The Beginnings of The Beginnings of EducationEducation(? To 476 A.D.)(? To 476 A.D.)

Sumeria: cuneiform math “texts”, 2000 B.C. Sumeria: cuneiform math “texts”, 2000 B.C.

China: some evidence of schools , 2000 B.C.China: some evidence of schools , 2000 B.C.

Greece: society assumes responsibility for Greece: society assumes responsibility for

education, 500 B.C.education, 500 B.C.

Greek EducationGreek Education500 B.C. - 500 A.D.500 B.C. - 500 A.D.

““Education” for elite.Education” for elite. ““Training” for the masses.Training” for the masses.

Education was in liberal studies; to be Education was in liberal studies; to be effective leaders.effective leaders.

Training was in trades, labor, military, Training was in trades, labor, military, etc.etc.

Socrates to Plato to Socrates to Plato to AristotleAristotle470-399, 427-347, 384-322 BC470-399, 427-347, 384-322 BC

Socrates:Socrates: Socratic methodSocratic method

teacher asks series of questions to teacher asks series of questions to lead students to a certain conclusion.lead students to a certain conclusion.

““Knowledge is virtue.”Knowledge is virtue.” Found guilty of inciting people Found guilty of inciting people

against government by Socratic against government by Socratic method, put to death.method, put to death.

PlatoPlato

Society should have 3 classes of Society should have 3 classes of people:people:

-- artisans, to do manual work.artisans, to do manual work.

-- soldiers, to defend society.soldiers, to defend society.

-- philosophers, to advance philosophers, to advance knowledge and rule.knowledge and rule.

AristotleAristotle

Education should be:Education should be:

-- scientific.scientific.

-- practical,practical,

-- objective.objective. Education is a social responsibility.Education is a social responsibility.

Roman EducationRoman Education

Conquered Greece in 146 B.C.Conquered Greece in 146 B.C. Influenced by Greeks.Influenced by Greeks. ““Latin schools” for children offered Latin schools” for children offered

general education.general education. Higher education grew from a Higher education grew from a

library after 70 A.D.library after 70 A.D.

Included law, medicine, math, Included law, medicine, math, mechanics.mechanics.

Education in the Middle Education in the Middle AgesAges476 - 1300 A.D.476 - 1300 A.D.

476: fall of Roman Empire.476: fall of Roman Empire. Catholic Church rises to power.Catholic Church rises to power. Church maintains power by Church maintains power by

maintaining control over knowledge.maintaining control over knowledge. Eventual plunge into “dark ages.”Eventual plunge into “dark ages.” Charlemagne (768) provided spark Charlemagne (768) provided spark

for education.for education.

Middle Ages (continued)Middle Ages (continued)

Revival in learning: 1000 - 1300.Revival in learning: 1000 - 1300. Medieval universities began.Medieval universities began. Middle Eastern influence spread Middle Eastern influence spread

from Northern Africa and Spain.from Northern Africa and Spain.

-- From Mohammed’s influence From Mohammed’s influence (569 - 632).(569 - 632).

Roots of Modern EducationRoots of Modern Education1300 - 17001300 - 1700

Renaissance: started in Italy ~ Renaissance: started in Italy ~ 1130.1130.

We reacquired a spirit of free inquiry.We reacquired a spirit of free inquiry.

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation Martin Luther published “95 Theses” Martin Luther published “95 Theses”

over right of individual access to God over right of individual access to God through direct access to Bible, 1517.through direct access to Bible, 1517.

Modern EducationModern Education1700 - present1700 - present

Voltaire: Voltaire: Age of Reason.Age of Reason.

Rousseau: Rousseau: Emergence of Man.Emergence of Man.

Pestalozzi: Pestalozzi: Leonard and GertrudeLeonard and Gertrude..

Hebart: teaching method in 5 steps.Hebart: teaching method in 5 steps.

Froebel: Froebel: Education of ManEducation of Man..

Education in AmericaEducation in America1600 - 18001600 - 1800

1635: Latin grammer school est. in 1635: Latin grammer school est. in Boston.Boston.

1636: Harvard established.1636: Harvard established. 1647: Massachusetts law required public 1647: Massachusetts law required public

schools.schools. By mid-1700’s: public elementary By mid-1700’s: public elementary

schools.schools.

Several colleges.Several colleges. By early 1800’s: high schools.By early 1800’s: high schools.