The Atlantic Companion toLiterature in English

Edited by

Mohit K. Ray

ATLANTICPUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTORS (P) LTD

Preface v

Abbas, Khwaja Ahmad 1

Abercrombie, Lascelles 1

Abrahams, Peter 2

Achebe, Chinua 2

Adair, Gilbert 3

Adams, Douglas 4

Adcock, Fleur 5

Addison, Joseph 5

Adventures of Huckleberry

Finn, The 6

Agard, John 6

Aidoo, Ama Ata 7

Akenside, Mark 7

Aldiss, Brian 7

Alkali, Zaynab 8

Alvi, Moniza 9

Ambassadors, The 9

Amis, Kingsley 10

Amis, Martin 10

Anand, Mulk Raj 11

Anderson, Balfour 13

Anderson, Jessica 13

Andric, Ivo 14

Animal Farm 14

Anthony, Michael 15

Anzaldua, Gloria 15

Aragon, Louis 16

Armitage, Simon 16

Arnold, Matthew 17

Ascham, Roger 17

As You Like It 18

Atwood, Margaret 19

Aubyn, Edward St 20

Aurobindo, Sri 21

Austen, Jane 22

Austin, Alfred 23

Ayckbourn, Alan 24

Bacon, Francis 26

Bailey, Hilary 29

Bailey, Paul 30

Bainbridge, Beryl 30

Baldwin, James 31

Ballard, J.G 31

Banks, Lynne Reid 32

Banville, John 32

Barker, A.L 33

Barker, George Granville 33

Barker, Pat 34

Barnes, Julian 34

Barnes, Peter 35

Barrie, Sir James Matthew 36

Barstow, Stan 37

Bates, H.E 37

Baughan, Blanche 38

Bawden, Nina 38

Baxter, James Keir 38

Beaumont, Francis 39

Beauvoir, Simon De 40

Beaver, Bruce 40

viii

Bebey, Francis 40

Beckett, Samuel 41

Beckford, William ,. 43

Beerbohm, Max 43

Belben, Rosalind. 44

Belloc, Hilaire 44

Bellow, Saul :............. 45

Bennett, Arnold , , 47

Berger, John 48

Berkoff, Steven 48

Bernieres, Louis de 49

Berry, James 49

Bethell, Ursula 49

Beti, Mongo 50

Bhatnagar, Om Prakash 50

Bhattacharya, Bhabhani 51

Billington, Rachel 52

Binchy, Maeve 52

Birthday Party, The 53

Blackwood, Caroline 53

Blake, William 53

Bluestocking 54

Boehmer, Elleke 54

Bogarde, Sir Dirk 55

Boldrewood, Rolf [Thomas

Alexander Browne] 55

Bolt, Robert 55

Bond, Edward 56

Bond, Ruskin 56

Borges, Jorge Luis 56

Bosman, Herman Charles 58

Bosworth, Patricia 58

Bowering, George 58

Boyd, Martin (A' Beckett) 58

Boyd, William 58

Bracewell, Michael 59

Bradbury, Malcolm 59

Bragg, Melvyn 60

Braine, John 60

Bridges, Robert 61

Bridie, James 61

Brink, Andre 62

Brodber, Erna 62

Brodsky, Joseph 63

Bronte, Emily 64

Brooke-Rose, Christine 64

Brookner, Anita 65

Brooks, Gwendolyn 66

Brophy, Brigid 66

Brown, George Mackay 67

Browne, Sir Thomas 67

Browning, Robert 68

Bruce, Mary Grant 69

Brutus, Dennis 69

Bulwer-Lytton, Edward George,

First Baron Lytton 70

Burgess, Anthony 70 *'

