Cambridge University Press978-1-108-83976-1 — The Basilica of Saint John Lateran to 1600Edited by L. Bosman , I. P. Haynes , P. Liverani FrontmatterMore Information

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The Basilica of Saint John Lateran to 1600

The archbasilica of Saint John Lateran is the world’s earliest cathedral.

A Constantinian foundation pre-dating Saint Peter’s in the Vatican, it

remains the seat of the bishop of Rome, the pope, to this day. This

volume brings together scholars of topography, archaeology, architec-

ture, art history, geophysical survey and liturgy to illuminate this

profoundly important building. It takes the story of the site from the

early imperial period, when it was occupied by elite housing, through

its use as a barracks for the emperor’s horse guards to Constantine’s

revolutionary project and its development over 1,300 years. Richly

illustrated throughout, this innovative volume includes both broad

historical analysis and accessible explanations of the cutting-edge

technological approaches to the site that allow us to visualise its

original appearance.

lex bosman is Professor of Architectural History at the University

of Amsterdam, with a special interest in Early Christian and Medieval

Architecture. He has been a fellow of the Royal Netherlands Institute

in Rome and Scholar in Residence at the Istituto Universitario

Olandese di Storia dell’Arte in Florence. He is the author of many

publications, including The Power of Tradition: Spolia in theArchitecture of St. Peter’s in the Vatican (2004).

ian p. haynes is Professor of Archaeology at Newcastle University,

specialising in Roman Archaeology. He has directed twelve field

projects in five countries and in 2019 was awarded an ERC

Advanced Grant for a five-year investigation of SE Rome. He is the

author or editor of eight books including Blood of the Provinces (2013).

paolo liverani was Curator for Classical Antiquities at the

Vatican Museum and is now Professor of Ancient Topography at

the University of Florence. He is the author of eight books, including

The Vatican Necropoleis (2010).

Cambridge University Press978-1-108-83976-1 — The Basilica of Saint John Lateran to 1600Edited by L. Bosman , I. P. Haynes , P. Liverani FrontmatterMore Information

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British School at Rome Studies

Series editorsBarbara Borg

Chair of Publications of the British School at Rome

Rosamond McKitterick

Chair of the Faculty of Archaeology, History and Letters and member of theCouncil of the British School at Rome

Stephen J. Milner

Director of the British School at Rome

British School at Rome Studies builds on the prestigious and long-standing

Monographs series of the British School at Rome. It publishes volumes on

topics that cover the full range of the history, archaeology and art history of

the western Mediterranean both by the staff of the BSR and its present and

former members, and by members of the academic community engaged in

top-quality research in any of these fields.

Roman Port Societies: The Evidence of InscriptionsEdited by Pascal Arnaud and Simon Keay

Rome in the Eighth Century: A History in ArtJohn Osborne

Rome, Pollution and Propriety: Dirt, Disease and Hygiene in the Eternal Cityfrom Antiquity to ModernityEdited by Mark Bradley, with Kenneth Stow

Old Saint Peter’s, RomeEdited by Rosamond Mckitterick, John Osborne, Carol M. Richardson

and Joanna Story

The Punic Mediterranean: Identities and Identification from PhoenicianSettlement to Roman RuleEdited by Josephine Crawley Quinn and Nicholas C. Vella

Turin and the British in the Age of the Grand TourEdited by Paola Bianchi and Karin Wolfe

Cambridge University Press978-1-108-83976-1 — The Basilica of Saint John Lateran to 1600Edited by L. Bosman , I. P. Haynes , P. Liverani FrontmatterMore Information

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The Basilica of Saint John Lateranto 1600

Edited by

l. bosman

Universiteit van Amsterdam

i. p. haynes

Newcastle University

p. liverani

Università degli Studi di Firenze

Cambridge University Press978-1-108-83976-1 — The Basilica of Saint John Lateran to 1600Edited by L. Bosman , I. P. Haynes , P. Liverani FrontmatterMore Information

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www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108839761DOI: 10.1017/9781108885096

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First published 2020

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Bosman, Lex, editor. | Haynes, Ian P., editor. | Liverani, Paolo, editor. | LateranBasilica (Conference) (2016 : British School at Rome)Title: The Basilica of Saint John Lateran to 1600 / edited by L. Bosman, Universiteit vanAmsterdam; I.P. Haynes, University of Newcastle upon Tyne; P. Liverani, Universitàdegli Studi di Firenze, Italy.Description: Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2020. | Series: BritishSchool at Rome studies | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2020004191 (print) | LCCN 2020004192 (ebook) | ISBN 9781108839761(hardback) | ISBN 9781108885096 (ebook)Subjects: LCSH: Basilica di S. Giovanni in Laterano – History – Congresses. | Basilicas –Italy – Rome – History – Congresses. | Caelian Hill (Italy) – History – Congresses. | Rome(Italy) – Buildings, structures, etc. – Congresses.Classification: LCC NA5620.S4 B37 2020 (print) | LCC NA5620.S4 (ebook) | DDC720.9456/32–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020004191LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020004192

ISBN 978-1-108-83976-1 Hardback

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Contents

List of Figures [page viii]List of Contributors [xxiv]

Acknowledgements [xxv]

List of Abbreviations [xxvii]

