CHAPTER IV

Division of LaborPortugal – first country to sail to the East and establish colonies earned her the prestige as the first sea power to chart an alternate passage to India.

Pope Alexander VI – Spaniard, whose family name Borja was Italianized into Borgia, issued a bull (May 3) in 1493 dividing the world into two.

All lands south and west of the Azores and Cape Verde Islands were belong to SPAIN.

Portugal takes possession of the continent of Africa.

(SECOND BULL) (May 3, 1439)Imaginary line (IM line) was drawn from the north to south at 100 degrees west of the Azores.

Lands to be discovered east of this IM line would belong to PORTUGAL.

West – SPAIN

Sept (Same year) – nullified this provision by allowing SPAIN to own lands to be discovered in the East.

Treaty of Tordesillas (June 7, 1494)1. An IM line was drawn from the N-S at a distance of 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands.

East of this Line belongs to PORTUGALWest – SPAIN

2. If Spanish ships discovered lands east of the demarcation line, the said lands should be turned over to Portugal, and the lands discovered by Portuguese ships west of the line should be turned over to Spain.

3. No Portuguese ships shall be sent to lands belonging to Spain and Vice versa for the purpose of trading them.

Ferdinand Magellan – Portuguese who went to Spain to offer his service to Spanish King with the helped of his father-in-law and DON JUAN de ANDRADE (a man occupying a very high position in the Spanish India house of Trade.

1518 – Meeting between F. Magellan and King Charles I of Spain.

reached to Mollucas (Spice Islands) by sailing WEST.Expedition of F.M had Five Ships:

1. Trinidad2. Concepcion3. Victoria4. Santiago5. San Antonio

M. and his men heard a mass in the CHURCH of SANTA LUCIA De la VICTORIA, after which the captains and the crew of the ships took an oath of loyalty to M. as their Commander-in-chief. The ships sailed down the QUADALQUIVIR River to San Lucar de Barrameda.

09/20/1519 – expedition left port and sailed southward across the Atlantic.

After 2mos. of hardship, hunger and difficult voyage, M expedition reached PERNAMBUCO in Brazil.

Rio de JaneiroRio de la Plata (Feb 1520)Port St. Julian at the southern tip of South America (March)Southernmost tip of South America he crossed a straight to PACIFIC OCEAN.

This straight name “STRAIGHT of MAGELLAN” he only had 3 ships.

M. crossed the PACIFIC and reached the LADRONES Islands (now Marianas in March 1521)(He named the islands “ISLAS de LADRONES (Islands of Thieves).

reached Samar (March 17, 1521)(Coming of the first SPANIARDS in the Phil.)

next day: M. ordered his men to land at HOMONHON islet so the sick men could be taken care of.

M. proceeded to the islet of LIMASAWA (ruled by Rajah KULAMBU).

Si AGU (brother of rajah KUlambu)

first blood compact bet. Fil and Spaniards.

EASTER Sunday (March 31) M. ordered a Mass to be celebrated on the Islet led by FATHER PEDRO de VALDERRAMA.

Pigafetta said after the cross was erected in position, each of us repeated a Pater noster and an Ave maria.

Island (Archipelago of St, Lazarus, bec. it was on St. Lazarus day that he found the islands.

Cebu (April 8, 1521)Enrique(a malay slaved of M.) to assure the people of Cebu that they came as friends and not as enemies.

Rajah HUMABON (cebu Chieftains) welcome the group of M.

April 15, 1521 – mass was celebrated in Cebu.800 natives became Christians.Rajah Humabon – Christian name was CARLOS in honor of King Charles I of Spain.

His wife given named JUANA – in honor of King Charles mother.

M. presented juana an image of INFANT JESUS (now is the Patron of Cebu.

Rajah Lapu-lapu – Chieftain of MactanRajah SUla – rival of Lapu-lapu60 men of M. sailed Mactan early morning of April 28.M. was wounded and died.

3 ships were burned bec. it became useless.2 ships remained.

1. Victoria – was sail to Europe by way of Africa commanded by SEBASTIAN del CANO succeeding in reaching SPAIN.

2. Trinidad – was return to Europe by way of the Pacific. And was captured by Portuguese

Expedition that failed:1. Loaysa Expedition (1525-1526) held by Father Juan Garcia Jofre de Loaysa.2. Cabot (1526-1530) commanded by Sebastian Cabot3. Sayavedra (1527-1528) commanded by Alvaro de Sayavedra which reached Mindanao but did not succeed in

settling in any of the islands.

Treaty of Zaragoza (april 22, 1529) – Spain and Portugal signed. Under which Portugal won possession of the Moluccas after paying Spain the sum of 350, 000 gold ducats.

