THE BABY’S ARRIVAL. PREPARING FOR THE BABY’S ARRIVAL Maternity leave – time off from a job...

THE BABYS ARRIVAL

PREPARING FOR THE BABYS ARRIVAL Maternity leave time off from a job allowing a woman to give birth, recuperate, and care for her new baby. Paternity leave time off from a job allowing a father to care for his new baby.

BREAST FEEDING VS. BOTTLE FEEDING Formula A mixture of milk or milk substitutes, water, and essential nutrients. Write a persuasive paper explaining to soon to be mothers the advantages and disadvantages of breast-feeding or bottle feeding. Your goal is to persuade a new mother to use one or the other based on what you think is best.

Disposable diapers or cloth Diaper pins Waterproof pants for cloth diapers Washcloths Diaper rash ointment Cover diaper pail Basket or hamper Wipes 6-8 undershirts 4-6 one-piece footed sleepers 4-6 gowns 6 cotton receiving blankets 1 warm outer wrapping blanket 1 sweater and cap set 1 dress-up outfit Coat and mittens Large bottles Cleaning brush Breast pump and padsBibs Plastic bottles for storing milkHigh chair Small bottles for water or juice Nipples and Bottle caps Fitted crib sheet Waterproof mattress Absorbent pads Heavier crib blanket Bumper pads Storage space Wastebasket Bathtub or containerCotton balls Mild, pure soapNail scissors Baby shampoothermometer Soft washclothsComb Soft bath towels Baby oil and lotion Car seat Tote bag Stroller, carriage, or infant carrier

MAKING A BUDGET A spending plan Fixed expenses the costs of items that cannot be changed, such as rent, mortgage payment, taxes, insurance payments, and loan payments. Flexible expenses costs for items over which people have some control and which can be cut back if necessary. Added expenses medical expenses will be covered by insurance, income lost if one of the parents plans to take time off from a paying job.

PREPARED CHILDBIRTH Prepared childbirth a method of giving birth in which pain is reduced through the elimination of fear and the use of special conditioning exercises. Labor the process by which the baby gradually moves out of the uterus into the vagina to be born. Delivery the birth itself.

WHO WILL DELIVER THE BABY? Obstetricians Doctors who specialize in prenatal and postnatal care of the mother and baby. Family Doctors General practice doctors, deliver babies and provide prenatal and postnatal care. Licensed midwives Nurse-midwife a registered nurse with advanced training in the care of normal, uncomplicated pregnancy and birth. Lay-midwife a person who has special training in the care of pregnant women and uncomplicated deliveries but does not have a nursing degree.

CHILDBIRTH OPTIONS Places Home Unexpected problems may arise Midwife usually present Hospital Usually spend 2 to 3 days in the hospital after a routine delivery, or up to one week if there are complications. Many staff available High tech equipment if a problem should happen. May offer several types of services Insurance only pays for two days of hospital stay. Can be very expensive Alternative Birth Center A facility that provides a more homelike environment for labor and delivery. Emphasize natural childbirth, and do not offer pain medications Water birth option Family and friends are welcome Midwives generally handle births in the centers. Most only accept mothers with a low risk of complications. Charge less than hospitals

HISTORY OF DELIVERY

EARLY 1647 Forceps developed many babies died in the early years of their use Before 19th century was uneventful - life went on as normal no pain relief Mid 19th century women feared childbirth - painful or even fatal higher social status less children you had 1800 Chloroform was used to relieve women of any pain it was harmful and even fatal to mother and baby

MID 1882 First successful Cesarean delivery death rate remained high until 20th century 1898: German doctor August Bier injected cocaine into his assistants spinal column (the forerunner of the modern day epidural). It numbed the fellows lower body, but the next morning he woke with horrible vomiting and headaches. 1900 Middle class women would be confined until well after the baby was born Introduction of Maternity clothes (Lane Bryant)

1920 TWILIGHT LABOR mmorphine and scopolamine (general anesthetic) ((These drugs proved to be harmful to baby and mother) UUse of stirrups to prevent any tearing or ripping TThe medical profession won stronger licensing laws and helped shape the medical system so that its structure supported, rather than undermined, professional dominion. DDr. Joseph DeLee proposed that childbirth is a pathological process. ssedate women at the beginning of labor, allow the cervix to dilate, give ether during the pushing stage, cut an episiotomy, deliver the baby with forceps, extract the placenta, give medications for the uterus to contract, and repair the episiotomy

1930S 1930: The American Board of Obstetricians and Gynecology was established.

1950S 1950 Use of drugs in assisted childbirth becomes popular

1960S 1965: On July 30 U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into effect Medicaid and Medicare. 1968: Continuous electronic fetal monitoring was introduced, only used on 510 percent of women, those considered high risk.

