THE APPLICATION OF INTEGRATED LOGISTIC SUPPORT CONCEPTS IN ENERGY PROJECT PLANNING

Cyrus B. Meher-Homji and Fram S. Polad

Boyce Engineering International, Inc.

Houston, Texas

ABSTRACT

With the increase in size, cost and strategic importance of energy projects, a structured approach to planning, design, construction and operation is required. Integrated Logistic Support (ILS) is a management concept providing controls to help ensure that a system will meet its performance requirements and receive effective and economical support through­out its life cycle. A major ILS objective is to ensure the integration within the design process of the various support elements. Techniques enabling the identification of critical areas of deficiency along with some examples are presented.

INTRODUCTION

The acceleration of technological developments and the introduction of new and complex systems in the areas of the defense, energy and process industries have created several problems in the successful im­plementation of these projects. Problems essentially arose during and after the Second World War with the implementation of complex weapon systems. This led to the development of new project design and planning techniques which all used the "systems" approach. Integrated Logistic Support (1LS) is the composite of all considerations necessary to assure the effective and economical support of a system throughout its programmed life cycle. It is an integral part of all aspects of system definition, design, development, installation and operation. It is, in essence a manageoent philosophy. This paper will discuss ILS concepts and show where it fits in to the design ­development methodology. The paper does not address project management aspects such as network modeling and cost and schedule control. It addresses the problem on a more philosophical note trying to indi­cate those elements that cause a system design to be successful. The paper tries to emphasize that logis­tic support activities (ILS) are inextricably linked with the basic system design and development process right from the beginning.

THE NEED FOR ILS

In modern day industry and government, major progr and projects are the key means by which these or nizations deliver advanced technology products systems. In the energy area, new or improved fa lities are conceived, designed, developed and imp mented through projects. There are three reasons an increasing reliance on project management [ These are:

1. The increasing complexity of the tasks which ca

ms a­nd 1­

e­or J.

Is for more sophisticated and flexible organizatio al approaches.

2. The size and scope of large projects calling or tight management control.

3. The accelerated rate of external change and an environment of uncertainty.

An excellent discussion of the rapidly changing n­vironment is provided by Toffler [2]. It is t is rapidly changing environment, coupled with ra id advances in technology that has caused several la ge programs to fail. After World War II there has b en an emphas is on the study 0 f new pro j ec t des in, development and implementation methodologies. It is now generally agreed upon that the following it ms are of importance for any project:

1. An overall or "systems" view must be taken of the project. Some individual (or group) needs to g ide and integrate the results of different techn 'Ical specialists.

2. Projects must be managed on a life cycle b with integrated design and planning from star finish.

3. Decisions made during the early phases 0 a project have a greater leverage on its schedule, Qost and success. Thus e f for t and money spen t in the design phases are well worth it.

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According to Blanchard [3], projects (systems and equipment) fail due to some of the following reasons.

1. One of the elements of the support effort is incompatible with the prime equipment. An example could be the case in which support maintenance equip­ment is not adequate for the task.

2. The depth and extent of support provided is non­optimal. Typical examples here are lack of adequate spare parts or of appropriately trained operators. Alternatively, an excessive amount of spare parts on hand could also have the negative effect of higher inventory costs.

3. The elements of logistic support are incompatible wi th each other.

In several cases, projects or systems that fail to meet objectives call for very expensive modifica­tions. It is because of these failures that an emphasis has been placed on ILS approach. ILS philosophy should be deeply embedded within the design process.

There are several reported cases of such failures in the energy area. Over cost and schedule problems with nuclear facilities are common as are higher than estimated Operating and Maintenance Costs. In the case of waste heat recovery, there are numerous cases in which theoretically attractive concepts have failed due to the lack of adequate logistic support over the systems life cycle.

Efficiency criteria is different today from only a short time ago. U.S. plants are much more subject to the same energy and material cost pressures that have been present in overseas plants for many years. One of the most important tasks facing industry is the retrofitting of existing plants to make them more competitive in the market place. ILS techniques can help in ensuring that the retrofitted systems perform as planned.