Another IM. line was drawan from the N-S at 297 ½ leagues east of the Moluccas.

west – SPAINEast – Portugal

1531-1541 king Charles agreed with viceroys in Mexico and Guatemala that expeditions should be sent to the East particularly in Spice Islands.

Viceroy of Mexico chose his brother in law RUY LOPEZ de VILLALOBOS to command the expedition.with 6 ships, Villalobos left Mexico on Nov. 1 1542 crossed the vast Pacific and reached Mindanao in Feb 1543.

Bernardo de la Torre went to Samar (Tandaya) to get some foods.

Chieftain was Makandala

Samar and Leyte named Felipinas in honor of Price Philip of Spain.

Villalobos died in Amboina 1546.

Father Andres de Urdaneta (member of Loaysa Exped.) as pilot of the new mission.

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – head of the exped.with 4 ships and about 380 men.

Legazpi sailed from the Mexican port of Navidad on Nov. 21, 1564.

1. reached in Cebu in Feb. 1565.2. Cibabao (leyte)3. Samar – he concluded blood compact with some of the chieftains, one of whom was BANKAW, datu of

LIMASAWA.4. Camiguin Island (March)5. Butuan in Mindanao6. Bohol where he entered a blood compact with DATU SI KATUNA and SI GALA.7. Cebu due to scarcity of food in Bohol

San Pedro (ship) returned to Mexico it was piloted by Father Urdaneta and accompanied by Legazpi’s grandson, Felipe de Salcedo. (June 1, 1565)

Pacific – Santa Catalina (California) - Oct 1 – arriving in the NAvidad port – Acapulco.

Father Urdaneta discovered a new route, which the Manila galleons.

Cebu (April 27) TUpas (chieftain)

Agreement with the helped of Tupas’ brothers, SI MAKAYO and SI KATAPAN.1. the fil. promised to be loyal to the king of Spain and to the Spaniards2. the fil promised to help the Spaniards in any battle against an enemy and in return the Spaniards promised to

protect the fil. from all enemies.3. a fil who had committed a crime against a Spaniard should be turned over to the Spanish authorities vice versa.4. goods to be sold to either the s moderately priced.5. armed fil. would not be allowed to enter the Spanish settlement.

Fort named Fort San PedroSpanish settlement – named San Miguel but latter named “CITY of the MOST HOLY Name of Jesus”.

Panay river – founded second Spanish settlement.

Captain Enriquez de Guzman sailed for southern Luzon and reached Albay.

Juan de Salcedo – Legazpi’s younger grandson led a small expedition to the north with a few Spanish soldier and about 500 visayans.

Salcedo sailed to Talim Island and claimed it for Spainhe reached Lubang island near Mindoro

Manila was a prosperous Muslim kingdom

May 8, 1570 left Panay for Mindoro and stayed there for 5daysThe Spanish forces were now divided into two:

1. headed by: MARTIN de GOITI who succeeded Mateo del Saz as Master of Camp2. commanded by Salcedo

when they reached Batangas , Salcedo explored the Bonbon River (now TAal)

Goiti explored Balayan.

Manila – chieftain Rajah Sulayman (Soliman)

May 24 Goiti fired a cannon shot

the natives answered with shot – The native cannons called – LANTAKA

Legazpi – first gov. gen. in the phil.

Father Diego de Herrera (an Augustinian friar) suggested that they settle in Luzon

April 20, Legazpi leave for Luzon.

battle of Bangkusay in TondoLegazpi defeated Rajah Sulayman and he took over Manila in 1571.

June 24, 1571 – Legazpi made Manila the capital of the Phil.

King Philip II called Manila as “Distinguisehed and Ever Loyal City”.

ayuntamiento – city government2 alcaldes – magistratesalguacil mayor – chief constable12 regidores – legislative council members1 escribano – court clerk.

THE BEGINNINGS OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM (MID 1700’S-1900)Purposes of revolt:

To retake one’s lost kingdom or chiefdom. To resist forced labor that separated the men for long periods from their families. to get rid of the oppressive tribute To return to their ancient religion, the worship of Bathala and the anitos.

The beginnings of Filipino Nationalism (mid 1700’s-1900)1. British Invasion and Occupation

The Silang and Palaris revolts2. Basco’s Economic Plans3. Laissez-faire and the opening of Ports4. The rise of the “Filipino” middle class5. The opening of the suez canal6. Liberalism in the Philippines7. The campaign for secularization8. The cavity mutiny9. The execution of GomBurZa10. The reform Movement11. La Liga Filipina12. The Founding of the Katipunan13. The Cry of Pugadlawin14. Rizal’s Execution

1. BRITISH INVASION AND OCCUPATION

1761 --- Spain and France – entered into a treaty of alliance against England’snambition for supremacy. During the Seven Year’s War in Europe between France and England, Spain was naturally drawn into the

conflict. Archbishop Manuel Rojo – acting governor-general when British, with 6,000 men including Sepoys from

Bombay, bombarded Intramuros, Malate, Ermita, and Bagumbayan (Luneta) on September 22, 1762.