1970S 1970 Natural childbirth is newly popular Midwife becomes popular

1980S 1980 Back toward hospital births Late 1980s: Hospitals introduced LDR rooms (Labor, Delivery and Recovery rooms, where you labored, gave birth in, and recovered all in the same room rather than moving to different rooms for each of those stages).

2000S 2006: 22 percent of women have their labors induced. 2008: 33 percent Cesarean rate. An average 80 percent of women elect for an epidural for vaginal delivery. www.birthologie.com/pregnancy/the-history-of-childbirth/

THE BIRTH PROCESS

THE BEGINNING OF LABOR One sign that labor is approaching occurs when the baby settles deep into the mothers pelvis, preparing for their journey into the world. Settling is often called lightening. Bloody show Losing the mucus plug. The cervix(lower part of the uterus) serves as a kind of door, it is closed and sealed with a mucus. It helps prevent bacteria from moving up and causing an infection. As the body prepares the mucus begins to liquefy. Water breaks A trickle or gush of warm fluid from the vagina. The membrane holding the amniotic fluid surrounding the baby has broken. For most women the membrane does not rupture until at the hospital. Contractions The tightening and releasing of the uterine muscle. Over time, they get longer, stronger, and closer together.

STAGES OF LABOR 1 st stage Dilation of the Cervix contraction open the cervix 2 nd stage Delivery of the Baby the baby is born. 3 rd stage Delivery of the Placenta the placenta is expelled.

1 ST STAGE Each time the uterus contracts during this stage, the muscles gently pull up on the cervix, slowly thinning and opening it unit it is wide enough for the babys head to slip out. The cervix dilates, or widens, to form an opening about 4 inches din diameter and becomes as thin as a sheet of paper(effacement). Contractions get longer Cervix opens, baby moves to lower pelvis. Most cases baby should be head down, if feet or butt is first it is called breech, these babies may have trouble moving pelvis. Fear and tension can cause the labor to slow down and make it more uncomfortable. End of the stage contractions become very strong, last for up to 90 seconds and occur about 2 to 3 minutes apart. Cervix is fully dilated to 4 inches or 10cm.

2 ND STAGE Babys head has slipped out of the uterus into the vagina. Contractions now work to move the baby down. Can be as short as three minutes or as long as 3 hours. Bones of the pelvis are joined together by ligaments, allowing it stretch open. The babys skull is soft and flexible. So it becomes longer and narrower than normal. If the mothers cervix does not open enough, there is a procedure to assist in the delivery. A surgical incision called an episiotomy. This will prevent tearing of the womans tissue. Forceps specialized tongs made from band of surgical steel that are molded to fit the shape of a babys head.

As the head emerges entirely (left) the physician turns the babys shoulders (right), which emerge one at a time with the next contractions. The rest of the body then slides out relatively easily, and the umbilical cord is sealed and cut.

3 RD - STAGE The placenta Lasts for 2 minutes or half an hour. Contractions help the placenta separate from the wall of the uterus. The placenta is soft and comes away easily. The birth process is complete after the placenta.

OTHER TYPES OF DELIVERY Cesarean section: a small incision made in the lower abdomen and uterus where the baby is delivered Epidural:a type of block used to deaden pain during labor and delivery mom can still push and participate in the labor Natural childbirth: no medications, relax the body by using breathing techniques Leboyer method: gentle childbirth reduce the pain and shock of delivery quiet delivery room, dim lights, soft music playing Crouching method: squatting down and letting gravity help deliver the baby. less chance of tearing used in more primitive societies Birth in water: becoming more popular water helps mom relax and softens the shock of deliver for mom Home delivery:still common use of midwife to help deliver the baby mom can be relaxed because she is at home with her family only to be used for low risk pregnancies

Prolapsed cord Poor presentation Mother too small Baby too big Placenta praevia Placenta abruption Fetal distress Mother or child cannot tolerate labor STDs Previous C-section Toxemia

CESAREAN BIRTHS About 22% of children born in the US are by C-section. Names after Julius Caesar. Why have a C-section Mothers pelvis is too small Baby or mother at medical risk Babys head is too large Baby is in an incorrect position Previous C-section scars could rupture

Most women prefer some kind of anesthesia. Natural (unmedicated) childbirth is becoming more popular because the anesthesia can make the newborn baby less alert after birth. An epidural is given in the spinal sheath and deadens the patient from the waist down. A saddle block deadens the area where you ride a saddle. A paracervical block, also known as a cervical block deadens the cervix. A pudendal block is given in the pudendal nerve and will numb the whole bottom and legs. The cervix must dilate to some degree before any anesthesia is given. For this reason, a mother needs to learn some breathing and relaxation techniques.