1 The Lateran Basilica to 1600 [1]ian p. haynes, paolo liverani and lex bosman

2 The Evolution of the Lateran: From the Domus to the

Episcopal Complex [6]paolo liverani

3 At the Foot of the Lateran Hill, from Via Sannio to Viale

Ipponio: Archaeological Investigations Prior to the

Construction of Metro Line C [25]rossella rea and nicoletta saviane

4 Ground-Penetrating Radar Survey in the Saint John

Lateran Basilica Complex [52]salvatore piro, ian p. haynes, paolo liverani

and daniela zamuner

5 The First Residential Phases of the Lateran Area and

a Hypothesis to Explain the So-Called Trapezoidal

Building [71]giandomenico spinola

6 The Castra Nova and the Severan Transformation of

Rome [91]ian p. haynes and paolo liverani

7 Andrea Busiri Vici and the Excavations of 1876:

A Reassessment of the Archaeological Evidence [114]sabina francini

8 Visualising the Constantinian Basilica [134]lex bosman, paolo liverani, iwan peverett

and ian p. haynes v

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9 Constantine’s Spolia: A Set of Columns for San Giovanni

in Laterano and the Arch of Constantine in Rome [168]lex bosman

10 The Constantinian Basilica in the Early Medieval LiberPontificalis [197]rosamond mckitterick

11 The Lateran Baptistery in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries:

New Certainties and Unresolved Questions [221]olof brandt

12 The Nymphaeum of Pope Hilarus [239]paolo liverani and ian p. haynes

13 Examples of Medieval Construction Techniques in the

Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano [250]lia barelli

14 The Medieval Portico of Saint John Lateran [276]anna maria de strobel and nicoletta

bernacchio

15 MATER ET CAPUT OMNIUM ECCLESIARUM: Visual

Strategies in the Rivalry between San Giovanni in Laterano

and San Pietro in Vaticano [294]carola jÄGGI

16 The Remodelling of San Giovanni in Laterano by Pope

Nicholas IV: Transept, Apse and Façade [318]peter cornelius claussen

17 Furtum Sacrilegum: The ‘Holy Heads’ of Peter and Paul and

Their Reliquaries in the Lateran [345]daniela mondini

18 Reconsidering the Traces of Gentile da Fabriano and

Pisanello in the Lateran Basilica [379]andrea de marchi

19 The Rite of the Reconciliation of Penitents at the Lateran

Basilica [400]john f. romano

20 The New Passion Relics at the Lateran, Fifteenth to Sixteenth

Centuries: A Translocated Sacred Topography [428]nadja horsch

vi Contents

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21 The East Façade of the Complex of Saint John Lateran in

the Modern Era [466]alessandro ippoliti

22 The Book of Acts in the Constantinian Basilica: Cardinal

Cesare Baronio and the Navata Clementina in San

Giovanni in Laterano [492]filip malesevic

Bibliography [523]

Index [572]

Contents vii

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Figures

1.1 Overview of the Lateran area. [page 3]2.1 Map of Rome. [7]

2.2 Archaeological map of the Lateran: 1. Pottery fragments

from the Orientalising period; 2. Chamber tombs of the

middle Republican age; 3. Votive offerings (second half of

the fourth and third centuries BC); 4. Corsini chapel; 5.

So-called Saint Augustine fresco: 6. Cellars under the

oratory of Santissimo Sacramento. [8]

2.3 Paolo Anesi (Rome, 1697–1773), View of the LateranBasilica from the East. [9]

2.4 Plan of the Lateran area during the renovation works in

1965: Roman walls on the alignment of the Via Tusculana

between the Lateran cloister and the seminary. [10]

2.5 Marble fountain near the western corner of the Pallottines’

Garden. [20]

2.6 Marble fountain, plan of the excavation. [21]

2.7 Pallottines’ Garden, remains of a street. [21]

2.8 Corsini Throne, Corsini Gallery, Rome. [22]

2.9 Plan of the Scala Santa sanctuary: in the middle of the

eastern foundation of the Sancta Sanctorum Lauer’s tunnel.

To the south (n. 5), the oratory of Ss.mo Sacramento. [23]

2.10 Plan of Lauer’s tunnel in the foundation of the Sancta

Sanctorum: z. is the so-called Saint Augustine. [23]

2.11 Cross section north–south of the Scala Santa

sanctuary. [24]

3.1 The itinerary of the Metro Line C along the Aurelian

Walls. [26]

3.2 Station of San Giovanni. River bank (third

century BC). [27]

3.3 The landscape before human interventions. [29]

3.4 Amba Aradam Ipponio station: the building partially

excavated inside the perimeter of the station. [30]viii

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3.5 Overview of the complex. [31]

3.6 Overview from west. [32]

3.7 Above: plan and distribution of the billets. [34]

3.8 Museum Het Valkhof, Nijmegen: the interiors of the

billets. [35]

3.9 Barracks plan: Davison’s typology F. [36]

3.10 Plan of other barracks from Rome and plan of the Ipponio

barracks. [37]

3.11 The barracks on the Caelian and the Ipponio

barracks. [38]

3.12 The structures found in the gardens of Via Sannio. [40]

3.13 Stratigraphic section of the shaft of the gardens of Via

Sannio with the Aurelian Walls to the left. [42]

3.14 Plan of the portico dating to the Julio-Claudian period

from the gardens of Via Sannio. [44]

3.15 Structures dating to the first half of the third century BC

from the shaft of the gardens of Via Sannio. [45]

3.16 Plan of phase 1 of the Julio-Claudian portico from the shaft

of the gardens of Via Sannio. [47]

3.17 Wall in opus mixtum (northwestern internal end) and its

lining, part of the Julio-Claudian portico from the shaft of

the gardens of Via Sannio. [48]

3.18 Plan of phase 2 of the Julio-Claudian portico from the shaft

of the gardens of Via Sannio. [49]

3.19 Plan of phase 3 of the Julio-Claudian portico from the shaft

of the gardens of Via Sannio. [49]

3.20 Overview of the portico and gardens from the shaft of the

gardens of Via Sannio. [50]

4.1 Plan showing location of survey areas outside the

basilica. [56]

4.2 Anomalies located with 400 MHz antenna at the estimated

depth of 0.88 m (19–22 ns, twt), individuated in areas A1

and B1. [58]

4.3 Anomalies located with 400 MHz antenna at an estimated

depth of 1.75 m (41–45 ns, twt), individuated in areas A1

and B1. [60]