1762 --- Diego Silang, an Ilocano from Ilocos province rose in revolt. --- King of the Ilocos Gabriela Silang --- wife of Diego Silang, turned over the leadership and carried on the fight courageously

but she was later captured and hanged, along with 100 followers. 1762 --- Juan de la Cruz Palaris --- led a widespread revolt in Pangasinan, demanding for the end to the

payment of tributes and countless abuses by the Spanish officials.

2. BASCO’S ECONOMIC PLANS

the economy developed slowly for several reasons:1. The incompetence of Spanish officials;2. Graft and greed of the merchants and religious corporations engaged in the galleon trade3. Restrictive economic policies which closed some parts of the country to other foreign countries4. The constant quarrels between the civil and ecclesiastical authorities assigned in the colony.

1778 --- Jose Basco y Vargas, who was appointed governor-general of the Philippines, surveyed the economic condition of the colony and found it to be far from satisfactory.

Gov. Basco encouraged cultivation of crops for export like indigo, coffee, cocoa, sugar, hemp, mulberry trees, spices, and cotton.

- the development of mines that produced gold, tin and copper.He founded the Economic Society of Friends of the Country in 1781 and established the Royal Company in 1785.1807 ---, some 10000 rebels in Ilocos revolted against the government monopoly of a locally-produced wine from sugarcane called BASI.Basi revolt --- was among the BLOODIEST uprising ever recorded during this time.

3. LAISSEZ-FAIRE AND THE OPENING OF PORTS

Laissez-faire or “let alone policy” --- this policy gave full freedom to private individuals and firms to engage in economic activities without much interference from the government.--- allowed for entry of foreign firms into the country.1842 --- Manila could boast of two American, one French, one Danish, and eight British commercial firms.1859 --- the number of foreign firms increased to fifteen.1855 --- The ports of Iloilo, Zamboanga, and Sual (Pangasinan) were opened to foreign trade.1860 --- Cebu1873 --- Tacloban and LegazpiBatangas --- coffeeCamarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon, Albay --- hempIlocos and Cagayan Valley --- Indigo and tobaccoNegros, Iloilo, Pampanga, Laguna, Batangas --- Sugar caneNicholas Loney --- British vice consul --- introduced first modern machinery that converted sugar cane into refined sugar.

4. THE RISE OF THE “FILIPINO” MIDDLE CLASSinquilinos --- tenantsIlustrado --- wealthy and highly-educated Filipino, composed the middle classInsulares --- Spaniards born in the PhilippinesPeninsulares --- (Espanoles) --- Spanish born in Spain, working or residing in the country.

Two events foreshadowed the developing consciousness of the masses as a different race and class in society.1. Tagalog publication of Florante at Laura in 1838 by Francisco Baltazar or Balagtas. There was reference for

the first time to the country as oppressed and in need of freedom as expressed in the following lines:Sa loob at labas ng bayan kong sawiKaliluha’y siyang nangyayaring hariKagalinga’t bait ay nalulugami innas sa hukay ng dusa’t pighati.

2. Revolt by Apolinario de la Cruz or Hermano Pule in Tayabas (quezon) in 1841.Hermano Pule --- King of the TagalogsThe Spanish authorities were alarmed by its pure Indio membership under the guise of a Confradia, whose aim to revive the ancient Catalonan teachings within the Catholic church.

The Education Of Some Filipinos

Colleges and Universities were exclusively for the Spaniards and Mestizos San Juan de Letran San Jose San Felipe

Schools for women: College of Santa Potenciana Santa Isabel College Santa Rosa College

mid 19th century --- University of Santo Tomas

These educated Filipinos later asked for reforms in the Spanish administration of the Philippines. as Spaniards feared, it was the ilustrados who would later ask embarrassing questions about Spanish misdeeds, incompetence, inefficiency, greed and corruption. And most dangerously, they pushed the idea of the Indios as “Filipinos” with equal rights as the Spaniards in the country.