INTEGRATION OF ILS WITHIN THE DESIGN PROCESS

An excellent design methodology is one proposed by Ostrofsky [4]. The methodology provides a highly structured, iterative, quantified and integrated me­thod for system design considering the whole project or product life cycle. The rigorous application of this methodology can go a long way in ensuring project and system success and in ensuring that the system designed meets all mission objectives. A key advan­tage is that the methodology integrates ILS within it. While a rigorous application of the methodology should be applied to large systems, its concepts are even applicable to small designs or projects. Figure 1 shows the essential steps in the methodology. The three Designing-Planning phases are the Feasibility Study, the Preliminary activities and the Detailed activities. Figure 2 shows some of the steps involved here.

The objectives of the feasibility study are to develop a set of useful solutions to meet the needs. In this activity several concepts and candidate systems are developed and screened.

Primary Design FIQoniea Pb03C:t

feu Ib lilly Sl udy

Need. Analy.i.

Identification and formulaUon

Synthesis or Solutions

Screening or C8ndid~le Systems

Preliminary Acllvtllep

Preparation tor Analysis

Definilion of Crll..rla

Definition of Paramelers

Criterion Mode ling

Formulation at Crilerion Functions

Analysis at Par8nu~ler Space

Formal Optlml....lIon

Pro jecUon of Sy.tem Behav lor

Testln. and S ImulaUon

Delail Actlv iUes

Preperallon for Design

Overall Deilian and Planning

OraanlUllional Planning

Production P lannin.

Operatlo"," Planning

Analy.l. and Predlction

Simplification and Rede.ign

T Logistic Support Analysis

Figure 1: Primary Design - Planning Phases. Ref [4J.

The preliminary activities are a set of activities to identify the optimal candidate systems. It is 1n this phase that criteria (Xi) are defined. The criteria are measures or standards by which the performance of the system is evaluated. Each cri­terion is assigned a weight (ai)' Parameters (Yk) which are directly measurable from the candidate systems are also analyzed here. Several times ILS considerations enter into criteria definitions. The output of this phase is an optimal candidate system.

The detailed act1vaies are a set of activities generally required to implement the optimal candi­date system. Included herein are studies on Reli­ability, Maintainability and Availability which are closely linked to ILS elements. ILS considerations are embedded within the operations planning phases of the detailed activities. Logistics Support Analysis (LSA) is the name given to this activity. Figure 3 shows LSA in the design process along with some outputs. The ILS elements are presented and des­cribed ahead.

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PRIMARY DESIGN PLANNING PHASES

FEASIBILITY STUDY

NEEDS ANALYSIS· COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATIOI~ AND DEFINITlON OF THE NEEDS OF THE SYSTEM ADEQUATE ENOUGH TO JUSTIFY COMMITMENT OF THE FUNDS, TIME. AND EFFORT NECESSARY TO EXPLORE THE FEASIBILITY OF ~EVELOPMENT.

IDENTIFICATION AND FORMULATION - BOUND THE NEEDS OR REQUIREMENTS SUBJECTIVELY BY CON­SIDERI NG THE PRODUCTION/CONSUMPTION PHASES.

SYNTHESIS OF SOLUTIONS· GENERATION OF CAIWIDATE SOLUTIONS TO MLET THe IDENTIFIED AND BOUNDED NEEDS.

SCREENING OF CANDIDATE SYSTEMS - ELIMINATION OF UNFEASIBLE CANDIDATES SYSTEMS.

Figure 2(a): Primary Design - Planning Phases Feas­ibility Study. ~ef [41.

PRELIMINARY ACTIVITI ES

PREPARATION FOR ANALYSIS - REVIEW. INT~TION OF NEW INFORMATION, AND COMPARISONS OF CANDIDATE SYSTEMS.

DEFINITION OF CRITERIA - FORMAL DEFINITION OF STANDARDS BY WHICH SYSTEM PERFORMANCE IS EVALUATED AND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE.

DEFINITION OF PARAMETERS - DEFINITION OF MEASURES OR CHARACTEkISTICS TO PROVIDE A MEASURE OF CRITERIA ESTABLISHED.

CRITERION MODELING - MODELING OF CRITERIA ON THE BASIS OF PARAM~TERS AND SUBMODELS.

FORMULATION OF CRITERION FUNCTIONS - ESTABLISHMENT OF CONSTRAINTS AND COMBINATION OF CRITERIA INTO SINGLE CRITERIA FUNCTION.

