scholarship support for
employees who wanted to continue their education. Between 1998 and 2007, over 50 students received
financial support to continue their education (de Barros et al., 2007). Upon their completion, many
students then returned to BENEFIT and the BCLME Programme, bringing with them improved
knowledge and renewed enthusiasm for contributing to the success of these programs, as well as for
improving their countries as a whole.
MOVING FOREWARD
The BCLME Program has been successful to date in achieving a collaborative effort from three
nations that have not always been cooperative, and that have faced many internal challenges. One of
their largest achievements was the establishment of the BCC, which could serve as a model of
cooperative research and management for other LMEs, and indeed for a wide spectrum of international
cooperation.
As the BCLME Programme moves forward, the Science Plan for the next four years (2008‐2011)
includes:
• living marine resources and monitoring;
• ecosystem health and conservation
Rohr | 10
• ecosystem‐based management (EAF);
• state of the environment assessment and monitoring;
• climate change;
• capacity building and training program;
• State of Ecosystem Information System (SEIS).
As in the past, forecasting remains at the forefront of objectives. The BCLME Programme hopes not only
to monitor and assess previous data and physical and biological trends, but also to be able to identify
the underlying drivers of these processes so early‐warning systems can be established.
Global climate change is at the forefront of worldwide scientific concerns and the BCLME is not
excluded from this phenomenon. It is important to determine how climate change will affect the
physical process of the upwelling system, to identify how these physical changes will manifest
themselves biologically, and to determine the steps needed to mitigate or adapt to the changes. In this
manner, climate change can serve as an evolutionary driver. One example where this evaluative process
is occurring involves the distribution and abundance of South African penguins. Due to physical changes
regarding temperature of water and the strength of upwelling, there has been a shift in fisheries
distribution, specifically the shift of the sardine and anchovy populations (Crawford, 1998; Crawford et
al., 2006). These two fish species compose a large portion of the diet of penguins but in order to find a
sufficient amount of the fish to support the population, the penguins have moved into new areas, which
has exposed them to novel predators for which they do not have defense or escape mechanisms. This
has caused a decline in the penguin population (Crawford et al, 1995; 2007). Also, as with much of the
world, greenhouse gas reduction is a priority as a means to combat global climate change.
The BCLME Programme has been very successful in collecting large amounts of data, but
perhaps less so to date in analyzing the data. While there has been a constant and dedicated effort to
process the large amounts of data, the analyses continue to lag well behind the collection. More capital
Rohr | 11
and time should be dedicated to this effort in order to determine trends, to interpret these trends in
relation to large‐scale ecosystem processes, and to incorporate the information into policies and
management.
To date, the BCLME Programme has been successful in procuring outside funding, and is in the
process of securing addition funds to continue the program for another five years. A remaining
challenge is to make research and management by the three countries self sustaining. Possible funding
sources include supplemental funds and technical support from other countries, particularly Norway
and Iceland (Duda and Sherman, 2002). The use of revenues from the oil and natural gas industry,
diamond mining companies, and even a portion of fisheries revenues being retained to help support
further research and management has also been suggested.
While there have been many advances in scientific knowledge, there have also been many
socioeconomic successes as well. The BCLME Programme has been successful in breaking down
geopolitical borders between adjacent southern African countries with a history of hostility and distrust.
These countries are now working together toward a common goal that requires much collaboration and
agreement. On a worldwide scale, cooperative ties are being built between northern hemisphere first‐
world countries and southern hemisphere third‐world countries as Norway and Iceland have dedicated
many in‐kind contributions to the BCLME Programme in hopes of preserving the world’s fisheries.
Capacity building has also been very successful, particularly with regards to educational
scholarships. By providing the means for employees to complete their bachelors, masters, and doctoral
degrees in fields related to the needs and goals of the BCLME Programme (i.e. natural sciences,
oceanography, communication, computers), many benefits are attained. Firstly, many employees return
to the BCLME Programme with an increased education level that manifests itself in a greater
understanding of the ecological and social workings of the BCLME. Second, the increased educational
level allows for the employee to earn a higher income and therefore invest more money into the local
Rohr | 12
economy through the increased purchase of goods and services. Future research should include more
focus on the socioeconomic module to specifically determine how the investment in education
manifests itself in improvements to society outside of the BCLME realm.
Overall, the BCLME Programme has made large advancements in the improvement of scientific
knowledge and the management of marine resources within the boundaries of Angola, Namibia, and
South Africa. The Programme has also made ground‐breaking socioeconomic and governance
improvements by creating intergovernmental infrastructure through the establishment of the BCC.
While there have been many perceived successes there are also many areas that would benefit from
additional development. If given the financial opportunity, the BCLME Programme will continue to
improve and serve as an example for other developing LME programs.
Rohr | 13
Figure 1: Map of the 64 Large Marine Ecosystems. Each ecosystem is characterized by distinct
bathymetry, hydrography, bathymetry, and trophodynamics (from Sherman, 2006). The Benguela
Current LME is represented by number 29.
Rohr | 14
Figure 2: The Five Modules and associated Indicators as used for the evaluation of Large Marine
Ecosystems (adopted from Sherman and Duda, 1999).