Burney, Fanny 71

Burns, Robert 71

Burnside, John 73

Burton, Robert 73

Butler, Samuel 73

Byatt, A.S 74

Byron, George Gordon 75

Campbell, Alistair 78

Campbell, Wilfred 78

Camus, Albert 78

Carew, Jan Rynveld 79

Carew, Thomas 79

Carey, Peter 81

Carlyle, Thomas 82

Carter, Angela 84

IX

Cary, Joyce 84

Cather, Willa 85

Caxton, William 85

Chapman, George 86

Chatterjee, Upamanyu 87

Chattopadhyay, Bankim Chandra 88

Chattopadhaya, Harindranath 89

Chaucer, Geoffrey 90

Ghaudhuri, Amit 92

Chaudhuri, Nirad C 93

Cheke, Sir John 94

Chesterton, G.K 94

Chitre, Dilip 95

Chraibi, Driss 96

Churchill, Charles 96

Clarendon, Edward Hyde, earl of 97

Clark-Bekederemo, John Pepper 97

Clarke, Arthur C 98

Clarke, Austin Chesterfield 99

Clarke, Lindsay 99

Clewlow, Carol 99

Clough, Arthur Hugh 99

Cocteau, Jean (1889-1963) 100

Coetzee, John Michael 100

Cohen, Leonard 102

Coleridge, S.T 102

Collins, Wilkie 104

Collins, William 105

Compton-Burnett, Ivy 106

Congreve, William 106

Conrad, Joseph 107

Cooper, William 109

Cory, Charlotte 109

Coryate, Thomas 110

Coward, Sir Noel 110

Cowley, Abraham I l l

Cowper, William 112

Crabbe, George 113

Crace, Jim 115

Crashaw, Richard 115

Crawford, Robert 116

Dabydeen, David '. 117

Dalai, Nergis 117

Daruwalla, Keki N 117

Das, Kamala 119

Davidson, John 121

Davies, Andrew 121

Davies, William Henry 121

Day-Lewis, Cecil 122

De Boissiere, Ralph 123

Defoe, Daniel 123

Dekker, Thomas 125

De la Mare, Walter 127

Deloney, Thomas 127

Denham, Sir John 129

De Quincey, Thomas 130

Derozio, Henry Louis Vivian 131

Desai, Anita 132

Desani, G.V 133

Deshpande, Gauri 134

Deshpande, Shashi 135

Dibdin, Michael 136

Dickens, Charles 137

Diski, Jonny 138

Disraeli, Benjamin 138

Doctor Faustus 139

Dodgson, Charles Lutwidge

(Lewis Carroll) 140

Donne, John 141

Doolittle, Hilda 144

Dos Passos, John 144

Doyle, Roddy 145

Drabble, Margaret 145

Drinkwater, John 146

Drummond, William 146

Dryden, John 147

Duchess of Malfi, The 149

Duffy, Carol Ann 150

Duffy, Maureen 151

Dunbar, William ., 151

Dunmore, Helen 152

Durrell, Lawrence 153

Dutt, Michael Madhusudan 154

Dutt, Toru 154

Dyer, Geoff. 155

Earle, John 156

Eco, Umberto 156

Edgar, David 156

Edgell, Zee 157

Ekwensi, Cyprian O.D 158

Eliot, George 158

Eliot, T.S 160

Elliott, Janice 162

Ellis, Alice Thomas 162

Elyot, Sir Thomas 163

Emecheta, Buchi 164

Etherege, George 164

Ezekiel, Nissim 165

Fairbairns, Zoe 167

Far from the Madding Crowd 167

Farah, Nuruddin 168

Farewell to Arms, A 168

Farquhar, George 169

Farrell, James Gordon 170

Fast, Howard M .T. 170

Faulkner, William 171

Faulks, Sebastian 172

Feinstein, Elaine 173

Fell, Alison 173

Felltham, Owen 174

Fielding, Henry 174

Figes, Eva 176

Fire on the Mountain 176

Fischer, Tibor 178

Fitzgerald, Edward 178

Fitzgerald, Francis Scott 179

Fitzgerald, Penelope 180

Flecker, James Elroy 180

Fletcher, Giles 181

Fletcher, John 181

Fletcher, Phineas 182

Follett, Ken 183

Ford, Ford Madox 184