ANALYSES OF PARAMETER SPACE - EVALUATE DESIGN SPACE TO UNDEnSTAND THE :1ATURE OF THE PARAMETERS, THEIR INTEilACTIONS.AND EHECT ON CRITERIllN FUNCTION.

FORMAL OPTIMIZATION - OPTIMIZATION WITHIN AND AMONG CANDIDATES SYSTEMS TO DOTERMINE OPTIMAL CANDIDATE SYSTCM.

PROJECTION OF SYSTEM BEHAVIOR· EVALUATION OF SYSTEM AND ENVIRONMENT FOR THE PRODUC· TION/CONSUMPTION PHASES.

'TESTING AND SIMPLIFICATION - VERIFICATION (IF ATTRIBUTES OF SYSTEM AND ASSESSMENT OF SIMPLIFICATION UPON SYSTE.1oI PERFORMANCE.

Figure 2(b): Primary Design - Planning Phases Preli­minary Activities. Ref [4].

Maintainability and Reliability (MR)ILS ELEMENTS

The maintainability of a system is the ability of Integrated Logistic Support requires the evaluation, that system to be maintained in its intended enviro­analysis and management of the following elements: nment and the ability of the environment to reestab­

I ish the sys tem per formance when anoma lies occu r. I. Maintainability and Reliability (MR) The reliability of a system is the probability that a 2. Maintenance Planning (MP) system will perform its intended functions for a 3. Support and Test Equipment (SE) predetermined time in a planned environment. 4. Supply Support (SS) 5. Transportation and Handling (TH) The two above parameters define a third important6. Technical Data (TD) parameter, availability, the fraction of time that a 7. Facilities (FA) system is ready or "available" to do the functions 8. Personnel and Training (PT) for which it is intended. A large body of informa­9. Funding (F) tion exists in the areas of Reliability and Maintain­10. Management Data (MD) ability [5] [6]. The Reliability and Maintainabili­

ty data are used for Maintenance planning.A bricf definition of the variOUS elements follows:

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.. I I I

SYSTC.M AN.~~YSI~_

LOGISTIC SUPPORT ANALYSIS (LSA)

---....--------­ -

YES

N.I;.7t;'S:;;''7i'R;~;;;~IUw~iWt['!t%i\~iiEri~.%t.; , . Tell and IUpport !I Splrr/~p.ir partt PenonneJ Ind .i

lQuipment I (supply IUppor1) tninina:1

NO

SYSTEM DESIGN

ACTIYITY

.--­

PRODUCTION/CONSTR UCTION

SYSTFM UTILIZATION AND L1H CYCLE SUPPORT

Figure 3: Logistic Support Reauirements In The DesignProcess. Ref [3].

Maintenance Planning (MF)

This defines the actions and supporting requirements necessary to maintain the designed system in its prescribed state of operation. Maintenance planning is essential during the design stage of any project to ensure a high maintainability throughout its life cycle.

Maintenance planning documentation should provide such things as tests and test equipment needed, facilities, personnel, spares and repair parts, main­tenance in tervals, technical da ta. There have been several energy conservation schemes which have failed because of a lack of maintenance planning at the project design phases. Some schemes exhibit high thermal efficiencies but with an unacceptably low availability.

Support and Test Equipment (SE)

Support and test equipment consists of tools, cali ­bration equipment, monitoring and checkout devices '1nd ma intenance handl ing devices. Bas ic to the

continued success of an operating system is the adequate availability of supplies and test equipment to meet both operating and maintenance needs.

With increasing penalties for unavailability, sever­al users are now calling for on-line monitoring and diagnostic systems for their key systems. This trend exists in the Utility, Petrochemical and Gas Distribution Industries. Human factors engineering is an important consideration with any system. All equipment, both primary and support, must have both hardware and software interfaces compatible with individuals and skill levels for which they are intended. A good review of human factors in engin­eering design is provided by McCormick [7].

Supply Support (55)

This is responsible for the timely provisioning, distribution and inventory replenishment of spares, repair parts and special supplies. It is based on technical input from maintenance planners with such data as system utilization rates, operating hours, failure rates, required maintenance times in the field

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at specific locations, and selected items critical to the sate"y of the system and the accomplishment of its mission. The decision for maintaining an adequate level of spares and to trade off downtime with excessive holding costs can be handled quantitative­ly. Several statistical models exist for this. Figure 4 shows the spares and repair parts development process.