4.4 Anomalies located with 70 MHz antenna at an estimated

depth of 6.0 m, individuated in Areas A1 and B1. [62]

4.5 Anomalies located at an estimated depth of 1.35 m (30–34

ns, twt), individuated in the area A2, B2 and C2. [63]

List of Figures ix

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4.6 Anomalies located at an estimated depth of 2.0 m (47–50

ns, twt), individuated in Areas A2, B2 and C2. [65]

4.7 Anomalies located at the estimated depth of 2.0 m (38–42

ns twt), individuated in the area inside the basilica. [67]

4.8 Anomalies located at an estimated depth of 4.2 m (80–84 ns

twt), individuated inside the basilica. [68]

5.1 The Lateran area. 1. Domus of Titus Sextius Lateranus; 2.

Suburban villa (Plautius Lateranus?); 3. Villa of Lucius

Lusius Petellinus; 4. Villa of Lucius Piso. [73]

5.2 The suburban villa under the basilica: 1. Corridor; 2.

Staircase between the terraces; 3. Court; 4. Cubicula; 5.Room excavated in 1890. [74]

5.3 The excavations of the Trapezoidal Insula in 1876. 1. The

basin located in the peristilium near the Via Tusculana; 2.

Underground room of second phase. [75]

5.4 Pompeii, the Villa of Diomedes and Rome, the Lateran

Villa. [76]

5.5 The east side of the suburban villa. Suburban villa under the

basilica and the castra. [77]

5.6 An infill in the lower terracing and the elevation of the

pillars. [81]

5.7 The castra of Vindobona and the Castra Nova Equitum

Singularium. [89]

6.1 Plan showing location of historical excavations in the area

of the Castra Nova. [93]

6.2 The inverted Ionic capital recovered in the principia withinscriptions recording the collegium of the curatores. [95]

6.3 Section of Lateran Project laser scan showing the

foundations of one of the Castra Nova’s elongated barrack-

like buildings. [99]

6.4 Concept model of the Castra Nova complex c. AD 215

looking east. [104]

6.5 Visualisation of an office room in the principia of the

Castra Nova c. AD 310. [107]

6.6 The complex, multi-phase wall of Saint Venanzio preserves

elements of the walls of the original third-century bath

complex. [111]

6.7 Concept model showing the spatial relationship between

the Constantinian basilica and its predecessor, the Castra

Nova. [112]

x List of Figures

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7.1 A cross-section illustrating the plan for the mechanical

relocation of the Constantinian apse along with the

rearrangement of the underground archaeological

area. [115]

7.2 A. Busiri Vici, 8 August 1876. West side view of the

excavation area. [117]

7.3 A. Busiri Vici, plan of the excavations in the area of the

apse, 1877. [119]

7.4 Northeastern corner of the courtyard of the Trapezoidal

Insula. [120]

7.5 Detail of the 1876 illustration by Busiri Vici featuring the

basin below the mosaic flooring. [121]

7.6 Detail of the 1876 illustration by Busiri Vici showing the

rooms discovered in the southeastern portion of the

excavation. [122]

7.7 Detail of the 1876 illustration by Busiri Vici describing the

wall typologies found during the excavation. [124]

7.8 Detail of the 1876 photograph by Busiri Vici showing the

northern perimeter wall seen from the southwestern

side. [126]

7.9 Virginio Vespignani, 13 May 1877, 1:100 scale drawing of

the excavation area. Detail of the eastern portion of the

Trapezoidal Insula. [127]

7.10 Detail of the 1876 illustration by Busiri Vici showing

the eastern portion of the Trapezoidal Insula. [127]

7.11 Southeastern portion of the Trapezoidal Insula. [128]

7.12 Detail of the 1876 illustration by Busiri Vici showing

the western portion of the Trapezoidal Insula. [129]

7.13 Detail of the 1876 photograph by Busiri Vici showing

the western portion of the Trapezoidal Insula. [129]

7.14 Detail of the 1876 illustration by Busiri Vici showing

the northeastern corner of the Trapezoidal Insula. [130]

7.15 Detail of the 1876 illustration by Busiri Vici showing

the basin discovered between the B and C walls of the

castra. [131]

7.16 The sector to the east of the Constantinian apse. [132]

8.1 Filippo Gagliardi fresco, San Martino ai Monti

(c. 1651). [135]

List of Figures xi

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8.2 Image derived from laser scan under the basilica floor

showing column foundation surrounded by modern

conservation work. [140]

8.3 Working document showing overlay of modern basilica

plan on 2D slice of laser-scan data of foundations. [141]

8.4 Initial internal concept model based largely on survey

results, plans and the Gagliardi fresco showing simple

place-holder details such as columns. [143]

8.5 Concept models showing various interpretations of roof

design and pitch. [144]

8.6 Notated drawing showing thoughts and amendments from

one of the later workshops. [146]

8.7 The so-called spandrel in the Lateran basilica. [149]

8.8 The Constantinian Basilica as visualised by the

team. [149]

8.9 Chandelier, Musée du Louvre, Department of Egyptian

Antiquities. [153]

8.10 Various types of lights used in the reconstruction of the

basilica on the basis of the Liber Pontificalis. [154]

8.11 Saint John Lateran, Altar of the Holy Sacrament with the

four bronze columns from the Constantinian

fastigium. [157]

8.12 Battista Panzera, Saint Angelus from Jerusalem Preaching inthe Lateran, engraving, 1598, Franciscan Museum,

Rome. [159]

8.13 Francesco Contini, plan of the church and palace of the

Lateran. [160]

8.14 Hypothetical reconstruction of the fastigium. [163]

8.15 The blocks of the solea during Josi’s excavations. [163]

8.16 The blocks of the solea during Josi’s excavations. [164]

8.17 One of the blocks of the solea preserved in the cistern underthe principia. [165]

8.18 Cross-section with the reconstruction of the chancel fixed

on the foundation block. [166]