Forster, E.M 184

Forster, Margaret 186

Fortescue, Sir John 186

Fowles, John Robert 187

Frame, Ronald 188

Francis, Richard Stanley 188

Frayn, Michael 189

French, David 190

French, Sean 190

Freud, Esther 190

Fry, Stephen ;. 191

Fuller, John 191

Fuller, Thomas 192

Gallant, Mavis 194

Galloway, Janice 194

Galsworthy, John 194

Gardam, Jane 195

Garner, Helen ,. 196

Garner, Hugh 196

XI

Garth, Sir Samuel 196

Gascoigne, George 197

Gawain, Douglas 198

Gay, John 198

Gebler, Carlo 200

Gee, Maggie 200

Ghose, Manmohan 200

Ghose, Sudhindra Nath 200

Ghose, Zulfikar 201

Ghosh, Amitav 203

Gibson, W.W 206

Gibson, William 206

Gide, Andre 206

Gilroy, Beryl 207

Glaister, Lesley 207

Glass Menagerie, The 208

Glover, Denis 208

Godden, Margaret Rumer 208

Godwin, William 209

Gokhale, Namita 210

Golding, William 210

Goldsmith, Oliver 211

Gordimer, Nadine 212

Granville-Barker, Harley 214

Grass, Giinter 215

Gray, Alasdair 215

Gray, Thomas 216

Great Expectations 217

Great Gatsby, The 218

Great Indian Novel, The 218

Green, Henry 219

Greene, Graham 220

Greene, Robert 220

Greenlaw, Lavinia 221

Gupta, Sunetra 222

Gurnah, Abdulrazak 223

Haley, Alex 224

Halifax, George Savile 224

Hall, Joseph 224

Hamlet 225

Hampton, Christopher 226

Hardy, Thomas 227

Hare, David 230

Hariharan, Githa 230

Harpur, Charles 232

Harris, (Theodore) Wilson 232

Harrison, Tony 232

Hartley, L.P 233

Harwood, Gwen Doline Nessie 233

Harwood, Ronald 234

Hau'ofa, Epeli 234

Hawes, Stephen 234

Hawthorne, Nathaniel 234

Hazlitt, William 235

Hazzard, Shirley 237

Head, Bessie 237

Heaney, Seamus 238

Heart of Darkness 238

Heat and Dust 239

Heath, Roy 240

Hemingway, Earnest Miller 240

Henley, W.E 241

Henry, 0 242

Henryson, Robert 242

Herbert, George 243

Herbert, W.N 244

Herrick, Robert 245

Hewett, Dorothy Coade 246

Hibberd, Jack 246

Hill, Susan 246

Hoban, Russell 247

Hobbes, Thomas 247

xii

Hoccleve, (or Occleve), Thomas 247

Hodgins, Jack ; 250

Hodgson, Ralph 250

Hofmann, Michael 251

Hbgan, Desmond 251

Hollinghurst, Alan 252

Home, Henry, Lord Kames 252

Hood, Hugh 253

Hood, Stuart 253

Hooker, Richard 253

Hope, Alec Derwent 254

Hope, Christopher 254

Hopkins, Gerard Manley... 255

Hospital, Janette Turner 256

Houseman, A.E 256

Howard, Elizabeth Jane 257

Howell, James 257

Hughes, Glyn 258

Hughes, Ted 258

Hulme, Keri... 260

Huth, Angela 260

Huxley, Aldous Leonard 260

Ignatieff, Michael 263

Ihimaera, Witi 264

Ishiguro, Kazuo 265

Iyayi, Festus 266

Jacobson, Dan 267

Jacobson, Howard 267

James I 268

James, Henry 268

Jamie, Kathleen 270

Jhabvala, Ruth Prawer 270

John, Errol 271

Johnson, Colin 271

Johnson, James Weldon 271

Johnson, Samuel 271

Jolley, Elizabeth 274

Jones, Henry Arthur 274

Jones, Russell Celyn 274

Jonson, Ben 275

Joshi, Arun 277

Josipovici,. Gabriel 279

Joyce, James : 280

Judd, Allan 281

Julius Caesar ....;;.......... 281

Kafka, Franz 283

Kakar, Sudhir 283

Kanga, Firdaus 284

Kanthapura 285

Kapur, Manju 286