Transportation and Handling (TH)

While Deployment planning emphasizes where system elements will be located, transportation and handling identifies how the elements will be initially deployed and how the subsequent elements will be handled and shipped.

In the energy project area, care must be taken during the equipment specification phase to clearly specify transportation, and machinery preservation methods. Cases have been reported when expensive plant turbo­machinery has been seriously damaged because of poor transportation and storage procedures.

r----' iSlati,tical I

Idata I(application')1 L.. _ _ _J .:",t,:;:':t:i"""L._

i-­J--., I Field I I data IL .J

SPARES CALCULATION

Independenl computation of spares for each item based on replacement frequency. repair frequency, repair and recycle time, condemnation rate, etc.

Facilities (FA)

The purpose of the facilities program is to assu e that the required facilities are available to tHe operations phase and to all supporting activiti~s throughout the system life cycle.

Personnel and Training (PT)

These include the identification and development f dkills and the personnel to satisfy operations add maintenance requirements. Task categories and rJ­sulting optimal skill mixes needed to achieve perfoJ­mance goals must be considered such that any deficit!s are covered by training actions and by the time~y commitment of people.

Training is an area of growing importance with tec no logical advances in the energy area. For examp e the use of fluidized bed combustion systems and 1 w BTU gas turbine combined cycles will create a ne d for new skills in the operations and maintenan e areas. This would call for support requirements su h as simulators to help train operators. Figure 5 shows the procedure for developing these suppo t requirements.

SELECTED II'\'ENTORY

Development of rum inventory lists (t)'pe and quanlity of ,parel repair paris) for:

·Organiz.ation

• Intermediate

• [)cPOI

• Supplier

Figure 4: Spare/Repair Part Development Process. Ref [3).

Technical Data (TO)

Technical Data includes all the technical information necessary for the efficient operation and support of the system. Elements such as technical drawings, operating and maintenance instructions, provisioning and facilities information, specifications, test and calibration procedures, instructions and equipment placards, special purpose computer programs and other forms of audio/visual presentation to guide people performing operations and support tasks are included here.

Funding (F)

Successful planning during all phases of the li e cycle requires careful attention to the effect f budgetary and financing procedures and resourc s upon the elements of the system.

Considerations of importance to the designer-planner are:

1. Early determination of funding requirements, which allow accurate forecasting of life cycle cost~.

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r--------­I LUgi~li( Supporr :l AJ)aJy'l~ D.. ta I

~---T---"

Sys":m Pnronnt'l and Tninins Rt'qlllrem~'nls

rcr~onnel and Tnining PI:i1n

Desi," and De~tlopmen!

r ­ of Trainlnl Eql.upmeR,!-

TrillmnJ

F.qlllpmcni

Produclion and AcquisiTion t---+------"'T--..L--... ofTrainine Equlpmenl­ ,I

I I I I I I IL .1. ..!::o

("orrcflivt' AClion Ulilp

-Traming Equipmenl IndudC1: SimulalOrs, Visual Aids, .'-fo(ku~, Mobile UnIts, Graphics. Film, Clc.

No Furlher AClion

Figur2 5: Personnel & Training Development Process. Ref [3].

2. Accurate updating of forecasts for timely plann­ing and apportionment of required research and deve­lopment investment and operating funds.

3. Allocation of available program funds to each system area based upon its justified need, with emphasis given to the program schedule and task priorities.

4. Accura te accoun ting of fund expendi tures us ing measurement criteria to ensure proper funds utiliza­tion and redistribution.

Awareness of budgetary problems at an early date often permits the exercise of options not available later in the life cycle.

Management Data (MD)

This involves the assembly of data into a manageable aggregate for evaluation. It provides the feedback to the designer - planner from the system during various phases concerning conditions about the state of act­ivities of the system and usually requires some formating and analysis before it becomes of signi­ficance to the designer - planner.

APPLICATIONS

Two applications of the above mentioned concepts are presented here, to show how they may be used during the conceptual planning phases of projects.

The first example involves a strategic planning pro­ject conducted for a major utility. The project

objective was to determine what power technologies were to be employed in the year 2000 onwards. Figure 6 shows the methodology used for the study.

