The Art of Composting for LEAs
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Transcript of The Art of Composting for LEAs
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The Art of Composting for LEAs
Composting Technical Guidance for Local Enforcement Agency to
Improve EffectivenessThe Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
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Composting Defined (Regulatory)
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
“Active Compost” " means compost feedstock that is in the process of being rapidly decomposed and is
unstable. Active compost is generating temperatures of at least
50 degrees Celsius (122 degrees Fahrenheit) during decomposition; or is releasing carbon dioxide at a rate of at least 15 milligrams per gram of compost per day, or the
equivalent of oxygen uptake. conditions.
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Composts Happens …
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
Any accumulation of compostable material will
start to decay with or without purposeful management.
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Composting Transforms ….
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
Almost every organic material can be composted.
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Composting Defined (Non-Regulatory)
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
Composting: A process of biological and chemical
transformation of organic matter toward more decay-resistant
components under predominantly aerobic conditions.
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What’s Happening in Composting
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
A Balanced Equation:
CxHyOzN?S?P?K?...+ H2O + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ∆T + ∆LIFE + ?↑
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What Can Go Awry in Composting
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
An Out-Of-Balance Equation?
CxHyOzN?S?P?K?...+ H2O + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ∆T + ∆LIFE + ?↑(feedstock mix) (moisture)(aeration) (temperature) (odors)
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Composting and Moisture
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
Optimal Moisture Content Range: 40-60% Moisture Distribution is
Key“Cellular” and “Particle-Coating”
are Best
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Composting and Temperature
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
Optimal Temperature Range: 125°-160°F Rate of
Temperature Rise is Important When, How, Where
to Measure?
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Composting and Temperature
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
Optimal Temperature Taking Location: Upper Third of the
Pile
Cold Core
Hot Top
Cool Curb
↑Upper Third
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Composting and Temperature
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
How Hot Is Too Hot: 160°-200°FDepends on the Material
What’s the process, and where in it?
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Composting and Temperature
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
How Hot Is Too Hot: >200°FProduct, Access, Fire
ConcernsHeterogeneous versus
Homogeneous?
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Composting and Fire
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
How Hot Is Too Hot: Fire Concerns
Heterogeneous? >175°FHomogeneous? >200°F
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Composting and Agitation
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
Optimal Agitation or “Turning” Rate? Depends on Process
Purpose: Porosity, Homogeneity
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Does the Recipe Work?
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
Look to the Balanced Equation:
CxHyOzN?S?P?K?...+ H2O + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ∆T + ∆LIFE + ?↑(feedstock decomposition) (temperature) (odors)
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Composting Rates Depend on the Mixture
of Materials
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
Fast/Hot ..... Moist Grass Clippings,
Kitchen Wastes with Shaved Wood
Medium/Warm ….Whole Weeds, Chipped Vernal Tree
TrimmingsSlow/Cool ....... Dry Leaves/
Branches, Autumn Tree Trimmings, Shredded Paper,
Dry Chipped Wood
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Composting Recipes
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
1)Abundantly available materials
2) Add “balancing” materials to increase porosity or loft,
raise or lower moisture content,
3) If dry, “coat” feedstock particles sparingly with water and thoroughly distribute by turning.
Wet Grass, Shredded Paper,
Kitchen Scraps, Sawdust, …
Green material with dry leaves and brush, spent stable bedding, coffee grounds, …
Grape pomace, w
ort solids,
chipped tre
e trimmings,
poultry litt
er, 1/3 chickens,
1/3 fresh litter,
1/3 wood chips,
...
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How Do We Know? Examples
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
Again, Look to the Balanced Equation:
CxHyOzN?S?P?K?...+ H2O + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ∆T + ∆LIFE + ?↑
(And maybe try it yourself!)
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Small Composting Systems – 3 Bin
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
Classic Large Garden DesignAdvantages: Simple, Multi-user friendly, Flexible feeding rates
Disadvantages: Requires fair amount of space, May be difficult to “turn”
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Small Composting Systems – 1 Bin
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
Advantages: Simple, Small “footprint”Disadvantages: Challenges achieving temperatures, harvesting “finished”
compost , and “turning”
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Small Composting Systems – 2 Bin
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
A CompromiseAdvantages: Flexible, Simple
Disadvantages: Still requires fair amount of space, Some
“Turning” challenges
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Composting Systems – The Watson Way
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
Phase A: Thermophilic GoalWeed and odor control, Vector deterrent Builds the “Compost
Matrix”(Lasts about 6-9 months)
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Composting Systems – The Watson Way
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
Phase B: Vermi-CompostingFood Scraps plus Carbon SourcesAnd those Worms yields “Black
Gold”(Up to 18 months including
curing)
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Composting - Getting Started
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
Home (Backyard) Composting Tips:
Start small, and with limited inputs
Add on slowly, amount/feedstock
Make it easy, fun, useful
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Composting - Getting Started
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
“The best composters in California are connected to
their product.”
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Composting and Connection
The Art of Composting / CIWMB Sustainability Presentation / 2007
“Being physically anchored to the earth helps to keep my ego from
bobbing along mindlessly on the sea of life.” Huston Smith, from Making
Perfect Dirt