Karnad, Girish 287

Katiyo, Wilson ..:. 288

Keane, Molly 289

Keates, Jonathan 289

Keats, John 289

Kelman, James : 291

Keneally, Thomas 292

Kennedy, Alison Louise 292

Kerr, Philip 293

Kincaid, Jamaica 293

King, Francis 294

King Lear 294

Kingsley, Charles 296

Kipling, Rudyard 297

Klein, Abraham Moses ;. 299

Kneale, Matthew ; .- 299

Koestler, Arthur 299

Kolatkar, Arun 299

Kroetsch, Robert 300

Kumar, Shiv K : 300

Kundera, Milan 300

Kunene, Mazisi 301

XIII

Kuppner, Frank 301

Kureishi, Hanif 301

Kyd, Thomas 303

La Guma, Alex , 304

Lacambra Ayala, Tita 304

Ladoo, Harold Sonny 305

Lamb, Charles 306

Lambert, Angela 307

Lamming, George 307

Langley, Lee 308

Larkin, Philip Arthur 308

Laurence, Margaret 309

Lawrence, D-H 309

Leacock, Stephen... 311

Le Carre, John 312

Lee, Nathaniel 312

Lessing, Doris 313

Levine, Norman 315

Levy, Deborah 315

Lewis, Matthew Gregory 315

Lewis, Sinclair.......... 316

Lewis, Wyndham 316

Lindsay, Jack...... 317

Lindsay, Norman Alfred William 317

Lindsay, Sir David. 317

Litvinoff, Emanuel..... 317

Lively, Adam......... 318

Lively, Penelope 318

Locke, John ... 319

Lodge, David 321

Lodge, Thomas 322

Longley, Michael 322

Look Back in Anger 323

Lord of the Flies 323

Lovelace, Earl 324

Lovelace, Richard 324

Lucas, Edward Verrall 325

Lyall, Gavin 325

Lydgate, John 325

Lyly, John 326

Lynd, Robert 327

Macaujay, Thomas Babington 329

Macbeth 330

MacBeth, George 331

Mackay, Shena... 331

Mackenzie, Henry 332

MacLaverty, Bernard 333

MacNeice, Louis 333

Madden, Deirdre 334

Madhavaiah, Anantanarayan 335

Maguire, Sarah 335

Mahfouz, Naguib 336

Mahon, Derek 337

Mailer, Norman 337

Mais, Roger 337

Maitland, Sara 338

Malcolm, Janet 338

Malgonkar, Manohar 338

Malory, Sir Thomas 338

Mann, Thomas 339

Mansfield, Katherine 339

Mantel, Hilary 340

Marechera, Dambudzo , 340

Markandaya, Kamala 341

Marlatt, Daphne.. 344

Marlowe, Christopher 345

Marquez, Gabriel Gracia 345

Mars-Jones, Adam 346

Marston, John 346

Marvell, Andrew 347

Masefield, John Edward 348

Massie, Allan 349

XIV

Maugham, William Somerset 350

Mauriac, Francois 351

Maxwell, Glyn 351

Mayor of Casterbridge, The 352

McCabe, Patrick 353

McCrum-Patron, Robert 354

McEwan, Ian 355

McGahern, John 355

McGrath, John 356

McGrath, Patrick 356

Mcilvanney, William 356

McWilliam, Candia 357

Mehta, Gita 357

Mehta, Ved 358

Melville, Herman 359

Merchant of Venice, The 360

Meredith, George '. 361

Middleton, Stanley : 363

Middleton, Thomas 363

Midnight's Children 364

Midsummer Night's Dream, A 365

Mill on the Floss, The 366

Miller, Henry 366

Milton, John 367

Mistry, Rohinton ....; 369

Mitchison, Naomi 371

Mittelholzer, Edgar 372

Mo, Timothy 373

Moggach, Deborah 373

Monro, Harold Edward 373

Moorcock, Michael 374

Moore, Brian 374

Moore, George 375

Moraes, Dominic Francis 375

More, Sir Thomas 376

Morris, William 377

Morrison, Toni 379

Mortimer, John Clifford 380

Mortimer, Penelope 381

Mosley, Nicholas 381

Motion, Andrew 381