5. THE OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL --- 1869

This resulted in the shorter route and travel time between Spain and the Philippines.Many Spanirads with progressive ideas migrated to the Philippines. Among them were exiled creoles from Mexico like Varela and Novales whose subversive ideas and activities advocated freedom and liberties.Mail ---1854Telegraph --- 1873Telephone, Manila-Dagupan railway ----1890

6. LIBERALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES

Gov.gen. Carlos Maria de la Torre --- 1869 (Manila) --- he put into practice the liberal principles of the revolutionsits in Spain. He showed his democratic ways by living simply and avoiding luxury, by dismissing the halberdiers of his palace and by walking the streets of Manila in civilian clothes.

De la Torre’s Administration: was the best gov. gen. he abolished the censorship of the press he abolished flogging as a punishment he solved the agrarian unrest in Cavite

The return of autocracyRafael de Izquierdo --- was appointed gov. gen. in 1871 to replace de la Torre.

--- being an autocrat, he boasted that he would rule the Philippines “with a cross in one hand and a sword in the other.”

7. THE CAMPAIGN FOR SECULARIZATION regular priest --- those who belonged to the religious orders like Dominicans, Recollects, Augustinians and

Franciscans. Regular priests, or simply regulars, have a mission to fulfill, i.e to convert non-Christian people to Christianity. Secular priest --- were not members of any religious order Friar curates --- they administered the parishes. The government even went as far as giving the parishes, run by Filipino seculars, to Spanish regulars. This led

to the campaign called secularization The movement would later called “Filipinization” because of its racial overtone. Father Pedro Pablo Palaez (1812-1863), a Spanish mestizo --- the leader of the Filipino campaign to

secularize the parishes. Father Jose A. Burgos --- Spanish mestizo Father Jacinto Zamora, Mariano Gomez, Toribiodel Pilar, Mariano Sevilla, Pedro Dandan, Jose Guevarra

8. THE CAVITY MUTINY

Jan. 20, 1872 --- height of the secularization controversy, the Cavity Mutiny.--- was caused by the revocation of the privilege of shipyard workers to be exempted from forced labor

and from paying tribute by gov. gen de Izquierdo.The mutineers included:

Indios Mestizos Criollos (Spaniards born in Mexico and exiled in Cavite)

They were led by military sergeant La Madrid.The government believing it to be a rebellion, ordered the arrested were:

Father Jose Burgos Father Mariano Gomez Father Jacinto Zamora Father Pedro Dandan

Father Toribio del Pilar Father Mariano Sevilla Father Agustin Mendoza Father Jose Guevarra

Among the civilian arrested were: Pedro Carillo Antonio Regidor Joaquin Pardo de Tavera

They were sentenced to be banished to Guam, while Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were sentenced to death.

9. THE EXECUTION OF GOMBURZAGomez, Burgos and Zamora --- were jailed in Fort Santiago before they were tried for rebellion.They were sentenced death by garrotte.Feb. 17, 1872 --- the three priests marched from Fort Santiago to Bagumbayan Field (now Luneta).

--- It is said that Zamora lost his mind and silently accepted to be garrotted.1. Zamora2. Gomez3. Burgos

The witnesses of the event took off their hats and knelt to pray for the souls of the innocent priests.The seeds of the Filipino nationalism had been planted on fertile ground.

The campaign for reforms (1882-1892)

10. THE REFORM MOVEMENT (PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT 1882)Cortes --- the Phil would be represented in the Spanish lawmaking bodyAssimilation --- granting of Spanish citizenship to Filipinos.

To the phil would allow the Indios to be finally called “Filipinos”.Filipino reformists: great triumvirate

Graciano Lopez Jaena --- great orator Jose Rizal --- great thinker Marcelo H. del Pilar --- great political analyst and journalist.

Other reformists: Jose Ma. Panganiban Antonio Luna Mariano Ponce Eduardo de Lete

GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA born: Jaro (part of Iloilo) December 18, 1856 Parents: Placido Lopez and Maria Jacobo Jaena He studies at the Seminary of Jaro to become a priest, but later on he changed his mind to become physician

instead. He wrote “Fray Botod”, who was greedy, immoral, and cruel. 1889 --- he founded the fortnightly newspaper La Solidaridad (Solidarity) and became its first editor. Aims of the newspaper:

1. to fight reaction2. to stop all efforts to keep the Phil. a backward country3. to extol liberal ideas4. to defend progress

Anti-Filipino;Wenceslao RetanaPablo FecedPhilippines --- Pearl of the Orient

--- a piece of palpitating heart of SpainHe expressed the demands of the Filipino reformists:

1. representation in the Spanish Cortes2. The right to vote3. Freedom of Speech, of assembly, and of the press4. Freedom of commerce5. the removal of the friars from the Philippines because they were an obstacle to progress6. The education of the people7. Reforms in the jails of the country8. The abolition of the diezmons prediales or the tithe consisting of one-tenth of the produce of the land.

