The Arrow and The Song, of Diversity in Japan

The Arrow and The Song, of Diversity in Japan

No.0328-001243 ICWES16, October 24 at Los Angels, USA

Kayoko SugaharaINWES Board Member and INWES Japan President, APNN ChairVisiting Professor of Tokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyJapan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA) Gender Equality Office, AdvisorFormer IBM Distinguished Engineer and Member of IBM Academy of Technology

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The Arrow and the Song

I shot an arrow into the air,It fell to earth, I knew not where;For, so swiftly it flew, the sightCould not follow it in its flight.

I breathed a song into the air,It fell to earth, I knew not where;For who has sight so keen and strong,That it can follow the flight of song?

Long, long afterward, in an oakI found the arrow, still unbroke;And the song, from beginning to end,I found again in the heart of a friend.

The famous poem written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, “The Arrow and the Song” , suggests that it is hard for us to evaluate the power of actions immediately, but we could be learn of their great impact later.In the second stanza of the poem, the speaker breathes a song “into the air”. A song suggests us something gentle and free and it breathes our mind into future.

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the equal treatment of men and women regarding such things as recruiting, employment and promotion, …..

Diversity evolution in Japan

Diversity 1.0

Diversity 2.0

Top down & Hard Push

Bottom up& Soft Pull

Diversity 3.0

• The Equal Employment Opportunities Law（enacted in 1985)

• Act on Advancement of Measures to Support Raising Next-Generation Children （enacted in 2003)

Equal Opportunity

Work-Life Balance

Diversity＆ Inclusion

• Sustainable Framework• Diversity as Social Imperative• Diversity Branding and Reputation• Leadership Accountability• Workload and Pace• Leverage Diverse Talent Globally

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The third arrow

Diversity 3.0

The third arrow has introduced another strong “Quota” discipline, to push companies to promote women be able to have better opportunities.

Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has committed to the strategy of recovering Japan’s ailing economy. He has focused on three steps of actions and named them as the “Three Arrows”. The first ‘‘two arrows’’ are for loosening monetary policy and boosting public spending. The third arrow with regulatory reforms means to bring more women into the workforce. He promised structural reforms of Work-Life Balance, so that women can work more easily, comfortably, productively and pull their capability to achieve greater results.


Negative attitudes against Diversity are still hard to sweep away, but strong wind of arrow would blow out them.

Since 2013

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Decreasing population trend Decrease followed by working-age population

Can not be optimistic outlook for the future

Future population of 15-64 year-old by National Institute of Population and Security Research

Birth rate appears to have hit at "bottom", but ...

Number of live births

Number of live births(The worst record)1,037,000 peopleFertility Rate（0.02 percentage points）1.41

2012

(Total Fertility Rate)

Median forecast by National Institute of Population and Security Research

Only 0.02 rise in 25 years

Nikkei, 2013/6/23

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Nikkei, 2013/7/15

Women power, to achieve future economic growth• Women employment rate of OECD

countriesSwedenIceland

Japan (24th in 35)U.S.A

OECD averageKorea

MexicoTurkey 25 to 54 years old

(Employment Outlook 2013)

Women (57.5％)

Total (38.2％)

Men

• Ratio of non-regular workers

Years

The proportion of working women• M-curve improvements

Nikkei, 2013/7/13

Nikkei, 2013/7/13

70% share with 20s and 30s

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Country comparison of women managers’ ratio

(Managers + Directors)

Country comparison of women directors‘ ratio in listed companies (mix of 2011 & 2012 survey)

Country comparison of women managers’ ratio (mix of 2010 & 2012 survey)

Nikkei, 2013/6/28

• Global Gender Gap Report 2013 ranks Japan at 105th among 136 countries, its worst showing since the WEF started the survey in 2006. Japan ranked 101st last year.