Mudrooroo [Johnson, Colin] 382

Mukherjee, Bharati 382

Muldoon, Paul; 385

Mungoshi, Charles 386

Munro, Alice 386

Murdoch, Iris 386

Murray, Leslie Allan 387

Mustapha, Matura 388

Mwangi, Meja David 388

Nagarkar, Kiran ;..:.... 389

Nahal, Chaman ;...-.•..; 390

Naidu, Sarojini .;..• 390

Naipaul, Shiva ;.... 392

Naipaul, Vidiadhar Surajprasad 392

Narayan, R.K : 394

Nashe, Thomas 396

Neil, Jordan 397

Newby, Percy Howard 398

Newgate Novel 398

Newman, John Henry 398

Nichols, Grace 399

Nkosi, Lewis 400

Norfolk, Lawrence 400

Noyes, Alfred ;.... 401

Nye, Robert , 402

Oakley, Ann 403

O'Brien, Edna 403

O'Brian, Patrick ; 404

O'Casey, Sean 404

O'Connor, Flannery ....; 405

O'Faolain, Julia 405

XV

O'Hara, John 406

Okai, Atukwei (John) 406

Okigbo, Christopher 406

Okri, Ben 406

Old Man and the Sea, The 407

Ondaatje, Michael 408

O'Neill, Eugene 408

Oodferoowalker, Kath 409

Orwell, George 409

Osborne, John James 411

Othello 412

Otway, Thomas 413

Overbury, Sir Thomas 413

Page, Kathy 415

Parks, Tim 415

Parthasarathy, Rajagopal 415

Passage to India, A 416

Pasternak, Boris 417

Paston Letters, The 417

Patel, Gieve 417

Pater, Walter Horatio 418

Paterson, Don 418

Paterson,. James Hamilton 419

Paton, Alan 419

Patterson, Glenn 419

Pears, Tim 420

Pecock, Reginald 420

Peele, George 420

Phillips, Caryl 421

Pinero, Arthur Wing 422

Pinter, Harold 423

Plater, Alan 424

Poe, Edgar Allan 425

Pollock, Sharon 425

Pope, Alexander 425

Porter, Hal 428

Portrait of a Lady, The 428

Portrait of the Artist as a YoungMan, A 429

Potter, Dennis 429

Powell, Anthony 430

Pride and Prejudice 430

Priest, Christopher McKenzie 431

Prior, Matthew 432

Proust, Marcel 433

Pullinger, Kate 433

Puzo, Mario 433

Pym, Barbara 433

Pynchon, Thomas 434

Raine, Craig 435

Ramanujan, A.K 435

Rand, Ayn 437

Rao, Raja 437

Raphael, Frederic 441Ratan, Balachandra 441

Rattigan, Sir Terence 442Raven, Simon Noel 442

Read, Piers Paul 443

Reade, Charles 443

Reckord, Barry 444

Rendell, Ruth 444

Rhys, Jean 445

Richardson, Dorothy 446

Richardson, Samuel 446

Riley, Joan 448

Robbe-Grillet, Alain 448

Roberts, Michele 449

Robertson, Thomas William 449

Rogers, Jane 450

Rolland, Romain 450

Romeo and Juliet 450

Roy, Arundhati 451

XVI

Rudkin, David ;...:..: 453

Rushdie, Salman.... 453

Ruskin, John :; ............:..... 455

Saadawi, Nawal El.....:; .'..:.... 458

Sackville, Thomas : :....; 458

Sahgal, Nayantara :..:... 459

Saint Joan....-................: 459

Salkey, Andrew 460

Saramago, Jose 461

Sartre, Jean-Paul 461

Scarlet Letter, The 461

Scott, Paul 462

Scott, Sir Walter 463

Selden, John ;. 465

Self, Will 465

Selvon, Samuel 466

Sefnbene, Ousmane 466

Senior, Olive 467

Seth, Vikram 467

Shadow Lines, The 468

Shakespeare, Nicholas 470

Shakespeare, William 470

Shapcott, Thomas William 472

Sharpe, Tom 473

Shaw, George Bernard ..: 473

Shelley; Percy Bysshe 476

Shenstone, William 479

Sher, Antony. 479

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley 479