Concepts used for the study drew in large part on the design morphology described previously. Figure 7 shows some of the technologies evaluated as well as criteria used in making an evaluation. It can be seen that several criteria related to support ele­ments of the power generation alternatives such as Reliability and Maintainability. Additionally,ILS studies were made to determine what kind and level of support would be needed for the technology mix chosen. Based on this study, the strategic requir­ements of the utility were defined for the areas of Maintenance Planning, Support Equipment, Technical Data, Maintenance Instructions, Personnel Training and Facilities.

STUDY METHODOLOGY

PROVIDE DETAILED DESCRIPTION/ANALYSIS Of STATE-Of-ART IN DIFFERENT

ALTERNATE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY AREAS

DISCUSS RISK ASSIGNMENT AND fUEL AVAILABILITY

IPERfORM EVALUATIOI' I

REVIEW TECHNOLOGY SET AND SCREEN fOR

INITIAL fEASIBILITY

~ CONSIDER TECHNOLOGY

LIfE CYCLE PHASES AND DEFINE CRITERIA

XI,X2,X3,····· x.­L

ASSIGN WEIGHTS TO CRITERIA

81,82,83 ....·8~

.L EVALUATE TECHNOLOGY

AND RANK 1-10 fOR EACH CRITERION

! fORM ATTRACTIVENESS VECTOR

fOR EACH TECHNOLOGY A = 81XI + 82X2 .... 8nXn

RANK AND SEGMENT TO fIND BEST TECHNOLOGY MIX

Figure 6: Study Methodology for Utility Strategic Planning Project.

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TECHNOLOGIES EVALUATED

• Advanced Steam Cycle Fluidized Bed (AFB)

Heavy Fuel Combined Cycle

Combined Gas/Steam Cycles; Low Btu Semiclean Fuel

Pulverized Coal Advanced Cycle

Compressed Air Energy Storage

Nuclear Fisioo - LWR, LMFBR

Open Cycle MHO Steam Systems

Trash Energy Conversion

EVALUATION CRITERIA

Geothermal: Liquid dominated Vapor Dominated HDR

• Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Steam System

Advanced Steam Sys tern (prs)

Biomass

Closed Gas Turbine Organic Rank ioe eye 1e

Potassium-Steam Cycle

Nuc lear fus ion

Solar Central STEe, Photovolrics

Wind Energy

Tidal PoW'er

Wave Energy

OTEC

Xg

X21

(Xi) FOR EACH TECHNOLOGY

Economic Viab iIi ty

Efficiency

Resource Requirement

Environmental Impact

Reliability Availability

Sa fery

Siting Flexibility

Li Ee Expec cancy

Flexibility

Part Load Efficiency

Ease of Operat ion and Control

Haintainabil ity

Fuel Flexibility

Compatibil ity <of working fluid with system materials)

Work ing Fluid Stabil ity

Retrofit Potential

By-produc t Sa 1eab iii ty

Electrical Performance

Startup Power

Sociological Impact

Development Viability. ~ear 2000

Figure 7: Technology Planning Project.

Another project involved a large Gas Turbine waste heat recovery cycle utilizing an ammonia expansion turbine. The ILS studies were conducted partly quantitatively and partly qualitatively. The quanti­tative part included detailed reliability and avail­ability and spare part analysis. Qualitative studies were made of maintenance requirements and personnel requirements. Figure 8 provides a review checklist [3] for logistic support elements that may be employed during a design review.

LOGISTIC SUPPORT MODELS

A model may be considered a simplified mathematical representation of a real world situation and is often employed to aid decision makers in addressing and analyzing certain problem areas. Models may be used to aid in conceptual design and advanced system development, detailed equipment design, determination of' specific logistic support requirements and the assessment of logistic supports effectiveness.

Matrix for Utility Strategic

References [8], [9], [10] discuss the use of a application of models. The last reference cater gorizes many different generic types of models an discusses four classes of models with specifi examples for illustration.

There are models available which have already bee deve loped and tes ted enab 1ing the user to ta ilo them to his particular requirements. These model meet many planning requirements [11], [12], [13], [ 14].

CONCLUS IC"u

The complexity and criticality of modern day energ projects makes their successful operation a must. A key cause of systems failure in the past has been that systems have not been expeditiously and eco~

nomically supported throughout their life cycle. , ILS is a management philosophy that assures the integration of the various elements of support. II considered during the design planning phase,ILS can

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Logi.tic .uppo,t element••

1.0 Test and Support Equipment

1.1. Have the test and support equipment requirements been defined for each echelon of maintenance 7

1,2, Have standard test and support equipment items been selected? Newly designed equipment should not be necessary unless standard equipment is unavailable.