8.19 Axonometric model of the Lateran basilica. [166]

9.1 San Giovanni in Laterano, interior to the west. [172]

9.2 Niche in southern nave wall, flanked by columns of verdeantico. [175]

9.3 San Giovanni in Laterano, fragment of red granite column

in excavation area. [177]

xii List of Figures

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9.4 San Giovanni in Laterano, westernmost niche on north side

of the nave, with verde antico columns, and one column

shaft of red granite under the triumphal arch. [180]

9.5 San Giovanni in Laterano, two giallo antico columns

supporting the organ tribune in the north transept. [182]

9.6 Detail of giallo antico column on the right side under the

organ tribune. [184]

9.7 Westernmost end of aisles on the south side, with

colonnade as continuation of row of green marble columns

between inner and outer aisles. [188]

9.8 San Giovanni in Laterano, longitudinal section. [188]

9.9 Plan of foundations in southwestern part, with indication

of wall B. [189]

9.10 Plan of basilica with foundations and rising walls

preserved. [190]

9.11 Image of GPR survey by Salvatore Piro. [191]

9.12 Ground plan of fourth-century basilica. [193]

9.13 Open axonometric view of southwestern part of the

basilica. [193]

11.1 Drawings of the Lateran baptistery prepared by Spencer

Corbett for the Corpus Basilicarum ChristianarumRomae. [222]

11.2 Plan of the excavations 1924–6 inside the Lateran

baptistery. [223]

11.3 Plan of the foundation wall and of the lowest part of the

brick building. [225]

11.4 Wall paintings beneath the Lateran baptistery. [226]

11.5 One of the walls of the Lateran baptistery with traces of two

ancient windows. [227]

11.6 The two phases of the outer walls of the Lateran baptistery:

Constantine and fifth century. [228]

11.7 The wall of the Lateran baptistery towards the chapel of

Santa Croce. [230]

11.8 Plan of the Lateran baptistery and the surrounding

chapels. [231]

11.9 The preserved and visible remains of the Constantinian

walls of the Lateran baptistery; 3D model visualized in

Meshlab. [232]

11.10 Wall decoration of the Lateran baptistery in a drawing by

Giuliano di Sangallo around 1500. [233]

List of Figures xiii

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11.11 Wall decoration of the Lateran baptistery in an anonymous

drawing from the early seventeenth century. [234]

11.12 The vestibule of the Lateran baptistery. [235]

11.13 Outside of the left apse of the vestibule of the Lateran

baptistery. [237]

12.1 Plan of the area around the baptistery. Intact walls are

marked in black. The oratory of Santa Croce lies to the

northwest of the baptistery; the area we identify with the

nymphaeum of Pope Hilarus lies north-northeast of the

baptistery and directly north of the chapel of San Giovanni

Evangelista. [240]

12.2 Porphyry basin used as baptismal font, Santa Maria

Maggiore. [244]

12.3 Laser-scan point-cloud data rotated to view from northeast

with later intrusive features digitally removed. [245]

12.4 Cistern, fountain and ‘steps’ viewed from the

northeast. [245]

12.5 Mosaic floor positioned at base of ‘steps’ shown in Fig.

12.4. [246]

12.6 Opus sectile floor. [247]

12.7 Structures associated with the putative nymphaeum viewed

from the northeast. [248]

12.8 The northwest wall of the twelfth/thirteenthcentury

fountain, seen from the northeast. [249]

13.1 Above, details with the east portico and south area of the

same, from the plan of the Lateran complex of Francesco

Borromini, c. 1647; down, the same details from the plan

drawn by Giuseppe Marchetti for the Holy Year

1725. [253]

13.2 On the left, hypothetical reconstruction of the portico of

Sergius II (844–7) in front of Lateran basilica, plan and

elevation; on the right, hypothetical reconstruction of the

portico of Leo IV (847–55) in the complex of the Santi

Quattro Coronati at Rome. [254]

13.3 Above, Lateran baptistery. Fresco by Andrea Sacchi

depicting the façade of the Lateran basilica (c. 1644) anddetail of the same; below, anonymous sketch of the

southern section of the east portico of the Lateran basilica

during the demolition of the chapel of Saint Thomas in

1647. [255]

xiv List of Figures

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13.4 Above, detail of survey of the east façade of the Lateran

complex designed by Francesco Righi, c. 1647, and detail ofthe same; in the middle, engraving of the Lateran basilica

façade and detail; below, view from east of the Lateran

basilica of Hendrik van Lint, datable between 1700 and

1732, and detail. [256]

13.5 Southern section of Sergian portico at the conclusion of the

construction site, highlighting the construction

techniques. [262]

13.6 The east tower view from the roof of the nave. [263]

13.7 Above, plans of the east and west towers; below, plan of the

north arm of the transept with the addition of towers

between the existing walls. [265]

13.8 Survey of the inner walls of the towers with indication of

materials. [266]

13.9 East tower: above, detail of the transition between the

courtain of bricks and the courtain of tufelli; below, detailsof mortar joints of central pier and an inner wall. [267]

13.10 Above, on the left, view of staircase of east tower and, on the

right, detail of the vaults of west tower with centring holes;

below, on the left, detail of vaults of east tower and, on the

right, steps of east tower with marks in the form of an

‘H’. [268]

13.11 Synthetic model of construction phases of northern end of

the transept. [273]

14.1 The portico of the basilica of San Lorenzo fuori le

Mura. [277]

14.2 The main façade of the medieval archbasilica as depicted in

Ciampini, De sacris aedificiis. [278]

14.3 Fragments of the architrave of the medieval archbasilica,

now in the cloister of the complex. [279]

14.4 The frieze of the medieval archbasilica as depicted in

Ciampini, De sacris aedificiis. [280]

14.5 The frieze of the portico of San Lorenzo fuori le

Mura. [281]