Sholokov, Mikhail 481

Sidhwa, Bapsi 481

Sidney, Sir Philip 482

Sillitoe, Alan 483

Sinclair, Andrew..;../ 484

Singh, Khushwant 484

Skelton, John •. .......v. 489

Smart,. Christopher 490

Smart, Elizabeth 491

Smith, Arthur James Marshall 491

Smith, Pauline Janet 491

Smithyman, Kendrick 491

Snow, C.P 491

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander Isayevich 492

Sons and Lovers 492

Souster, Raymond 493

Southall, Ivan Francis 494

Soyinka, Wole 494

Spark, Muriel 495

Spence, Alan 495

Spender,. Sir. Stephen Harold 495

Spenser, Edmund 496

Srinivas, Krishna 497

Stafford, Reid Victor 498

Stainer, Pauline 498

Steele, Sir Richard 499

Steinbeck, John 500

Sterne, Laurence 500

Stevenson, Robert Louis 501

Stone, Louis ......; ,... 503

Stoppard, Tom 503

Storey, David 503

Stow, Randolph 504

Suckling,. Sir John 504

Sullivan, Tony -.;..: 505

Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of 506

Swift, Graham 507

Swift, Jonathan 507

Swinburne, Algernon Charles 510

Symons, Julian Gustava 511

Synge, John Millington 511

Tagore, Rabindranath 513

Taylor, Jeremy 514

XVII

Tempest, The 515

Temple, Sir William 516

Tendulkar, Vijay 517

Tennant, Emma (1938- ) 518

Tennyson, Alfred Lord 519

Teran, Lisa St Aubin de 521

Tess of the D'Urbervilles 521

Thackeray, William Makepeace 522

Tharoor, Shashi 523

Thea, Astley 525

Things Fall Apart 526

Thiong'O, Ngugi Wa 526

Thomas, Biyi Bandele 527

Thomas, Donald Michael 527

Thomas, Dylan 528

Thomas, Edward 530

Thompson, Francis 531

Thomson, James 531

Thomson, James 532

Thorpe, Adam 533

Thubron, Colin 534

Thwaite, Anthony 534

Tinniswood, Peter 535

To the Lighthouse 535

Tom Jones 536

Tourneur, Cyril 537

Townsend, Sue 538

Tranter, John Ernest 538

Trapido, Barbara 538

Tremain, Rose 538

Trevor, William 539

Trollope, Anthony 540

Trollope, Joanna 542

Tutuola, Amos 542

Tuwharem, Hone 542

Twain, Mark 543

Twelfth Night 544

Tyndale, William 545

Unsworthy, Barry 547

Updike, John Hoyer 547

Vanbrugh, Sir John 548

Vansittart, Peter 548

Vassanji, Moyez G 548

Vaughan, Henry 549

Vieira, Jose Luandino 550

Volpone 551

Wain, John Barrington 552

Waiting for Godot 552

Walcott, Derek 553

Walker, Alice 554

Walker, George Frederick 556

Waller, Edmund 556

Walpole, Horace, 4th. Earl of Orford ... 557

Walpole, Sir Hugh 558

Warner, Marina 559

Waterhouse, Keith 560

Watson, William 560

Waugh, Evelyn 561

Way of the World, The 562

Webster, John 562

Weldon, Fay 563

Wells, Herbert George 564

Wertenbaker, Timberlake 566

Wesker, Arnold 566

Wesley, Mary 567

West, Rebecca 567

White, Patrick 568

Wicks, Susan 569

Wilde, Oscar 569

Williams, Raymond 570

Williams, Tennessee 571

Wilson, A.N 572

XVIII

Wilson, Angus 572 Wright, Richard 578

Wilson, Colin 573 Wuthering Heights 579

Wilson, Robert McLiam 574 Wyatt, Sir Thomas 581

Winterson, Jeanette 574 Yeats, William Butler 583

Woolf, Virginia 575 Young, Edward 584

Wordsworth, William 576 Zameenzad, Adam 586