1.3 Are the selected test and support equipment items compatible with the prime equipment 7 Does the lest equipment do the job?

1.4, Are the test and support equipment requirements compatible wilh the Logistic Support Analysis?

1,5, Have test and supporl equipment requirements (both in terms of variety and quantity) been minimized to the greatest extent possible 7

1.6, Are the reliability and maintainability features in the test and support equipment compatible with those equivalent features in the prime equipment7 It is not practical to selecl an item of support equipment which is not as reliable as the item it supports,

1.7, Have logistic support requirements for the selected test and support equipment been defined? This includes maintenance tasks, test equip­menl, spare/repair parts, personnel and training, data, and facilities,

1,8, Is the tesl and support equipment selection process based on cost-effec­tiveness considerations (i,e" life-cycle cost)?

2,0 Supply Support (Spare/Repair Parts)

2, I. Are the types and quantity of spare/repair parts compalible with the level of repair analysis?

2.2, Are the types and quantity of spare/repair parts designated for a given location appropriate for the estimated demand at that location? Too many or too few 'spares can be costly.

2.3. Are spare/repair part provisioning factors consistent with the Logistic Support Analysis 7

2.4, Are spare/repair part provisioning faclors directly traceable to reliabil­ity and maintainability predictions 7

2.5. Are the specified logistics pipeline times compatible with effeclivesupply support 7 Long pipeline times place a tremendous burden on logistic support.

2.6. Have spare/repair parts been identified and provisioned for preopera­tional support activities (e.g., interim supplier support, test programs, etc.)?

2,7. Have spare/repair part requirements been minimized to the maximum extent possible?

2,8. Have test and acceptance procedures been developed for spare/repair parIs? Spare/repair parts should be processed. produced. and accepted on a similar basis with their equivalent components in the prime equip­ment.

2.9, Have the consequences (risks) of stockout been defined in terms of effect on mission requirements and cost 1

2,10. Has an inventory safety stock level been defined? 2, II, Has a provisioning or procurement cycle been defined (procurement or

order frequency)? 2,12, Has a supply availability requirement been established (the probability

of having a spare available when required)?

3,0 Personnel and Training

3.1. Have operational and maintenance personnel requirements (quantity and skill levels) been defined 7

3,2. Are operational and maintenance personnel requirements minimized to the greatest extent possible?

3,3, Are operational and maintenance personnel requirements compatible with the Logistic Support Analysis and with Human Factors data 7 Personnel quantities and skill levels should track both sources.

3.4. Are the planned personnel skill levels at each location compatible with the complexity of the operational and maintenance tasks specified 7

3.5. Has maximum consideration been given to the use or existing personnel skills for new equipment?

3.6. Have personnel attrition rates been established? 3.7. Have personnel effectiveness factors been determined (actual time that

work is accomplished per the total time allowed for work accomplish­ment)?

3.8. Have operational and maintenance training requirements been sped­fied? This includes consideration of bOlh initial training and replenish­ment training throughout the life-cycle.

3.9. Have specific training programs been planned? The type of training,

frequency of training, duration of training, and student entry require­ments should be identified,

3.10. Are the planned training programs rompatible wilh the personnel skill level requirements specified for the performance of operational and maintenan-ec lasks 7

3, II, Have training equipment requirements been defined 7 Acquisitioned? 3.12. Have maintenance provisions for training equipment been planned? 3.1J, Have training data requirements been defined? 3.14, Are the planned operating and maintenance procedures (designated for

support of the system Ihroughout its life-cycle) utilized to the maximum extent possible in the training program(s) 7

4.0 Technical Data (Operating and Mainlenance Procedures)

4.1, Have operating and maintenance procedure requirements been defined? Have the necessary procedures been prepared 7

4.2, Are operating and maintenance procedures compatible with Logistic Support Analysis data 7 This pertains particularly to the logic trouble­shooting flow diagrams. task sequences. and support requirements defined in the maintenance analysis described in Appendix B,

4,3. Are operating and maintenance procedures as brief as possible without sacrificing necessary information 1

4.4, Are operating and maintenance procedures adequate from the stand­point of presenting simple step-by-step instructions; including appro­priate use of illustrations; and including tables for presenting data?