14.6 The inscription-signature of Nicolaus de Angelo in

Ciampini’s etching. [282]

14.7 The Easter Candlestick in the basilica of San Paolo fuori le

Mura. [283]

List of Figures xv

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14.8 Two columns in yellow marble supporting the organ of the

transept. [285]

14.9 The Arch of Constantine in an etching by Bonaventura van

Overbeek (1660–1705), published in 1708. [290]

14.10 The column now located in the rightmost side of the

northern façade of the Arch of Constantine. [291]

14.11 The five columns from the Cosmatesque portico seem to

have been reused in the Loggia delle Benedizioni of the new

façade of the archbasilica. [292]

14.12 The coat of arms of Pope Pius XII at the centre of the

modern pavement of the archbasilica. [293]

15.1 Cartouche with inscription on the eighteenth-century

façade of San Giovanni in Laterano. [295]

15.2 Plan of Saint Peter’s (detail of the northern part of the

transept with the piscina of the baptistery and the

chapels of Saint John the Evangelist (no. 32), Saint

John the Baptist (no. 30) and the Holy Cross

(no. 35). [302]

15.3 Drawing of the wooden arca commissioned by Pope Leo III

(795–816). [305]

15.4 Giotto: Fresco in Saint Francis, Assisi, showing Saint

Francis acting as a support for the collapsing Lateran

basilica (= Roman Church). [307]

15.5 Late Antique porphyry sarcophagus from the mausoleum

of Helena, reused in 1154 for the burial of Pope Anastasius

IV. In the Lateran basilica. [310]

15.6 The medieval façade of San Giovanni in Laterano with the

twelfth-century portico. [311]

15.7 Seventeenth-century drawings of the twelfth-century

mosaics of the Lateran portico. [312]

15.8 Remaining fragments of the twelfth-century inscription of

the Lateran portico, today in the cloister of San Giovanni in

Laterano. [313]

16.1 San Giovanni in Laterano: Saint Francis, and Nicholas IV,

renewed apse mosaic. [319]

16.2 Assisi, San Francesco, upper church. Saint Francis supports

the porch of San Giovanni in Laterano. Detail of theDreamof Innocent III scene within the Saint Francis cycle,

probably by Giotto. [321]

xvi List of Figures

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16.3 San Giovanni in Laterano, Saviour, apse mosaic. Photo

before 1880 of the original mosaic of 1292. [322]

16.4 San Giovanni in Laterano, apse with ambulatory before

1875 from the west. [323]

16.5 San Giovanni in Laterano, ground plan of apse with

ambulatory, before 1880, by Busiri Vici. [324]

16.6 San Giovanni in Laterano, drawing of the eastern façade,

seventeenth century. [325]

16.7 San Giovanni in Laterano, reconstruction sketch of the

eastern façade, c. 1300. [326]

16.8 San Giovanni in Laterano, reconstruction of the

Constantinian basilica by de Blaauw, apse and western

parts [327]

16.9 San Giovanni in Laterano, view from the north.

Anonymous drawing, c. 1540. [328]

16.10 San Giovanni in Laterano, traces of a Constantinian door

and window in the northern aisle. [330]

16.11 San Giovanni in Laterano, plan of the southwestern parts of

the basilica. Black indicates the Constantinian foundations,

diagonal black/white indicates the foundations of the

transverse wing. [331]

16.12 San Giovanni in Laterano, Marten van Heemskerck, view

from the Lateran field with the papal palace und the façade

of the north transept of the basilica, c. 1536. [332]

16.13 San Giovanni in Laterano, scheme of transept, transvers

wings and cloister. [337]

16.14 San Giovanni in Laterano, south wall of transept. [339]

16.15 San Giovanni in Laterano, east wall of south

transept. [340]

16.16 San Giovanni in Laterano, ground plan. Reconstruction of

the medieval basilica, detail with transept. [341]

16.17 San Giovanni in Laterano, cross-section of the basilica and

eastern transept tower. [342]

16.18 Rome, Santi Quattro Coronati, palace (Torre Magno) from

the east with buttress. [343]

16.19 San Giovanni in Laterano, south wall of transept with

buttresses. [344]

17.1 San Giovanni in Laterano, main altar tabernacle by

Giovanni di Stefano, 1370. [346]

List of Figures xvii

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17.2 San Giovanni in Laterano, the reliquaries of the ‘Holy

Heads’ of Peter and Paul, enclosed in the tabernacle;

Giuseppe Valadier and Workshop, 1804. [347]

17.3 The ‘Holy Heads’ of Paul and Peter, reliquaries endowed by

the French pope Urban V and the French king Charles V,

1369. [348]

17.4 Portrait medallion of Paul on the left bronze door of the

reliquary altar endowed by Innocent III in the former

chapel of Saint Lawrence in the Lateran Palace (Sancta

Sanctorum). [351]

17.5 Papal seal of Paschal II (1099–1118) with the portraits of

Paul and Peter. [352]

17.6 The Lateran tabernacle during the ostention of the ‘Holy

Heads’, detail from a fresco representing the Encounter of

Saint Francis, Dominicus and the Carmelitan Saint

Angelus, by Giacomo Ligozzi, c. 1600, Florence, Ognissanti,first cloister. [355]

17.7 San Giovanni in Laterano, Cappella del Coro, former

Colonna chapel, late Gothic reliquary bust of Paul,

painting, oil on canvas, c. 1585. [356]

17.8 San Giovanni in Laterano, Cappella del Coro, former

Colonna chapel, late Gothic reliquary of Peter, painting, oil

on canvas, c. 1585. [357]

17.9 The reliquary busts of Peter and Paul from behind. [360]

17.10 The reliquary bust of Saint Agatha, Catania Cathedral,

signed by Giovanni di Bartolo, 1376. [362]

17.11 The Lateran tabernacle with a balcony-like stage (western

side). [364]