PPoolllluuttiioonn &&
EEccoossyysstteemm HHeeaalltthh FFiisshh
&& FFiisshheerriieess
GGoovveerrnnaannccee SSoocciiooeeccoonnoommiiccss
PPrroodduuccttiivviittyy PRODUCTIVITY MODULE INDICATOR Photosynthetic activity Zooplankton biodiversity Oceanographic variability
SOCIOECONOMIC MODULE INDICATOR Integrated assessment Human forcing Sustainability of long‐term Socioeconomic benefits GOVERNANCE
MODULE INDICATOR Stakeholder participation Adaptive management
FISH & FISHERIES MODULE INDICATOR Biodiversity Finfish Shellfish Demersal Species Pelagic Species
POLLUTION & ECOSYSTEMHEALTH MODULE INDICATOR Eutrophication Biotoxins Pathology Emerging diseases Health indices
Rohr | 15
Figure 3: Left: A map of Africa with the BCLME region outlined (map courtesy of NOAA NMFS and URI
Environmental Data Center, http://www.lme.noaa.gov/Portal/). Right: The Benguela Current Large
Marine Ecosystem with the major oceanographic currents (Shannon, 2006).
Rohr | 16
Figure 4: The level of commercial fisheries in the BCLME region by amount landed (top) and by the economic value of that catch (bottom) since 1950. The data are grouped by commercial group. (Sea Around Us Project, 2008). The top graph illustrates the decrease in catch biomass of many commercially important fish species since the late 1980’s. The bottom graph translates this decrease in catch biomass into a decrease in revenue.
Rohr | 17
Table 1: The 17 Large Marine Ecosystem Programs currently funded by or in the preparation stages for
the Global Environment Facility and their participating countires (adopted from Sherman, 2006).
Large Marine Ecosystem (# of countries) Participating Countries Gulf of Guinea (6) Benin, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Togo Yellow Sea (2) China, Korea Patagonia Shelf/Maritime Front (2) Argentina, Uruguay Baltic (9) Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania,
Poland, Russia, Sweden Benguela Current (3) Angola, Namibia, South Africa South China Sea (7) Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Thailand, Vietnam Black Sea (6) Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine Mediterranean (19) Albania, Algeria, Bosnia‐Herzegovina, Croatia, Egypt,
France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Yugoslavia
Red Sea (7) Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Yemen
Western Pacific Warm Water Pool‐SIDS (13) Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu
Canary Current (7) Cape Verde, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea‐Bissau, Mauritania, Morocco, Senegal
Bay of Bengal (8) Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand
Humboldt Current (2) Chile, Peru Guinea Current (16) Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic
of the Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea, Guinea‐Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, São Tomé and Principe, Sierra Leone, Togo
Gulf of Mexico (3) Cuba, Mexico, United States Agulhas/Somali Currents (8) Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius,
Mozambique, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania Caribbean (23) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize,
Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Grenada, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela
Rohr | 18
Appendix A – Activity centers in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem, location, main research targets and projects that are in progress and/or completed. For a complete description of the Activity Centers and associated projects, please see the BCLME Programme website at http://www.bclme.org. Centre for Biodiversity, Ecosystem Health, and Pollution Location: Luanda, Angola TARGETS PROJECTS Ecosystem type and biodiversity
• Map and classify shoreline, shallow water, and estuarine habitats for suitable aquaculture areas
• Assess biodiversity and species composition • Assess long‐line fisheries by‐catch
Mining, oil, and diamonds • Assess current policies and legislation • Determine environmental effects of these activities • Determine effects of sediment discharge from on‐shore and near‐shore diamond
mining • Develop an oil spill contingency plan
Pollution • Assess land‐based marine pollution • Develop a common set of management friendly water and sediment quality
guides • Monitor trans‐boundary pollution • Integrate urban expansion in Luanda Bay, Angola
Capacity building
Centre for Living Marine Resources Swakopmund, Namibia TARGETS PROJECTS Outreach • Assess ways to involve local communities
• Create an interactive web‐site to promote outreach Artisanal fisheries • Promote regional harmonization
• Promote management • Create a demonstrational website for the Artisanal Fisheries Institute
Commercial fisheries • Assess fisheries catch data • Determine optimal harvesting strategies
Commercially important fish stocks
• Conduct surveys and assess mesopelagic, demersal, and pelagic fish with special focus on economically important species
• Conduct a feasibility study of the establishment of fish aging center • Conduct a feasibility study of the use of genetics for fish stock identification • Analyze revenue raising instruments • Determine the ability to use top predators as indicators of ecosystem change
Management • Develop a management plan for the Bronze whaler shark • Develop responsible aquaculture policy • Conduct a feasibility study for the Ecosystem Approaches for Fisheries (EAF)
Management Social Aspects • Conduct baseline socio‐economic surveys