Lopez Jaena suffered from hunger and illness and on Jan. 20, 1896 he died in Barcelona Spain.

JOSE RIZABorn in Calamba Laguna on June 18, 1861He studied at the Ateneo Municipal and later at the UST.Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me not)El Filibusterismo (The Rebel)La Liga Filipina, a patriotic society which was suspected of uniting and preparing the people for revolution.He was first banished to Dapitan, Zamboanga. He was executed on Bagumbayan Field (Luneta/Rizal Park) on Dec. 30, 1896.

Marcelo H. Del Pilar, whom even his Spanish enemies called the “greatest journalist produced by the purely Filipino race”Born in barrio of Cupang Bulacan, Bulacan on Aug. 30, 1850.He studied at the College of San Jose and later at the UST. Where he finished law studies in 1880.1882 --- he founded the Tagalog-Spanish newspaper, Diariong Tagalog.He became an editor of La Solidaridad

La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas (Monastic Sovereignty in the Philippines) La Frailocracia Filipina (Fraillocracy in the Philippines)

Del Pilar wrote in the language of the masses Caiingat Cayo Dasalan at Toksohan Kadakilaaan ng Dios SAgot ng Espana sa Hibik ng Filipinas

Del Pilar had TuberculosisHe died on July 4, 1896

The Pro-Filipino Societies1882, they organized the Circulo Hispano-Filipino (The Spanish-Filipino Circle)The society published newspaper Revista del Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Journal of the Spanish-Filipino Circle)The purposed of this was to bring to the attention of the Spanish authorities in Spain the conditions in the Philippines and to work for the introduction of reforms which would benefit the Filipinos.1889 --- Asociacion Hispano-Filipina --- to work for the material and moral improvement of the Philippines.Aims:

The abolition of the diezmos prediales and the sanctorum The compulsory teaching of Spanish in all schools in the Philippines Radical reforms in UST Abolition of flogging as a form of punishment Establishment of agricultural banks tax and other reforms

11. LA LIGA FILIPINAJuly 3, 1892 La Liga FilipinaAmbrosio Salvador --- presidentAgustin de la Rosa --- FiscalBonifacio Arevalo --- treasurerDeodato Arellano --- secretaryAims the Liga :

1. to unite the whole archipelago into one strong body2. to give mutual protection of all members in case of necessity3. to encourage agriculture, commerce and education4. To defend memners against any kind of violence and injustice5. to study and apply reforms

The members of the society were to pay a monthly due of ten centavos.The money of the society was to be used for the following purposes:

1. Support a member or his son without financial means but with enough ability and industry:2. Support the poor against the rich and the powerful.3. To give financial help to any member who suffered losses4. To open stores and shops which wiuld sell goods to members at low prices5. To introduce machines in order to promote industries

Night of July 6 Rizal was arrested and he was detained in Fort Santiago pending deportation to DApitan Zamboanga.Cuerpo de Compromisarios (Body of Compromisers)

Why did reform movement failed:1. Spanish high officials in Spain were too busy with their own problems to listen to the collective voice of the

reformists.2. The reformists in the Spain and in the Phil. did not have the necessary financial means with which make their

campaign effective.3. The reformists themselves were not united.4. Friars in the Phil. had influential friends and supporters in Spain.

12. THE FOUNDING OF THE KATIPUNANJuly 7 1892 --- a small group of patriotic Filipinos met at a house on Azcarraga St. (Claro M. Recto) and decided to create a secret society.

1. Andres Bonifacio2. Teodoro Plata3. Valentin Diaz4. Ladislao Diwa5. Deodato Arrelano

KKK --- Kataastaasan Kagalanggalangang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Supreme and Venerable Association of the Sons of the People)Performed Blood Compact – to show patriotism and love of things that were Filipino.

--- it is an ancient Filipino custom of sealing friendship or brotherhood (kapatiran)Primary objectives:

Civic --- was based on the principle of self-help and the defense of the weak and the psor. Political --- separation of the Phil. from Spain, that is to secure the independence of the colony. Moral --- focused on teaching of good manners, hygiene and good moral character.