17.12 Andreuccio da Peroscia (?) stealing ecclesiastical goods (?);

copy of a lost fresco cycle, dated 1364, formerly in the north

transept of the Lateran basilica. [367]

17.13 Andreuccio da Peroscia being punished with incandescent

irons; copy of a lost fresco cycle, dated 1364, formerly in the

north transept of the Lateran basilica. [368]

17.14 Execution of Andreuccio da Peroscia; copy of a fresco cycle,

dated 1364, formerly in the north transept of the Lateran

basilica. [369]

17.15 Coat of arms belonging to the lost fresco cycles in the north

transept of the Lateran basilica. [370]

xviii List of Figures

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17.16 Cappocciola and Garofalo stealing the jewels from the

reliquary busts of Peter and Paul in the tabernacle of the

Lateran; copy of a fresco cycle (1438–40), formerly in the

north transept of the Lateran basilica. [371]

17.17 The public removal from office and degradation of the

three clergymen at the main altar of Santa Maria di

Aracoeli; copy of a fresco cycle (1438–40), formerly in the

north transept of the Lateran basilica. [373]

17.18 The exposure of the three culprits in the pillory on the

Campo dei Fiori; copy of a fresco cycle (1438–40), formerly

in the north transept of the Lateran basilica. [374]

17.19 The dragging and public execution of the sacrilegious

thieves on the Lateran square in front of the Annibaldi

tower; copy of a fresco cycle (1438–40), formerly in the

north transept of the Lateran basilica. [375]

18.1 Saint John Lateran, general view of the fragment of the

foliated frieze by Gentile da Fabriano at the top of the

northern wall of the nave. [382]

18.2 Saint John Lateran, fragment of the foliated frieze by

Gentile da Fabriano at the top of the northern wall of the

nave. [383]

18.3 Saint John Lateran, fragment of the foliated frieze by

Gentile da Fabriano at the top of the northern wall of the

nave. [384]

18.4 Saint John Lateran, fragment of the foliated frieze by

Gentile da Fabriano at the top of the northern wall of the

nave. [385]

18.5 Saint John Lateran, fragment of the foliated frieze by

Gentile da Fabriano (detail of the raised plaster at the top of

the northern wall of the nave). [386]

18.6 Saint John Lateran, relief from Gentile da Fabriano’s

frescos at the top of the northern wall of the nave, workshop

of Francesco Borromini. [387]

18.7 Saint John Lateran, fragment of the foliated frieze by

Gentile da Fabriano (detail of the azurite on the layer of red

morellone altered to malachite). [388]

18.8 Saint John Lateran, fragment of the foliated frieze by

Gentile da Fabriano (detail of the incisions of arches related

to the original curvature of the scroll). [388]

List of Figures xix

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18.9 Saint John Lateran, fragment of the foliated frieze by

Gentile da Fabriano (detail of the vertex of the moulding

surrounding a window and overlapping the horizontal

foliated frieze). [389]

18.10 Saint John Lateran, relief of the foliated frieze at the end of

the northern wall of the nave. [390]

18.11 Head of a Prophet (Solomon? Also believed to represent

Charlemagne) by Gentile da Fabriano. [391]

18.12 Fragment of the Head of a Prophet by Gentile daFabriano. [392]

18.13 Proposal for the sequence of the episodes painted by

Gentile da Fabriano (1427) and Pisanello (1431–2) on the

northern wall of the nave in Saint John Lateran. [394]

18.14 Pisanello, Woman’s Head (from a lost fresco with the

Preaching of the Baptist?). [398]

20.1 The ‘new relics’ marked in the so-called archive plan,

workshop of Domenico Fontana (?), 1585–6, etching,

Rome, Archivio Capitolare Lateranense [430]

20.2a Two octagonal pillars ‘from Pilate’s palace’, cloister of San

Giovanni in Laterano. [431]

20.2b Detail of a column shaft with iron ring. [431]

20.3a The mensura Christi, cloister of San Giovanni in

Laterano. [433]

20.3b Close-up of the upper part of the mensura Christi. [433]

20.4 The Pilate doors in the upper corridor of the Scala Santa

building. [434]

20.5 The Scala Santa with pilgrims. [436]

20.6a The ‘split column’, cloister of San Giovanni in

Laterano. [437]

20.6b Detail of a shaft with foliage and maenad relief. [438]

20.7 Hans Burgkmair, central panel of the triptych San Giovanniin Laterano, from a series of seven altar pieces dedicated to

the Principal Roman Churches, oil on wood, 1502. [441]

20.8 The interior of Pilate’s palace with the Scala Santa, the

doorframes and a porphyry slab. Detail from Piero della

Francesca, Flagellation of Christ, c. 1456–7, tempera on

wood. [499]

20.9 Die gewisse und wahrhafte Läng unsers Herrn Jesu Christi(‘the true length of Our Lord Jesus Christ’), paper amulet,

xx List of Figures

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Germany, fifteenth century. Freistadt (Upper

Austria). [452]

20.10 Jeronimo Nadal, Evangelicae Historiae Imagines JeronimoNadal, Imagines evangelicae historiae, Antwerp, 1593,p. CXVIII. [460]

20.11 Bernardino Amico, Reconstruction of Pilate’s palace in

Jerusalem with the Scala Santa, 1620. [462]

20.12a Görlitz (Saxonia), interior of the Holy Cross chapel, before

1520. ‘Golgotha’ setting with the three holes of the crosses

and a ditch for Christ’s blood. [462]

20.12b Görlitz, ground plan of the Holy Cross chapel. [463]

20.13a Görlitz, Holy Cross chapel, table with three dice in

a repository – an adaptation of themensura Christi? [463]

20.13b Detail of the repository. [463]

21.1 Fra’ Paolino da Venezia, Roma di Fra’ Paolino da Venezia,Rome, 1320. [467]

21.2 Alessandro Strozzi, Roma nei secoli IV/V, detail, Rome,

1474. [467]