• Conduct an economic and legal study of trade of fish and fish products • Harmonize socio‐economic policies and legal provisions
Capacity building • Sponsor working group meeting of researchers • Purchase catamaran type ski‐boats
Rohr | 19
Centre for Environmental Variability Cape Town, South Africa TARGETS PROJECTS Historical oceanographic data
• Assess Namibian data • Compile, review, and reinterpret Angolan data • Assess present state of oceanographic monitoring in South Africa
Implement current technologies in data collection
• Conduct a feasibility study, purchase, and retrieve a moored array in the Tropical Atlantic
• Conduct a feasibility assessment of a towed undulating oceanographic recorder• Use a continuous underwater fish egg sampler to characterize the spawning
habitats of harvested pelagic species • Develop satellite remote sensing products • Purchase and install tidal gauges
Plankton community • Analyze ichthyoplankton to develop an index of long‐term change Harmful algal blooms (HAB) • Harmonize the regulations of toxins
• Determine the distribution and diversity of HAB cysts • Develop a monitoring protocol
Low oxygen water (LOW) • Complete a critical review of LOW • Improve the monthly State of the Environment reporting on LOW • Assess transboundary processes that contribute to LOW
Shellfish • Develop a shellfish sanitation program Cold and warm water event • Analyze and assess predictability
• Develop a better understanding of South Atlantic variability Capacity building • Sponsor two attendees to the Climate Variability Program Workshop on South
Atlantic Climate Observing System in Brazil • Provide training for ichthyoplankton monitoring • Develop operational capacity building for shellfish sanitation program • Develop operation capacity building for monitoring HABs • Sponsor an international workshop on forecasting and data assimilation • Special focus on capacity building and upgrading communication system in
Angola
Rohr | 20
Appendix B – The projects completed by BENEFIT and BCLME Programme, the project number, and the
module indicator of the project. The prefixes represent the following:
• BCLME or PCU stands for projects that are managed by the Programme Coordination Unit in
Windhoek;
• BEHP stands for projects that are managed by the Activity Centre for Biodiversity, Ecosystem
Health and Pollution in Luanda, Angola;
• LMR stands for projects that are managed by the Activity Centre for Living Marine Resources in
Swakopmund, Namibia; and
• EV stands for projects that are managed by the Activity Centre for Environmental Variability in
Cape Town, South Africa .
Online access to all final reports can be found at http://www.bclme.org.
PROJECT TITLE PROJECT NUMBER MODULE INDICATOR Development of and making operational, a viable and integrative environmental early warning system (EEWS) for the BCLME
BCLME/EEWS/05/01 Environmental Variability and Oceanography
A cross‐cutting simulation modeling capability for the BCLME
BCLME/MODEL/05/01 Environmental Variability and Oceanography
The marine scientific status of the Angola‐Benguela Front: The synthesis of scientific inputs into the Angola‐Benguela Front workshop: April 2006
BCLME/BOUNDARY/05/01 Fish and Fisheries
Angola‐Benguela Front workshop report: BCLME‐BENEFIT, April 2006
BCLME/BOUNDARY/05/01 Fish and Fisheries
BCLME Southern Boundary workshop report: May 2006
BCLME/BOUNDARY/06/01 Fish and Fisheries
Northern Benguela transboundary small pelagic and mid‐water resources research planning workshop – A synthesis of the scientific input discussions and outputs from the workshop with annexes
BCLME/LMR/CF/03/10 Fish and Fisheries
Report on potential shared hake stocks – research planning meeting between Namibia and South Africa
BCLME/LMR/CF/03/06 Fish and Fisheries
Report on outcomes of consultations undertaken, gaps in information and data and necessary amendments to the TOR’s for SEIS
BCLME/SEIS/05/01 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAF)
Integration and review of training and capacity PCU/T&CB REVIEW/06/01 Training and Capacity Building
Rohr | 21
building in the BCLME Programme Assessing potential to produce final ocean colour maps of Namibia’s marine environment
PCU/POLYTECH/05/01 Environmental Variability and Oceanographic Processes
Report on MARPOL 73/78: Adoption, compliance and monitoring in the BCLME region
PCU/MARPOL/07/01 Governance
Training course report: impact assessment and decision making in the BCLME region
PCU/EIA/07/01 Training and Capacity Building
Report on the legislative, policy and governance frameworks in the BCLME region
PCU/POLGOV/07/01 Governance
Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem Strategic Action Programme: Stakeholders participation plan
PCU/STKPT/07/01 Governance
Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem Strategic Action Programme: Training and Capacity Building Plan
PCU/TCBPLN/07/01 Governance
The Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem – State of stocks review 2007
PCU/SSR/07/02 Fish and Fisheries
Appraisal of environmental management guidelines in the seabed mining industry
PCU/RSM/07/01 Ecosystem Health and Pollution
A legal study to determine interim financial management services for the Benguela Current Commission
PCU/BCCFINMGT/08/01 Governance
Harmonisation of national environmental policies and legislation for marine mining, dredging and offshore petroleum and production activities in the BCLME region
BEHP/IA/03/01 Governance
Ecosystem mapping and biodiversity: Consultative workship, Swakopmund, April 2004
BEHP/BAC/WORKSHOP/04/01