Katipuneros (Katipunan member) --- damayan among its members. Urged to help sick comrades and their families

Katipunan Government:Three governing bodies:

Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council) Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial Council) Sangguniang Balangay (Popular Council)

Judicial Council (Sangguniang Hukuman) which passed judgment on members who violated the rules of the Society.Katipunan Assembly --- Composed of the members of the Supreme Council and the presidents of the Provincial and Popular Councils.Secret Chamber

Bonifacio Emilio Jacinto Pio Valenzuela

First Supreme Council Officers:President/Supremo: Deodato Arellano, Roman Basa

Comptroller: Andres BonifacioFiscal: LAdislao Diwa, BonifacioSecretary: Teodoro Plata, Jose Turiano SantiagoTreasurer: VAlentin Diaz, Vicente Molina

Elected Councilors: Briccio Brigido Pantas REstituto Javier Teodoro Plata Teodoro Gonzales Ladislao Diwa

Katipunan Membership:1. First Grade --- katipon (Anak ng Bayan)2. Second Grade --- kawal (Gom-Bur-Za)3. Third grade --- bayani (Rizal)

Katipunan Flags by Benita RodriguezGregoria de Jesus

A red rectangle piece of cloth with a white sun with an indefinite number of white rays in the center.

Katipunera’s Duty --- aside from helping the male members in their work of propagating the ideas and ideal of the Society, was to make the police authorities believe that no Katipunan meeting was being held in a house. The woman engage in dancing and singing in full view of the people on the st..

Women members:President: Josefa RizalV-Pres: Gregoria de Jesus.Sec: marina DizonFiscal: Angelica Lopez Rizal “Riza’s niece”

1. The Founding of the Katipunan

ü  July 7, 1892: Azcarraga Street, Tondo (now Claro M. Recto Ave.)ü  Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano and a few others decided to form an association called: KATAASTAASAN, KAGALANGGALANG NA KATIPUNAN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYANü  The men gathered around a flickering table lamp, performed the ancient blood compact, and signed their membership papers with their own blood.

1. Katipunan Objectives

ü  Three Fundamental Objectives of Katipunan:

POLITICAL Objective: Consisted of working for the SEPARATION of Philippines from Spain. MORAL Objective: revolved around the teaching of good manners, hygiene, good morals and attacking obscurantism,

religious fanaticism and weakness of character. CIVIC Objective: revolved around the principle of self-help and the defense of the poor and the oppressed.

1. Membership

ü  It was agreed to win members to the society by means of the TRIANGLE METHOD.ü  This system was eventually changed on  Oct. 1892 because the method was slow and clumsy.ü  It was agreed upon that any member of the society could take in as many as members he could get.ü  Under this new method, the number of members increased.

1. Kinds of Membership

ü  When the Katipunan had sufficiently expanded to include more than a hundred new members in the ranks, Bonifacio thought it convenient to divide the members into THREE GRADES.

Grade One: Katipon

-     Wore a BLACK HOOD during meetings of the society.-     The hood had a triangle of white ribbon inside of which were the letters Z.Ll.B. – the Katipunan letters for A ng B (Anak ng Bayan)-     Password: ANAK NG BAYAN

Grade Two: Kawal

-     Wore a GREEN HOOD with a triangle consisting of white lines. At the angles of the triangle were the letters Z.Ll.B.-     Suspended from the neck of the Kawal was a green ribbon with a medal at the end, with the ancient Tagalog letter K in the middle of the medal. Beneath the K was a crossed sword and a flag.-     Password: GOMBURZA

Grade Three: Bayani

-     Wore a RED MASK and a sash with green borders, symbolizing courage and hope.-     The front of the mask had white borders that formed a triangle with 3K’s arranged as if occupying the angles of a triangle.-     At the latter’s base were the letters Z.Ll.B.-     Password: RIZALü  The Katipon could graduate to the Kawal class if he had brought in several members into the society.ü  The Kawal can become a Bayani upon election to become an officer of the society.ü  For the members to recognize each other in the street, the society adopted countersigns.ü  A member meeting another member places the palm of his right hand on his chest. As he pass the other member, he close his hand, bringing the index finger and thumb together.

1. Katipunan Codes

ü  The Katipuneros faced many dangers, so that precautions had to be taken to keep the society secret.ü  To maintain the secrets of their communication, Bonifacio made a system of writing that would make it difficult for the Spanish authorities to decode.

1. The Flags of the Katipunan

ü  With the Katipunan now well organized, Bonifacio turned his attention to the symbol of its authority.ü  Upon his request, Benita Rodriguez, with the help of Gregoria de Jesus, made a flag.OFFICIAL FLAG of the KATIPUNAN                                               A version of the Katipunan Flag ü  Owing to the lack of uniformity in the design and the use of the flag, some generals of the revolution adopted their own design.                            BONIFACIO’s FLAG                           Mariano Llanera’s Flag (Llanera’s Skull)                                         Gen. Pio del Pilar’s Flag

1. Andres Bonifacio

ü  The Father of the Katipunanü  “Supremo” of the Katipunanü  Founder and Organizer of the Katipunanü  the eldest among six children- four boys and two girls.ü  came from a poor family in Tondoü  his father (Santiago)is a pure Filipino, while her mother (Catalina) is a mestiza with a Filipino-Chinese-Spanish descentü  Supported his siblings when his parents died of tuberculosisü  Jobs:

He had a beautiful penmanship and talent to make attractive posters for clothing companies. He helped his siblings continue to make rattan walking canes and paper fans in the evening. He also wove hats. He accepted odd jobs from different companies.