21.3 Leonardo Bufalini, Roma nei secc. IV/XV: zona del Celio,Rome, 1551. [468]

21.4 Marten vanHeemskerck, Il palazzo lateranense e la basilica,Rome, 1535–8. [469]

21.5 Antonio Lafrèry, Veduta delle sette chiese di Roma, Rome,

1575. [471]

21.6 Mario Cartaro, Roma nel sec. XVI: Zona di Porta Maggioree del Colosseo, Rome, 1576. [472]

21.7 Stefano du Pèrac, Roma nel sec. XVI: Zona dell’AnfiteatroCastrense e di Porta Latina, Rome, 1577. [473]

21.8 Historical reconstruction of coritore novo through buildingcosts: plans and façades. [475]

21.9 Historical reconstruction of coritore novo through buildingcosts: sections and façade. [476]

21.10 Domenico Fontana’s survey of the Palazzo Apostolico:

façades. [478]

21.11 Domenico Fontana’s survey of the Palazzo Apostolico:

plans. [479]

21.12 Filippino Lippi, Disputa di S. Tommaso d’Aquino con glieretici, Rome, 1488. [481]

21.13 Marten vanHeemskerck, Il palazzo lateranense e la basilica,Rome, 1535–8. [483]

List of Figures xxi

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21.14 First scholar of Francesco Borromini, Alzato di S. Giovanniin Laterano, Rome, 1647. [484]

21.15 Francesco Borromini and scholars, Pianta del complesso diS. Giovanni in Laterano, Rome, 1646. [485]

21.16 Giovan Battista Falda, Roma nel sec. XVII: Zona diS. Giovanni in Laterano e delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome,

1676. [486]

21.17 Filippo Juvarra, Progetto per la facciata e la piazza di

S. Giovanni in Laterano, Rome, 1715–16? [488]

21.18 Paolo Anesi, Veduta della basilica di S. Giovanni inLaterano, Rome, 1697–1773. [488]

21.19 Anonymous, Pianta di progetto della piazza da realizzaredavanti alla Basilica di S. Giovanni in Laterano, Rome,

eighteenth century. [490]

21.20 Paul Marie Letarouilly, Veduta della facciata principaledella Basilica e del Palazzo di S. Giovanni in Laterano,Rome, 1841. [491]

22.1 Giovanni Battista de’ Cavalieri, Constantine the Great’sVision of the Cross, in Ecclesiae anglicanae trophaea(1584). [495]

22.2 Pier Paolo Olivieri et al., Altar of the Blessed Sacrament,

transept, San Giovanni in Laterano. [498]

22.3 Cesare d’Arpino, Ascension of Christ, 1601, transept, SanGiovanni in Laterano. [499]

22.4 Bernardino Cesari, Triumphal Entry of Constantine theGreat into Rome, 1598–1600, fresco, transept, San Giovanniin Laterano. [500]

22.5 Cesare Nebbia, Constantine the Great’s Dream of theApostles Peter and Paul, 1598–1600, transept, San Giovanniin Laterano. [501]

22.6 Paris Nogari, The Discovery of Sylvester on Mount Soratte,1598–1600, transept, San Giovanni in Laterano. [502]

22.7 Cristoforo Roncalli, Pope Sylvester Baptises Constantine theGreat, 1598–1600, transept, San Giovanni in

Laterano. [503]

22.8 Paris Nogari, Foundation of the Lateran, 1598–1600,transept, San Giovanni in Laterano. [504]

22.9 Giovanni Battista Ricci, The Consecration of the MainAltar, 1598–1600, transept, San Giovanni in

Laterano. [505]

xxii List of Figures

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22.10 Paris Nogari, TheMiraculous Apparition of the Volto Santo,1598–1600, transept, San Giovanni in Laterano. [506]

22.11 Giovanni Baglione, Constantine the Great’s Donation to theLateran, 1598–1600, transept, San Giovanni in

Laterano. [507]

22.12 Altar and confessio chapel in Cardinal Baronio’s titular

church of Santi Nereo e Achilleo. [516]

List of Figures xxiii

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Contributors

Lia Barelli, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy

Nicoletta Bernacchio, Sovrintendenza di Roma Capitale, Italy

Lex Bosman, Universiteit van Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Olof Brandt, Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana, Rome, Italy

Peter Cornelius Claussen, Universität Zürich, Switzerland

Andrea De Marchi, Università degli studi di Firenze, Italy

Anna Maria De Strobel, Independent Scholar, Italy

Sabina Francini, Musei Vaticani, Vatican City

Ian P. Haynes, Newcastle University, UK

Nadja Horsch, Universität Leipzig, Germany

Alessandro Ippoliti, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Italy

Carola Jäggi, Universität Zürich, Switzerland

Paolo Liverani, Università degli studi di Firenze, Italy

Filip Malesevic, Université de Fribourg, Switzerland

Rosamond McKitterick, University of Cambridge, UK

Daniela Mondini, Università della Svizzera italiana, Switzerland

Iwan Peverett, New Visions, UK

Salvatore Piro, Consiglio Nazonale delle Ricerche, Italy

Thea Ravasi, Newcastle University, UK

Rossella Rea, Parco Archeologico del Colosseo, Rome, Italy

John Romano, Benedictine College in Atchison, Kansas, USA

Nicoletta Saviane, Società Land, Italy

Giandomenico Spinola, Musei Vaticani, Vatican City

Daniella Zamuner, Consiglio Nazonale delle Ricerche, Italy

xxiv

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Acknowledgements

The editors and authors of this volume would like to extend their thanks to

the following colleagues for their contribution to its production.