Marine Biodiversity and Conservation
Baseline assessment of sources and management of land‐based marine pollution in the BCLME region
BEHP/LBMP/03/01 Ecosystem Health and Pollution
Assessment of the cumulative effects of sediment discharges from on‐shore and near‐shore diamond mining activities on the BCLME
BEHP/CEA/03/03 Ecosystem Health and Pollution
The development of a common set of water and sediment quality guidelines for the coastal zone of the BCLME
BEHP/LBMP/03/04 Ecosystem Health and Pollution
Marine litter program BEHP/ML/03/01 Ecosystem Health and Pollution Optimal line sink rates: mitigating seabird mortality in the South African longline fisheries
BEHP/EEF/03/01/02 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAF)
By‐catch of threatened seabirds, sharks and turtles in longline fisheries in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem: An integrated approach
BEHP/EEF/03/01/02 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAF)
Assessment of cumulative impacts of scouring of sub‐tidal areas and kelp cutting by diamond divers in near‐shore areas of the BCLME region
BEHP/CEA/03/04 Ecosystem Health and Pollution
Mapping of the BCLME shoreline, shallow water and marine habitats – Physical Mapping Project
BEHP/BAC/03/02 Marine Biodiversity
Analysis of threats and challenges to marine biodiversity and marine habitats in Namibia and Angola
BEHP/BTA/04/01 Marine Biodiversity
Angola’s needs for multi‐sectoral management of marine environment information: Scoping
BEHP/WS/03/02 Monitoring and Evaluation
Rohr | 22
workshop, 7 April 2003: Alte Brucke Conference Centre, Swakopmund, Namibia Development of institutional capacity in biodiversity management in BCLME countries
BEHP/CD/03/01 Training and Capacity Building
Regional oil spill contingency planning in the BCLME region
BEHP/OSCP/03/01 Ecosystem Health and Pollution
Identification of communities, biotopes and species in the offshore areas and along the shoreline and in the shallow subtidal areas in the BCLME region: Section A – Namibian coastal data acquisition
BEHP/BAC/03/03 Marine Biodiversity
Identification of communities, biotopes and species in the offshore areas and along the shoreline and in the shallow subtidal areas in the BCLME region: Section B – Angolan coastal field survey report
BEHP/BAC/03/03 Marine Biodiversity
Identification of communities, biotopes and species in the offshore areas and along the shoreline and in the shallow subtidal areas in the BCLME region: Section C – Demersal fish assemblages analysis
BEHP/BAC/03/03 Marine Biodiversity
Marine environmental survey of bottom sediment in Cabinda Province, Angola – Survey of the bottom fauna and selected physical and chemical compounds in October 2006
BEHP/NANSEN/06/01 Pollution and Ecosystem Health
A strategy for developing ballast water management activities in Angola
BEHP/SWB/08/01 Ecosystem Health and Pollution
Implementation plan for BCLME regional aquaculture policy options
LMR/MC/03/01 Governance
Determination of optimal harvesting strategies for the hake trawl and longline fisheries in Namibia and South Africa
LMR/CF/03/07 Fish and Fisheries
A review of aquaculture policy and institutional capacity in the BCLME region with recommended regional policy options
LMR/MC/03/01 Governance
An assessment of the state of the commercial fisheries catch data in the BCLME region
LMR/CF/03/02 Fish and Fisheries
A BCLME regional integration study regarding trade in fish and fish products – equitable trade
LMR/SE/03/02 Fisheries Socioeconomics and Trade
An analysis of commercial law in the BCLME countries – equitable trade in fish and fish products
LMR/SE/03/02 Fisheries Socioeconomics and Trade
Recommendations on benefication and commercialization of fishing activities in the BCLME countries
LMR/SE/03/02 Fisheries Socioeconomics and Trade
Assessing the role and impact of eco‐labeling in the three BCLME countries
LMR/SE/03/02 Fisheries Socioeconomics and Trade
Marketing analysis of major fish products markets in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem
LMR/SE/03/02 Fisheries Socioeconomics and Trade
As assessment of the legislation and regulations controlling access to key export markets in the three BCLME countries
LMR/SE/03/02 Governance
Micro‐economic systems analysis of the BCLME commercial marine fisheries
LMR/SE/03/03 Fisheries Socioeconomics and Trade
BCLME commercial fisheries rights holder and vessel analysis
LMR/SE/03/03 Fisheries Socioeconomics and Trade
Rohr | 23
The desirability of balanced trade in fish and fish products among the three BCLME countries
LMR/SE/03/02 Fisheries Socioeconomics and Trade
Transformation in the marine fishing industries of the BCLME countries
LMR/SE/03/03 Fisheries Socioeconomics and Trade
An analysis of fisheries management protocols in the BCLME countries
LMR/SE/03/03 Fisheries Socioeconomics and Trade
Comparative legal analysis and report on law reform
LMR/SE/03/03 Governance
A transboundary study with emphasis on deep water hake in the Luderitz‐Orange River Cone Area
LMR/NANSEN/04/04 Fish and Fisheries
A transboundary study with emphasis on deep water hake in the Luderitz‐Orange River Cone Area
LMR/NANSEN/04/01 Fish and Fisheries
Review of the state of knowledge and research on the distribution, biology, ecology and abundance of non‐exploited mesopelagic fish and the bearded goby in the Benguela ecosystem
LMR/CF/03/08 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAF)
Report on the biological, social and economic impact of rights allocations in the BCLME region