ü  Great Dresser: He always wore an open coat and matched it with a necktie and black hat.ü  He wasn’t a barbaric individual who put up an arms struggle because of his violent nature as what some textbooks perceive.ü  had a scanty educationü  highly intelligentü  He completed only what we call grade four. But he was far from being uneducated.ü  He was a voracious reader. He read hundreds of foreign novels, books about the French revolution, politics, law, and religion.ü  He was fluent enough in Spanish to translate Jose Rizal’s Mi Ultimo Adios in Tagalog.ü  He also wrote the heart-stirring poem, Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa.ü  Humble: he knew his limitations and recognized the worth of othersü  Ruthless: When the society’s existence was at stake, he never hesitated to take drastic action against anybody whom he thought would defeat the purposes for which the Katipunan was founded.ü  He may have been ignorant from the point of view of the middle class, but he succeeded where they failed.ü  Without him, it is extremely doubtful whether the Phil. Revolution could have been a reality.ü  During his time, everybody seemed in despair and were not doing anything about it.ü  Had Two Wives

MONICA

-         Andres’ first wife-         Died of Leprosy

GREGORIA DE JESUS

-         Andres’ second wife-         From Caloocan-         LAKAMBINI of the Katipunan.-         Aka Ka Oriang-         Married Andres after a few months of courtship.-         She also came from a poor family.-         She had to stop studying just to be able to help her parents take care of her younger siblings.-         She wove and sewed textiles in their house to gain additional income.-         Like her husband, she was also tough.-         She became a member of the women’s chapter of the group.-         She was entrusted with the crucial role of custodian of documents, a tasked she heroically accomplished.-         Knowledge of succeeding Filipino generations about Katipunan is credited to her-         She risked her life even at a time when she was pregnant.

1. Emilio Jacinto

ü  BRAINS of the KATIPUNAN

ü  Joined the society at age of 18, becoming the youngest member of the Katipunan.ü  He became Bonifacio’s trusted friend and adviser.ü  He gave up his Law studies and joined the Katipunanü  His intelligence was of great use to the Katipunan.ü  He wrote the Kartilla: the primer of the Katipunan where rules and regulations are contained.ü  He edited Ang Kalayaan: Katipunan's newspaper where eople are informed about the aims and activities of the association.ü  As an editor of Kalayaan, he used Marcelo H. del Pilar as his pen name.ü  Emilio's greatest poem was A La Patria, inspired by Rizal's Mi Ultimo Adios.ü  It was signed "Dimas-Ilaw", his other pen name.ü  Emilio Jacinto was wounded critically during one of the battles in Majayjay, Laguna.ü  This led to his death on April 16, 1899 at the young age of 24.

1. Women’s Chapter of the Katipunan

ü  Membership was limited only to the wives, daughters and sisters of the male membersü  This is to ensure that no women of dubious character could penetrate the deep secrets of the societyü  Duties:

To take in new members, male or female. See to it that the meetings of the male members were not disturbed by surprise raids of the authorities. Pass and keep important documents of the association

1. Revolution: First Phase2. Rizal and the Revolution

-         Dr. Pio Valenzuela-         Narcisa Rizal

1. Preparations for the Struggle

-         Tito Miguel and Roman Ramos

1. Discovery of the Katipunan

-         Diario de Manila-         Apolonio dela Cruz and Roman Ramos-         Honoria-         Sor Teresa-         Fr. Mariano Gil

1. The “Cry” of Pugadlawin2. Reign of Terror3. Katipunan Faction

-         Magdalo: Baldomero Aguinaldo-         Magdiwang: Mariano Alvarez

1. Tejeros Convention

-         Daniel Tirona vs. Andres Bonifacio

1. 2nd Tejeros Convention

-         Naik Military Agreement

1. Trial and Execution of Bonifacio

-         Andres, Procopio and Ciriaco-         Placido Martinez and Teodoro Gonzales-         Guilty of treason and sedition-         Gen. Mariano Noriel and Gen. Pio del Pilar-         Maj. Lazaro Makapagal-         May 10, 1897: Mt. Tala

1. Biak-Na-Bato Republic

-         “To the Brave Sons of the Philippines”