It has been an extraordinary privilege to research the story of the

archbasilica of Saint John Lateran and to work in the archaeological area

beneath the cathedral. None of the analysis below ground would have been

possible without the kind support of Dr Barbara Jatta, director of the

Vatican Museums, the colleagues of the Vatican Museums’ Department

of Greek and Roman Antiquities who have contributed to this volume and

Dr Leonardo Di Blasi of the same department. For his gracious permission

to conduct research inside the Archbasilica, we are indebted to Mons.

Natalino Zagotto, Capitolo della Basilica di S. Giovanni in Laterano. The

help of Stefano Porfiri and Roberto Rosselli, both of the archbasilica, is also

very gratefully acknowledged. In and around the basilica grounds, the

insight, expertise and technical assistance of colleagues from the Servizi

Tecnici del Governatorato, notably the director, Don Rafael Garcia de la

Serrana Villalobos, Ing. Enrico Sebastiani and Ing. Silvio Scripanti, has

been of the greatest possible importance.

The idea for a volume on Saint John Lateran developed from conversa-

tions with Professor Christopher Smith, then director of the British School at

Rome. He also secured the generous funding that made the initial conference

in September 2016 possible, and has been of tremendous support through-

out. Our thanks go to the generous anonymous donor, a major supporter of

the British School at Rome, whose gift made all the difference to taking this

work forward. The British School’s ongoing support, both from Christine

Martin and Stefania Peterlini in the organisation of the launch conference,

and subsequently through the director, Professor Stephen Milner, has been

indispensable. We also wish to extend our thanks to Professor Barbara Borg,

the BSR’s chair of publications, and to the two anonymous readers whose

reports on the volume were so useful to us as editors.

Further thanks are due to the Royal Netherlands Institute in Rome

(KNIR) for supporting the conference in 2016, lodging several of the speak-

ers and hosting a reception for conference delegates. We are also grateful to

xxv

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theNetherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS) for a fellowship for Lex

and for facilitating an early and formative residential seminar on visualisa-

tion, and to the many colleagues who have joined us in discussion on so

many aspects of this journey. In particular, we thank Dr Patricia Lulof, and

Professor Drs Bram Kempers, Ralf Behrwald, Sible de Blaauw and Bernard

Frischer. Ian would like to thank the Fellows of Peterhouse, Cambridge for

electing him a Visiting Fellow to pursue work on this volume. He also

acknowledges with gratitude the hospitality of the McDonald Institute of

Archaeology at the University of Cambridge during the same period. As

directors of the Lateran Project, Paolo and Ian would also like to acknowl-

edge their debt to the many colleagues otherwise unnamed in this volume

whose sheer hard work and technical expertise played a vital role in the

extensive survey work undertaken at the Lateran. In this context we would

especially wish to honour the work of Dr Sabrina Amaducci, Dave and

Denise Heslop, Stephen Kay, Dr Antonio Garcia Lopez, Adriano Morabito

(and our colleagues at Roma Sotterranea) and Alex Turner.

The compilation of the volume has been a substantial task, and we are

most grateful for the expertise and assistance of three colleagues in parti-

cular, all of them accomplished archaeologists in their own right. Dr Thea

Ravasi has contributed to multiple aspects of the finished volume and

prepared many of the technical illustrations. Dr Evan Scherer has played

an invaluable role in further proofreading and the building of the biblio-

graphy. Dr Giacomo Savani further contributed extensively to both editing

and the translation of key texts.

xxvi Acknowledgements

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Abbreviations

AE L’Année Épigraphique (Paris, 1888–)ASV Archivo Segreto Vaticano

BAV Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana

BiASA Biblioteca di Archeologia e Storia dell’Arte

Blaauw, CD S. de Blaauw, Cultus et decor: liturgia e architetuttura nellaRoma tardoantica e medieval, 2 vols. (Vatican City, 1994)

CBCR R. Krautheimer, S. Corbett and A. Frazer, CorpusBasilicarum Christianarum Romae, 5 vols. (Vatican City,

1937–77)

CCCM Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis

CCSL Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina

CIL Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (ed.),

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, 17 vols. (Berlin 1862–93)

CSEL Corpus Scriptorum, Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum

DNO S. Kansteiner, K. Hallof, L. Lehmann and B. Seidensticker

and K. Stemmer (eds.), Der Neue Overbeck, 5 vols. (Berlin,2014)

ICUR G. B. de Rossi (ed.), Inscriptiones Christianae Urbis Romae, 2vols. (Rome, 1857–88)

ILCV E. Diehl (ed.), Inscriptiones Latinae Christianae Veteres(Berlin, 1924)

ILS H. Dessau (ed.), Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, 3 vols.(Berlin, 1892–1916)

LP L. Duchesne (ed.), Le Liber Pontificalis: Texte, introductionet commentaire, 2 vols. (Paris, 1886–92); additions andcorrections, C. Vogel (ed.) (Paris, 1957), cited subsequently

as LP, I, II with vita number and chapter (where relevant)

LTUR E. M. Steinby (ed.), Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae, 6vols. (Rome, 1993–2000)

LTURS A. La Regina (ed.), Lexicon Topographicum Urbis RomaeSuburbium, 5. vols. (Rome, 2001–8)

MLCT Monumenta Liturgica Concilii Tridentinini

MEFRA Mélanges de l’École Française de Rome. Antiquité xxvii

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MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica

PBSR Papers of the British School at RomePIR Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (ed.),

Prosographia Imperi Romani, 8 vols. (1933–2015)PL J.-P. Migne (ed.), Patrologia Latina, 217 vols. (Paris,

1841–65)

PLRE A. H. M. Jones, J. R. Martindale and J. Morris (eds.), TheProsography of the Later Roman Empire, 3 vols. (Cambridge,

1972–92)

RAC Rivista di Archeologia CristianaRE Realencyclopädie des classischen AltertumswissenschaftRIC H. Mattingly and E. A. Syndenham, The Roman Imperial

Coinage, 10 vols. (London, 1923–94)RJBH Römisches Jahrbuch der Bibliotheca Hertziana

xxviii List of Abbreviations