LMR/SE/03/03 Fisheries Socioeconomics and Trade
Retrospective analysis of Sardinella fisheries in Angola
LMR/CF/03/11B Fish and Fisheries
An assessment of how coastal communities can become involved and benefit from the BCLME Programme: Angolan visit
LMR/COM/03/01 Coastal Communities
As assessment of how coastal communities can become involved and benefit from the BCLME Programme: Final report
LMR/COM/03/01 Coastal Communities
Review and audit of the legal provisions and institutional arrangements that impact on the artisanal fisheries sector in the BCLME region: Final report – Angola
LMR/AFSE/03/01A Governance
Review and audit of the legal provisions and institutional arrangements that impact on the artisanal fisheries sector in the BCLME region: Final report – South Africa
LMR/AFSE/03/01A Governance
Review and audit of the legal provisions and institutional arrangements that impact on the artisanal fisheries sector in the BCLME region; Final report – Namibia
LMR/AFSE/03/01A Governance
Introducing the BCLME Programme to the wider audience within the coastal communities
LMR/COM/03/02 Socioeconomic
Overview and analysis of socio‐economic and fisheries information to promote management of artisanal fisheries in the BCLME region‐ Angola
LMR/AFSE/03/01B Fisheries Socioeconomic
Overview and analysis of socio‐economic and fisheries information to promote management of artisanal fisheries in the BCLME region‐ Namibia
LMR/AFSE/03/01B Fisheries Socioeconomic
Overview and analysis of socio‐economic and fisheries information to promote management of artisanal fisheries in the BCLME region‐ South Africa
LMR/AFSE/03/01B Fisheries Socioeconomic
Socioeconomic baseline survey of coastal communities in the BCLME region – Angola
LMR/AFSE/03/01C Fisheries Socioeconomic
Socioeconomic baseline survey of coastal LMR/AFSE/03/01C Fisheries Socioeconomic
Rohr | 24
communities in the BCLME region – Namibia Socioeconomic baseline survey of coastal communities in the BCLME region – South Africa
LMR/AFSE/03/01C Fisheries Socioeconomic
Ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) management in the BCLME: Report of the third regional workshop, Cape town, South Africa: 30 October – 3 November 2006
LMR/EAF/03/01 Fish and Fisheries
Management accounting and public finance: Fisheries sector – BCLME countries
LMR/SE/03/05 Fisheries Socioeconomics and Trade
Global International Waters Assessment (GIWA): Sub‐region 44: The Benguela Current – final report
LMR/SE/03/05 Monitoring and Evaluation
Survey of the pelagic fish resources of Congo, Gabon, and Cabinda, Angola, 15th July – 28th july 2004: BCLME Sardinella recruitment studies
LMR/NANSEN/04/02 Fish and Fisheries
A transboundary study of the pelagic fish stocks of southern Angola and northern Namibia
LMR/NANSEN/02/05 Fish and Fisheries
Ecosystem approach to Fisheries (EAF) management in the BCLME : Report of the second regional workshop, Luanda, Angola: 20‐24 March 2006
LMR/EAF/03/01 Fish and Fisheries
Ecosystem approaches for fisheries (EAF) management in the BCLME – Report on the first regional workshop, Windhoek: 21‐24 September 2004
LMR/EAF/03/01 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAF)
Transboundary survey between Namibia and South Africa with focus on spawning and the early life history of hakes
LMR/NANSEN/05/03 Fish and Fisheries
Feasibility study into the establishment of a permanent regional fish‐ageing centre in one of the BCLME countries
LMR/CF/03/01 Fish and Fisheries
A review of the impacts of seismic surveying and toxicity of oil on pelagic fish, the benthos and the sardinella fishery in Angolan waters
LMR/CF/03/12 Ecosystem Health and Pollution
Feasibility study into the application of genetic techniques for determining fish stock identity of transboundary populations in the BCLME region
LMR/CF/03/04 Fish and Fisheries
Results and conclusions of the project “Ecosystem Approaches for Fisheries Management in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem”
LMR/EAF/03/01 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAF)
Harmonisation of socio‐economic policies and legal provision for effective implementation of the BCLME Programme
LMR/SE/03/04 Fisheries Socioeconomics
An analysis of revenue raising instruments for the important commercial fisheries in the BCLME countries
LMR/SE/03/05 Fisheries Socioeconomics
Training course notes: Economics of natural resources
LMR/SE/03/03 Fisheries Socioeconomics
Harmonisation of socio‐economic policies and legal provision for effective implementation of the BCLME Programme: Summaries, recommendations and measureable indicators
LMR/SE/03/04 Fisheries Socioeconomics
Top predators as biological indicators of ecosystem LMR/EAF/03/02 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries
Rohr | 25
change in the BCLME: Final report with Annex 2: Manual of methods for monitoring Cap Fur Seals in the BCLME; Annex 3: Monitoring seabirds in the BCLME – data collection manual
Management (EAF)
Migratory behaviour and assessment of the Bronze Whaler (Carcharinus brachyurus)
LMR/CF/03/16 Fish and Fisheries
Development of an operational capacity for real‐time observations and forecasting of harmful algal blooms in the BCLME region: Detection of harmful algal blooms through deployment of bio‐optical moorings
EV/HAB/02/05 Harmful Algal Blooms
SADCO holdings of Namibian data: Assessment of historical oceanographic data available from SADCO
EV/SADCO/03/01 Environmental Variability and Oceanographic Processes