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Women

Men

Childcare leave rate

1% level momentum of male childcare leave acquisition

Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare study


1.89

2.63

1.38

UnknownMore than 18 months

12~18months

5 days ~ 1 month1~6

months

6~12 months

Less than5 days

W

M

• 40% of men who took childcare leaveis less than 5 days

Nikkei, 2013/5/19


• Very low level of childcare leave rate of male

For women success, men must change

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Support of working women and childcare arethe most important issues of government

The government list of women advantage policies

Support of working women

Capacity ensure 400,000by the end of fiscal 2017

(zero waiting list)

Zero children on the waiting list

The 5 point improvement, 73% employment rateof 2020 (25-44 years)

Rapid increase of Nursery school (with public houses)Treatment improvement of nursery teachers


Childcare leave three years of women (?)To appoint one or more women directors in all listed companiesSpread of telework to be able to work at home and in a shorter working hourDatabase of women human resourcesSkills support after retuning from childcareGrants and tax incentives to companies to help work-life balance

Since 2013

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Trying to take the lead in breaking Japan's glass ceiling


“Creating a society where all women can shine"• In an effort, to reach the goal of having women

in 30% of leadership positions by 2020.• Will seek to address the root causes of inhibitors,

including the difficulty of managing work and child care

• Appointed 5 women to Cabinet posts, matching the record for the most female

• Asked to business lobby to set a bar for its target of female division directors: 1%

• Considering rewarding companies that actively employ women with subsidies or extra points toward public works contracts.

• Cabinet finally decided to let companies set own targets for promoting women

• Companies with more than 300 workers, required to disclose targets & action plans

• "We hope that companies would have some freedom to design our own targets”, (chairman of the business lobby)

Since 201４• A Teikoku Databank survey shows that 57.4% of 11,017 companies polled are actively working to increase women in management.

• Kirin will launch leadership training and aims to increase women in management from the current 4% to 12%, or about 300, by 2021.

• Shimizu is planning to double women in managerial positions by fiscal 2018.• Mitsui O.S.K. Lines introduced a system to rehire women, those coming back within four

years are guaranteed the same employment terms.• Nippon Yusen will strengthen support for child care and education abroad to make it easier

for female employees raising young children to work overseas.• Seven & i Holdings has begun training male managers in promoting women and

encouraging men to take child care leave.• Sompo Japan will expand its mentoring program for women to cover those in their early 30s.• ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・

Japan Inc. trying new ways to put women in executive suites

Nikkei, August 15, 2014

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Women researchers support model development, “support of Life-Event”

Songs into the air., support models for Life-Event

1) Establishment of support systems of research activities2) Improvement of research environment3) Promotion of awareness4) Promotion of positive action5) Development of the next generation women

The "Life-Event" intended for public universities and research institutes to develop own models.

Bottom up & Soft Pull

There must be commitment at all levels of society“As President Obama often says, “Change comes from the bottom up, not the top down.” ・・・・Women need to reach out to each other, to ask for help from their husbands and partners, co-workers or other family members. We can demonstrate to managers that doing a good job need not mean staying until 9 o'clock at night. “. (U.S. Ambassador Caroline Kennedy told The Nikkei in an exclusive interview, 2014/9/1)

Nikkei, 2014/10/04

Women

Men AcceptNot accept Not decide now

No answer

Depend on the conditions and contents

Survey of Tokyo Metropolitan, 2013

Answers of ‘Yes or No’, If you are asked to be a manager ?

Songs into the air

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Number of papers presented of women researchers, who received research support staffing2.31

0.63

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

supported Researchers general Researchers

Num

ber o

f pap

ers

/ yea

rpe

r cap

ita

3.7 times

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00

Num

ber o

f ext

erna

l fun

ding

per c

apita

3.2 times

0.81

0.25

Number of patents registered of women researchers, who received research support staffing

0.025

0.038

0.000

0.010

0.020

0.030

0.040

0.050

Num

ber o

f pat

ents

regi

ster

ed /

year

pe

r cap

ita

(Estimated)1.5 times

Positive actions of women researchersin the applicable institutions

Number of external funding of women researchers, who received research support staffing




A

A

A

Council for Science and Technology, Ministry of Education,Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Dec. 2012

A. Development of support models for women researchers

B. Rapid increase of women researchers and leaders

• Program: 2006 ~ 2010 (science, technology, engineering, math, and medicine)• 2006:10 institutions, 2007:10, 2008:13, 2009:12, 2010:10

• Program: 2009 ~ 2014 (science, engineering and agriculture)• 2009:5 institutions, 2010:7 institutions, …..