THE NEWBORN AT BIRTH The babys lungs are filled with fluid. The pressure of being squeezed down the birth canal forces much of the fluid out. When the baby finally emerges, the pressure is released and the babys lungs automatically expand. Taking their first breath. The umbilical cord is cut; within a few minutes the cord stops pulsing and begins to shrink. It is clamped, tied, and cut off. Newborns have a unique appearance. Heads are large and wobbly, accounts for of entire length. May be lopsided or pointed from the passage. Fontanels open space where the bones of the babys skull have not yet permanently joined. soft spot Fat cheeks; a short, flat nose; and a receding chin. Eyes are nearly adult-sized. Usually dark grayish-blue the permanent eye color becomes apparent within several months. Dusky color, improves after breathing. Babys are covered in a rich, creamy substance called vernix. Many babies have tiny white bumps scattered over their nose and cheeks, called milia or baby acne. Will disappear in a week or two.

EXAMINING THE NEWBORN Apgar Scale, a method of evaluating a newborns physical condition. the infant is given a rating from 0 to 2 in each of these five areas: Pulse Breathing Muscle tone Reflex to stimulation Skin color A total score of 6 to 10 is considered normal. A lower score is a sign that the baby needs special attention. Usually given one minute after birth and then again at five minutes after birth. With in 60 minutes of delivery, antiseptic ointment are put into the babys eyes to guard against infection. The baby is weighed, measured, and cleaned up. A permanent copy of the babys footprint. Identification bands

THE POSTNATAL PERIOD

BONDING AND ATTACHMENT Bonding the process of forming lifelong emotional ties. Breast-feeding: the first breast milk, is called colostrum. It is easy for the newborn to digest and rich in antibodies to protect against disease. Sometimes thick in consistency; it may be clear or yellow in color.

BIRTH CERTIFICATE Issued free of charge after the baby is born. Simple process, fill out the form provided by the hospital. Considered the most important piece of personal identification anyone has.

PREMATURE BABIES Born before prenatal development is complete. Weight is less than 5 pounds or born before 36 weeks. Occurs between 8 & 10% of all pregnancies Usually placed in an incubator a special enclosed crib in which the oxygen supply, temperature and humidity can be closely controlled. Heart and lungs are electronically monitored. They may have health problems because their organs did not have enough time to develop, more likely to have jaundice and breathing problems. Jaundice - a yellow color of the skin, mucus membranes, or eyes. The yellow coloring comes from bilirubin, a byproduct of old red blood cells. Jaundice can be a symptom of other health problems.

POSTNATAL CARE Postpartum Care the care mother receives during the six to eight weeks following the birth. On average a women loses 11 pounds during birth and another 7 pounds during the few weeks after birth. Physical Needs Rest Exercise Nutrition Medical checkup Postpartum Mood Disorders very common affecting 15 to 25% of all people. Emotions Stress baby blues unsure why they occur but are very common. A mild postpartum mood disorder. Postpartum depression serious for of depression. Try to take some time away from the baby for short periods

A NEW FAMILY MEMBER

THE AMAZING NEWBORN Reflexes Instinctive, automatic responses, such as sneezing and yawning. Three of a newborns temporary reflexes are the rooting reflex, the grasp reflex, and the startle reflex. Rooting Automatic response, when touched on lips or cheek, of turning toward the touch and beginning to suck. Helps baby find food Grasp Automatic response of a newborns hand to close over anything that comes in contact with the palm. At 3 months the baby beings to reach for objects. Startle Automatic physical response legs thrown up, fingers spread, arms extended and then brought rapidly back to the midline while the fingers close in a grasping action to a loud noise or to a touch on the stomach.

CARE FOR NEWBORNS What do babies need? Food- crying is the most effective way for a newborn to signal hunger. They want food immediately and it is important to give it to them. This helps babies learn to trust the world. Sleep wake at night between one and three times for feeding. A newborn sleeps on average of 15 hours a day, typically in six to eight separate periods. Exercise waving their arms and legs, this helps their muscles and nervous system develop. Safe, clean and warm diapering and bathing, watchful eye while awake, keep harmful objects away. Medical care Things to look at, touch, listen to, and play with stimulating surroundings to help them learn. Love

WHAT DO PARENTS NEED? Knowledge of how to care for an infant. Resources to turn to for answers to their questions. Information about normal occurrences and emotions they experience Time to fill their many roles Emotional support Financial planning Reassurance and confidence Agreement about parenting and household responsibilities Personal health, rest, nutrition Privacy and time alone.

UNDERSTANDING BABY LANGUAGE Hunger is the #1 reason babies cry. Hot or cold Lying in an uncomfortable position Fatigue Loneliness No reason at all

EARLY TEMPERAMENT Temperament style of reacting to the world and of relating to others. Be sensitive to the babys own style, babys also learn to adapt to a parents style.

THE BABY’S ARRIVAL. PREPARING FOR THE BABY’S ARRIVAL Maternity leave – time off from a job...

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