Upgrade communications systems for Angolan BCLME core partners institutions
EV/ANGOLA/03/06 Training and Capacity Building
Development of an operational capacity for monitoring of harmful algal blooms in countries bordering the northern part of the BCLME: Phase 1 – Design
EV/HAB/02/02A Harmful Algal Blooms
Proceedings of the BENFIT/BCLME Luderitz Upwelling Cell Orange River (LUCORC) Workshop, April 2004
EV/PROVARE/02/02A Fish and Fisheries
Development of an operational capacity for monitoring harmful algal blooms in the northern Benguela: Phase 1 – Design pilot monitoring in the Luderitz area
EV/HAB/05/02 Harmful Algal Blooms
Low oxygen variability in the Benguela ecosystem: A review and new understanding
EV/LOW/02/01 Environmental Variability and Oceanographic Processes
Development of an operational capacity for real‐time observation and forecasting of harmful algal blooms in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem region: Utility of models in forecasting HAB events
EV/HAB/02/06 Harmful Algal Blooms
Feasibility study for cost effective monitoring for shellfish sanitation in Namibia and Angola with an analysis of the various options for implementation of shellfish safety programmes
EV/HAB/02/02A Harmful Algal Blooms
Investigation into the diversity and distribution of cysts of harmful algal blooms within the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem region
EV/HAB/02/03 Harmful Algal Blooms
A proposed Benguela regional shellfish sanitation monitoring programme
EV/HAB/02/01‐3 Harmful Algal Blooms
BCLME/BENEFIT Luderitz Upwelling Cell/Orange River Cone (LUCORC) workshop report: A synthesis of the Luderitz Upwelling Cell Orange River Cone Area. The synthesis of the scientific inputs into the LUCORC workshop: April 2004
EV/PROVARE/02/02A Fish and Fisheries
Report on the benthic workshops held in Angola and Namibia – November 2005: R.V. Alexander von Humboldt post‐cruise analysis and training
EV/HUMBOLDT/04/01 Training and Capacity Building
Diagnosis of large scale South Atlantic modes that impact on the transboundary Benguela Currently
EV/LS/02/06 Environmental Variability and Oceanographic processes
Rohr | 26
Large Marine Ecosystem: Investigation the potential for improved predictability and sustainable management Feasibility assessment for use of a towed undulation oceanographic recorder in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem
EV/PROVARE/02/01 Environmental Variability and Oceanographic Processes
Harmful algal bloom workshop and distance learning course, 22 January to 2nd February 2007
EV/PROVARE/07/01 Capacity Building and Training
Assessment of key transboundary processes and measurement scales in respect of low oxygen water (LOW) variability: Implement the LOW generation areas that provides input to transboundary models in project EV/LOW/02/03
EV/LOW/02/04 Environmental Monitoring and Oceanographic Processes
Assessment of key transboundary processes and measurement scales in respect of low oxygen water (LOW) variability: Preliminary implementation and examination of the role of large scale and transboundary hydrodynamic control of LOW variability
EV/LOW/02/03 Environmental Monitoring and Oceanographic Processes
An interim report on the status of shellfish sanitation programmes in Namibia and Angola: Development of an operational capacity for a shellfish sanitation monitoring programme in countries bordering the northern part of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem: Phase 11 – Implementation
EV/HAB/06/01 Harmful Algal Blooms
Characterising the spawning habitat of harvested pelagic species (Sardinops sagax, Trachurus sp., Engraulis capensis) using continuous underwater fish egg samples (CUFES) and net sampling
EV/PROVARE/04/01 Environmental Variability and Oceanographic Processes
Assessment of appropriate surface forcing (SST) and initial comparison of output against quickscat wind
EV/MODEL/05/01 Environmental Variability and Oceanographic Processes
Investigation into the diversity and distribution of cysts of harmful algal blooms within Luanda Bay (Angola) and Walvis Bay and Luderitz Bay (Namibia)
EV/HAB/05/01 Marine Biodiversity
Low oxygen variability in the Benguela Ecosystem: A review and new understanding
EV/LOW/02/01 Environmental Variability and Oceanographic Processes
Development of a satellite remote sensing product for operational application
EV/PROVARE/06/01 Environmental Variability and Oceanographic Processes
Development of an operational capacity for a shellfish sanitation monitoring programme in countries bordering the northern part of the BCLME: Phase 11 – Implementation
EV/HAB/06/01 Harmful Algal Blooms
The extension of PIRATA in the South East Atlantic including a cruise report on deployment of mooring s and buoy system
EV/PIRATA/03/01 Environmental Variability and Oceanography
A synthesis of requirements of various sectors of government and industry relating to microalgal toxins and other sanitary issues
EV/HAB/02/01 Harmful Algal Blooms
Compilation of inventory and acquisition of oceanographic environmental data in the Angola
EV/ANGOLA/03/01 Training and Capacity Building
Rohr | 27
sector of the BCLME. Phase one – inventory Comprehension review and where appropriate re‐interpretation of oceanographic information on the Angola sector of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem
EV/ANGOLA/03/02 Training and Capacity Building
Assessment of the present state of oceanographic environmental monitoring in the Angolan sector of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem
EV/ANGOLA/03/03 Environmental Variability and Oceanography
Retrospective analysis of plankton community structure in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) to provide an index of long‐term change in the ecosystem
EV/PROVARE/02/05 Environmental Variability and Oceanography
Analysis of Benguela dynamic variability and assessment of the predictability of warm and cold events in the BCLME
EV/LS/02/03 Environmental Variability and Oceanography
Review of existing information on harmful algal bloom in Angola including past and present monitoring of phytoplankton
EV/HAB/02/02A‐1 Harmful Algal Blooms
The BCLME mid‐term evaluation report RAF/00/G32/1G/31 Monitoring and Evaluation BCLME strategic planning workshop on training and capacity building, Johannesburg
Held in South Africa, July 2004
Training and Capacity Building
Consultative meeting on capacity building and training for effective management of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME)
Held in Windhoek, March 2004
Training and Capacity Building
Benguela Current Commission: Interim agreement between Angola, Namibia and South Africa
Governance
A compendium of legal instruments and conventions relevant to the BCLME countries (Angola, Namibia and South Africa): Draft document
Governance
Regional zooplankton taxonomy and identification training workship, Swakopmund, 8‐19 Januray 2007 (BCLME‐BENEFIT‐CmarZ): Workshop Report
Training and Capacity Building
Regional zooplankton taxonomy and identification training workshop, Swakopmund, 8 – 19 January 2007 (BCLME‐BENEFIT‐CmarZ): Guide to some common copepods in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem
Training and Capacity Building
Report on BCLME Highlights Symposium, 9‐10 May 2005, Breakwater Lodge, Cape Town
Monitoring and Evaluation
The extension of PIRATA in the South East Atlantic – Final Report
Environmental Variability and Oceanographic Processes
The changing state of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem: Expert workshop on climate change and variability and impacts thereof in the BCLME region: Workshop report, Kirsenbosch Research Centre, CapTown 15‐16 May, 2007
Environmental Variability and Oceanographic Processes
Assessment of the structure and functioning of the Angola Front (AF) Zone and associated natural resource exploitation issues: Workshop Report, Talatona Convention Centre, Luanda, Angola, 2‐3 October 2006.
Environmental Variability and Oceanographic Processes
Rohr | 28
On the assessment of the status of the Abidjan Convention in the Benguela Current region and implications for the Benguela Current Commission: Report commissioned by PCU for Abidjan and Nairobi CoP meeting, Johannesburg, November 2007
Pollution and Ecosystem Health
A regional assessment and management plan for port waste reception facilities in the BCLME region in accordance with MARPOL/73/78
Ecosystem Health and Pollution
Rohr | 29
LITERATURE CITED BCLME Programme Co‐ordinating Unit. 1999. Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis. BCLME Programme Co‐ordinating Unit. 2002. Strategic Action Programme. Carlton, JT and JB Geller. 1993. Ecological roulette: the global transport of nonindigenous marine
organisms. Science, 261: 78‐82. Chapman, P and LV Shannon. 1985. The Benguela Ecosystem Part II. Chemistry and related processes.
Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review. 23: 183‐251. Clark, B.M., W.F. Meyer, C. Ewart‐Smith, A. Pulfrich, and J. Hughes. 1999. Synthesis and assessment of
information on the BCLME Thematic Report No. 3: Integrated overview of diamond mining in the Benguela Current Region. Submitted to the United Nations Development Program, AEC Report #1016/1.
Colberg, F, CJC Reason, and K Rogers. 2004. South Atlantic Respose to ENSO and induced climate
variability in an OGCM. J. Geophys. Res. 100: 15835‐15847. Crawford, R.J.M. 1998. Responses of African penguins to regime changes of sardine and anchovy in the
Benguela system. South African Journal of Marine Science, 19: 355‐364. Crawford, R.J.M., P.J. Barham, L.G. Underhill, L.J. Shannon, J.C. Coetzee, B.M. Dyer, T.M. Leshoro, and L.
Upfold. 2006. The influence of food availability on breeding success of African penguins Spheniscus demersus at Robben Island, South Africa. Biological Conservation, 132: 199‐125.
Crawford, R.J.M., L.G. Underhill, L. Upfold, and B.M. Dyer. 2007. An altered carrying capacity of the
Benguela upwelling ecosystem for African penguins (Spheniscus demersus). ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 570‐576.
Crawford, R.J.M., A.J. Williams, J.H. Hofmeyr, N.T.W. Klages, R.M. Randall, J. Cooper, et al. 1995. Trends
of African penguin Spheniscus demersus populations in the 20th century. South African Journal of Marine Science, 16: 101‐118.
de Barros, P., M. O’Toole, H. Verheye, F. Vaz‐Velho, N. Sweijd, P. Pillay, C. Attwood, G. Bailey, P. Rabe, I.
Hampton, G. Schneider, B. van Zyi, J. Augustyn, V. de Barros Neto, N. Luyeye, b. Tjizoo, C. Kuske, L. Staegmann, A. da Silva, G. D’Almeida, F. Botes, J. Titus, M. de Lourdes Sardinha, and V. Shannon. 2007. A decade of collaboration: to commemorate the final symposium of the BENEFIT and BCLME programmes.
Duda, A.M. and K. Sherman. 2002. A new imperative for improving management of large marine
ecosystems. Ocean and Coastal Management 45: 797‐833. Duncombe Rae, CM, FA Shillington, JJ Agenbag, J Taunton‐Clark and ML Grundlingh. 1992. An Aghulas
ring in the South Atlantic Ocean and its interaction with the Benguela upwelling frontal system. Deep‐Sea Research 39: 2009‐2027.