A

B

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Increase of women researchers in the applicable institutions Changes in the number of women researchers,

in the applicable institutions (total)N

umbe

r of w

omen

rese

arch

ers

7154 7507 7881 81498855 9228

5K

10K 9487

0‘05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ‘11


A

Changes in the adoption number of women researchers (per institutions)

1.7

0.6 0.7 0.4

6.2

2.6 2.41.4

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Total Science Engineering Agriculture

Previous year of startAnnual average (1-3 year) after start

Wom

en re

sear

cher

s ad

optio

n nu

mbe

r / y

ear

(per

inst

itutio

ns)

B Num

ber o

f wom

en re

sear

cher

s

理学工

学農学

理工農

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

EngineeringScience

Agriculture Total

’08 ’09 ’10 ’11

B

Changes in the number of women researchers

in the applicable institutions


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Changes in researchers % in the applicable institutions


12.511.9

12.913.3

13.613

14.515.1

15.4

11.912.4

1313.6 13.8

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Wom

en re

sear

cher

ratio

(%)

Applicable Institution Whole country

’05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ‘11

Changes in women researchers %

87.5 87.187.686.7

87.086.4

85.584.9 84.6

88.1 88.1

86.4 86.2

80

82

84

86

88

90

’05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ‘11

Men

rese

arch

er ra

tio (%

)

Applicable Institution Whole country

A

A

Changes in women researchers %

Wom

en re

sear

cher

ratio

(%)

•理学工学農学理工農

EngineeringScience

Agriculture Total

10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0

0’08 ’09 ’10 ’11

B

Changes in men researchers %


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Decrease of women researchers’ quittinga job for reasons other than retirement

Decrease of women researchers’ quitting a jobin the applicable institutions

‘05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ‘11

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0Wom

en re

sear

cher

s’ jo

b se

para

tion

(num

ber p

er in

stitu

tions

)

(Women)

Trends in age group of women researchers’ quitting a job

20s30s40s50s60s

(Women)20

15

10

5

0‘05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 ‘11W

omen

rese

arch

ers’

job

sepa

ratio

n (n

umbe

r per

inst

itutio

ns)


A A


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Changes in number of women researchers' promotion to Professor or Associate Professor

Previous Year3RD Year from start

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

Professor Associate Professor

Wom

en re

sear

cher

s(n

umbe

r per

inst

itutio

ns)

ScienceEngineering

Agriculture

ScienceEngineering

Agriculture

B

Changes in women researcher ratioof own and foreign nationality

0

7.69.4

13.8

23.5 24.128.2 29.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

1st year 2nd yearForeign nationality

Own students

Averageof foreign nationality 3.7％W

omen

rese

arch

er ra

tio (%

)

Averageof own students 42％

3rd yearPrevious year

B

Increase of leaders and diversity


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Achievement of Applicable Institutions (%)

Institution (Universities) No. Percentage of Applicable Institutions (%)

Rise of enrollment rate of women to undergraduate

Ｄ、Ｅ、Ｆ、Ｇ、Ｈ、Ｉ、Ｊ 7 12.7

Rise of enrollment rate of women to graduate school

Ａ、Ｆ、Ｋ、Ｌ、Ｆ、Ｈ、Ｇ、Ｎ、Ｏ、Ｐ、Ｑ、Ｒ、Ｊ、Ｓ、Ｔ 15 27.3

Rise of enrollment rate of women to PhD

Ａ、Ｅ、Ｌ、Ｆ、Ｍ、Ｇ、Ｐ、Ｑ 8 14.5

Development of the next generation women


A

Upward trend of women student ratio in Natural Sciences, Faculty and Graduate


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Thank You !Thank You !

The Arrow and The Song, of Diversity in Japan

Engineering

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