1. expulsion of the friars and the return to the Filipinos of the lands they appropriated for themselves;2. representation in the Spanish Cortes;3. freedom of the press and tolerance of all religious sects;4. equal treatment and pay for Peninsular and Insular civil servants;5. abolition of the power of the government to banish citizens; and6. legal equality for all persons7. Truce of Biak-na-Bato

-         Pedro A. Paterno-         Gov. Gen. Primo de Rivera-         Provisions:

That Aguinaldo and his companions  go into voluntary exile abroad That Primo de Rivera would pay P800,000 to the rebels in three installments: P400,000: Aguinaldo upon his departure from Biak-na-Bato P200,000: when the arms surrendered by the revolutionists exceeded 700 P200,000: when the Te Deum was sung and General Amnesty was proclaimed by the governor That Primo de Rivera pay an additional P900,000 to the families of the non-combatant Filipinos who suffered during the

armed conflict

-         Celestino Tejeiro and Ricardo Monet-         Col. Miguel Primo de Rivera

1. Failure of the Truce

-         Gen. Francisco Makabulos of Tarlac

1. Revolution: Second Phase2. American Designs on the Philippines1. Expansion of the American Navy

– To expand the navy, the Americans have to gauge war against the Spaniards.

1. Battle of Manila Bay

– The naval battle was one-sided because while it is true that the Spanish ships outnumbered those of the Americans, they were poorly armed. Thus, Spain lost the battle. 

1. Aguinaldo

-         While in Hong Kong, he deposited the P400,000 given to him in 2 Hong Kong Banks. Only the interest was withdrawn and used for the expenses of the exiles.-         After the Battle of Manila Bay, he felt that there was an opportunity to oust the Spaniards from the Philippines.-         But there was a division in the ranks of the exiles, for ISABELO ARTACHO wanted the P400,000 to be divided among them and sued Aguinaldo in the Hong Kong Supreme Court.-         To avoid appearing in court, Aguinaldo, accompanied by Gregorio del Pilar and J. Leyba, secretly left for Singapore.

1. Aguinaldo and E. Spencer Pratt

-         Pratt persuaded Aguinaldo to take his lot to the Americans:“You need not have any worry about America. The American Congress and President have just made a solemn declaration disclaiming any desire to possess Cuba and promising to leave the country to the Cubans after having driven away the Spaniards and pacified the county. Cuba is at our door, while the Philippines is 10,000 miles away!

1. Aguinaldo Returns

-         Aguinaldo arrived in Cavite with the war materials he had brought from Hong Kong.-         The Renewal of the Struggle began after he issued a proclamation urging the people to rally once more to the Filipino flag in the struggle against the Spaniards.-         His return was demoralizing for the Spaniards.

1. The Siege of Manila

ü  Intramuros (Walled City)–         The place where thousands of Spaniards have sought refuge.–         Aguinaldo and his men besiege the city in an attempt to starve out the enemy within its walls.–         They surrounded the city and cut off the city’s food and water supply. This made the people in the city, Spaniards, Filipinos and aliens, suffer from hunger and thirst.–         It was only a matter of weeks before the Spanish authorities would surrender to Aguinaldo.–         Aguinaldo offered Gov. Gen. Augustin honorable surrender but he refused for in Spanish code of honor, the word surrender was non-existent.–         With this refusal, Aguinaldo and his men continued the siege.

1. The Spanish-American Secret Agreement

ü  George Dewey, thought that the surrender of Manila could be affected without the use of arms.ü  He started negotiations with Augustin, through the Belgian consul, Andre, regarding the surrender of Manila.ü  But when the Peninsular Government heard of Augustin’s plan for surrender, he was relieved as governor and was replaced by General FERMIN JAUDENES.ü  Jaudenes, like Augustin, believed that the Spanish position was hopeless and to save face, he insisted that to satisfy the Spanish code of honor, a MOCK BATTLE should happen after which, the Spanish forces would surrender.ü  It was stipulated that Filipino rebels should be excluded and should not be allowed to enter the city

1. The Mock Battle of Manila

ü  There was a short display of fireworks on the side of the enemies.ü  The Spaniards hoisted the white flag of surrender.ü  This signaled the “fall” of Manila and the end of the Spanish Colonial Period.

1. Malolos Republic

ü  First Philippine Republicü  The First Republic in Asia

ü  June 12, 1898: Declaration of Independenceü  Malolos Congressü  Malolos Constitution

1. Treaty of Paris

ü  December 10, 1898 the Treaty of Paris was signed.ü  It provided that Spain would cede the Philippines to United States.ü  In return, Spain would receive $20,000,000 from the US as payment for the improvement made in the colony.ü  US also agreed to give Spaniards the right to ship commodities to the Philippines for a period of 10 years.ü  This signaled the start of American Colonization in the Philippines.