4.5, Are operating and maintenance procedures compatible with the level of activity performed at the location where the procedures are used? Depot maintenance instructions should not be included in manuals which are used at the intermediate level of maintenance, The main­tenance procedures should be compatible' with the level of repair analysis and the maintenance concept.

4.6. Are operating and maintenance procedures written to the skill level of the individual accomplishing the functions covered by the proce­dures 7 Procedures should be written in a simple, clear, and concise manner for low skilled personnel.

4.7, Do the operating and maintenance procedures specify the correct test and support equipment. spare/repair parts, transportation and handling equipment, and facilities 7

4,8. Do the procedures include special warning notices in areas where safety is a concern 7

4,9. Are the designated operating and maintenance procedures used in system/equipment test programs?

5.0 Facilities and Storage

5, I. Have facility requirements (space, volume, capital equipmenl, utilities, etc.) necessary for system operation been defined?

5.2. Have facility requirements (space, volume. capital equipment. utilities, elc,) necasary for system maintenance at each echelon been defined?

5,3, Have operational and maintenance facility requirements been mini­mized to the greatest extent possible?

5.4. Have environmental system requirements (e.g" temperature, humidity. and dust control) associated with operational and maintenance facili­ties been idenlified 7

5,5, Have storage or shelf space requirements for spare/repair parts been defined?

5.6. Have storage ~nvironmenlS been defined? 5,7, Are the designated facility and storage requirements compatible with

the Logistic Support Analysis and Human Factors data?

6.0 Transportation and Handling

6, I. Are transportation and handling requirements for both operational and maintenance functions defined? This includes transportation of prime equipment, test and support equipment. spares, personnel, and data,

6,2, Are transportalion and handling environments (temperature, shock and vibration, exposure to dust and salt spray, slOrage, etc.) defined?

6.3. Are the modes (air. ground vehicle. rail. sea. Of a combination) of transportation known? A profile or scenario. similar to that accom­plished for mission definition, should be developed showing the various transportation and handling requirements.

6.4. Are the requirements for reusable containers known? Design informa· tion should be developed on reusable containers,

6,5, Are the requirements for packing known? This includes labor, material, preservation, storage limitationsl and the processing of an item for

shipment.

Figure 8: ILS Review Che~klist. Ref [3]

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go. a long way in ensuring tha t the sys tern being planned will meet its objectives effectively.

REFERENCES

[1] Archibald, A.D., "Managing High Technology Programs and Projects", John Wiley, 1976.

[2) ToefEler, A., "The Third Wave", Bantam Boo­ks, 1980.

[3) Blanchard, B.S., "Logistics Engineering and Management 2nd Ed. Prentice-Hall, 1981.

[4] Ostrofsky, B., "Design Planning and Develop­ment Methodology", Prentice-Hall Inc., 1977.

(5) Kapur, K. C., and Lamberson, L.R., "Reli­ability in Engineering Design". John Wiley, 1977.

[6J Locks, M.O., "Reliability Maintainability and Availability Assessment", Hayden Books, 1973.

[7] McCormick, E.J., "Human Factors in Engine­ering and Design", McGraw-Hill, 1976.

[8] Schuchman, A., "Scient~fic Design makin in Business-Readings in Operations Research for Nonr Mathematicians", Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc. 1963.

[9J Paulson, R. M., Waina, R. B., Zacks, L. H. "Using Logistics Models in System Design and Earl~

Sup~ort Planning", Report No. R-550-PR, RAND corporl rat~on .

[10] NAVFAC P-443., "Catalog of Navy Systems Conun ands, Systems Analysis/Operations Research Models" Department of the Navy.

[11] "User's Manual for SAMSON II", Report No. RM 4923-PR, RAND Corporation, 1967.

[12) "Evaluating the Economics of Integrated Lo­gistic Support", SEER, ATE-8-612, Radio Corp. a America, Defence Electronics Products, 1968.

[13] "Life-Cycle Cost Model Final User's Manual an Operating Instructions", PRC-R-1225, Planning Re search Corp., 1969.

[14] "Base Depot Stockage Model", Report ERR-FW-621 General Dynamics, 1967.

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Proceedings from the Fifth Industrial Energy Conservation Technology Conference Volume 1, Houston, TX, April 17-20, 1983