Rohr | 30
Edwards, S.F. and S.A. Murawski. 1996. Potential benefits from efficient harvest of New England groundfish. In Sherman, Jaworski, and Smayda (eds) The Northeast Shelf Ecosystem: Assessment, Sustainability, and Management, pp. 511‐526.
Food and Agriculture Organization – United Nations. 2003. Trends in oceanic captures and clustering of
large marine ecosystems: Two studies based on the FAO capture database. FAO Technical Paper 435, 71 pp.
Graham, RL, CT Hunsaker, RV O’Neill, and BL Jackson. 1991. Ecological risk assessment at the regional
scale. Ecological Applications 1:196‐206. Hampton, I., D.C. Boyer, A.J. Penney, A.F. Pereira, and m. Sardinh. 1999. Benguela Current Large Marine
Ecosystem Thematic Report No. 1: Integrated overview of fisheries of the Benguela Current region. Submitted to The United Nations Development Programme.
Juda, L. and T. Hennessey. 2005. Governance profiles and the management of the uses of large marine
ecosystems. In Hennessey and Sutinen (eds) Sustaining Large Marine Ecosystems: The Human Dimension pp. 83‐109.
Monterio, Pedro MS and AK ven der Plas. 2006. Low Oxygen Water (LOW) Variability in the Benguela
System: Key processes and forcing scales relevant to forcasting. In Shannon, Hempel, Malanotte‐Rizzoli, Moloney, and Woods (eds) Benguela: Predicting a Large Marine Ecosystem.
Morant, P.D. 1999. Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem Thematic Report No. 4: Integrated
overview of the offshore oil and gas industry in the Benguela Current region. Submitted to The United Nations Development Programme CSIR REPORT ENV‐S‐C 99057.
Murawski, S.A. 1996. Can we manage our multispecies fisheries? In Sherman, Jaworski, and Smayda
(eds) The Northeast Shelf Ecosystem: Assessment, Sustainability, and Management, pp. 491‐510. Olsen, S.B., J.G. Sutinen, L. Juda, T.M. Hennessey, and T.A. Gringalunas. 2006. A handbook on
governance and socioeconomics of large marine ecosystems. Coastal Resource Center, University of Rhode Island.
O’Toole, M. 2008. Presentation at the 4th Global Conference on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands: Advancing
Ecosystem Management and Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management by 2010 in the Context of Climate Change. Hanoi, Vietnam. April 7‐11, 2008.
Programme Coordinating Unit. 2004. Institutional review and analysis for Benguela Current Commission.
Project PCU/BCC/04/01. Rickelefs, RE. 1987. Community diversity: relative roles of local and regional processes. Science 235: 167‐
171. Ruiz, GM, JT Carlton, ED Grosholz, and AH Hines. 1997. Global invasions of marine and estuarine habitats
by non‐indigenous species: mechanisms, extent, and consequences. American Zoology, 37: 621‐632.
Rohr | 31
Shannon, L.V. 1985. The Benguela ecosystem part I. Evolution of the Benguela, physical features and
processes. In Barnes, M., ed. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 23: 105‐182. Shannon, V. 2006. A Plan Comes Together. In Shannon, Hempel, Malanotte‐Rizzoli, Moloney, and Woods
(eds) Benguela: Predicting a Large Marine Ecosystem, pp. 3‐10. Shannon, L.V. and M.J. O’Toole. 1999. Synthesis and assessment of information on the Benguela Current
Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) Thematic Report No. 2: Integrated overview of the oceanography and environmental variability of the Benguela Current region. Submitted to the United Nations Development Programme.
Shannon, L.V. and M.J. O’Toole. 2003. Sustainability of the Benguela: ex Africa simper aliquid novi. In
Hempel and Sherman (eds) Large marine ecosystems of the world: trends in exploitation, protection and research, pp. 227‐253.
Sherman, K. 1994. Sustainability, biomass yields, and health of coastal ecosystems: an ecological
perspective. Marine Ecology Progress Series 112: 277‐301. Sherman, K and LM Alexander (editors). 1986. Variability and management of large marine ecosystems.
AAAS Selected Symposium 99. Westview Press, Inc., Boulder, CO. 319 pp. Sherman, K and AM Duda. 1999. An ecosystem approach to global assessment and management of
coastal waters. Marine Ecology Progress Series 190: 271‐287. Sherman, K. 2006. Forecasting within the context of large marine ecosystem programs. In Shannon,
Hempel, Malanotte‐Rizzoli, Moloney, and Woods (eds) Benguela: Predicting a Large Marine Ecosystem, pp. 11‐34.
Tapscott, C. 1999. An overview of the socio‐economics of some key maritime industries in the Benguela
Current region Thematic Report No. 4: A report prepared on behalf of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem Project. Submitted to the United Nations Development Program.
United Nations Development Programme – Global Environment Facility. 2001. Project Document:
Integrated management of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME). Submitted to the United Nations Office for Project Services, Project # RAF/00/G32/A/1G/31.
United Nations Development Programme. 2007. The Benguela Current Commission. Vousden, D.H. and M. Ngoile. 2005. GEF independent mid‐term evaluation: Integrated management of
the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME). Submitted to the United Nations Office for Project Services, Project # RAF/00/G32/A/1G/31.
Rohr | 32
Did you pull together the reports, activity charts, etc. or were they extant?