The Appeal of McCarthyism Suggested US foreign policy failures (“Who Lost China?”) were not the...
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Transcript of The Appeal of McCarthyism Suggested US foreign policy failures (“Who Lost China?”) were not the...
The Appeal of McCarthyismThe Appeal of McCarthyism
Suggested US foreign policy failures (“Who Lost China?”) were not the fault of wrongheaded policies, but rather because of spies in the State DepartmentAllowed Americans to ignore the reality that many former colonial nations did not trust the US or Europe (or capitalism), and thus were tempted by the promises of Communism
To understand this reality, Americans would have had to grapple with the uncomfortable truth that their nation and allies had not always stood on the side of freedom, democracy and self-determination
Appealed to the Manichean, simple-minded view of the world as a struggle between good and evil, lightness and darkness
Opposite of the complex geopolitical and historically grounded understanding and approach Kennan argued for
America’s Permanent Global America’s Permanent Global MilitaryMilitary
Responding to charges of being soft on communism, Republican attacks, and his own ideology, Truman instituted massive permanent military build upArmy increased by 50%, air groups doubledDefense spending quadruples: $95 million in 1948 to $408 million in 1952
In part because of Korean War But remains at more than $300 million throughout the decade
Begins constructing American military bases around the globe: Rearm Western Germany and station US troops Japanese allowed defensive rearmament Secure new bases in exchange for economic support in nations of suspect
democratic credentials: Morocco, Libya, Saudi Arabia, and fascist SpainIncrease aid to other western powers supposedly fighting communism around the globe:
Most notably, support French attempts to reassert colonial power in Indochina—better know today as Vietnam
Dwight Eisenhower (1953-1961) Moderate, even
“liberal,” Republican Despises the lying
tactics of the demagogic McCarthy, but does little to try and stop his reign of terror
September, 1959, edition of Time magazine, featuring a smiling Nikita Khrushchev looming over symbols of the “American Way of Life”
Kim Il Sung’s bizarre and mysterious son, who took power in North Korea after his father’s death in 1994
Later photo of a typically armed and dressed Viet Cong soldier in an underground bunker and tunnel system
Satellite game cards, c. 1959--receive the Sputnik card and you lose two turns in the “Space Race”; a model of the real thing on right
Eisenhower at HomeEisenhower at HomeDomestically, Eisenhower took a very moderate approach
Disliked excessively big government, but not ideologically opposed to every element of the New Deal
Supported Social Security, unemployment insurance, a minimum wage A moderate or even “liberal” Republican
Presidency did not mark a broad shift away from New Deal liberalism Democrats returned to domination in Congress after 1954
Although some minor economic downturns, by and large the economy thrived during the 1950s
Pent-up consumer demand from WWII Lack of competitors due to the destruction of Europe in WWII Government programs like the GI Bill that produced a new highly educated work
force Government investment in science and technology: Military Keynesianism
But given his dislike of using the federal government to achieve social goals, Eisenhower was reluctant to take a strong role in the emerging Civil Rights movement
Truman arrives to address the annual convention of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1947, the first US president to do so
Linda Brown, the little girl in Topeka, Kansas, whose father filed suit after the school board forced her to go to a school more than a mile from her home when an all-white school was seven blocks away
Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court which ruled in May of 1954 that “Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal,” beginning the end of the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson precedent
Emmett Till’s savagely beaten body—the price a black boy paid for whistling at a white women in the supposedly progressive America of the
1950s
Empty busses during the Montgomery Bus boycott
Section from the Montgomery municipal code requiring city
busses to segregate
Montgomery, Alabama, Klan members warn of the grave dangers of letting black people sit next to white people on busses
Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus Boycott
Demonstrated blacks deeply desired freedom and equality and were willing to personally sacrifice to achieve it
Demonstrated power of organizing, civil protests, and the strength in numbers Laughed at the Klan rather than feared them
Brought to national prominence a new leader for black civil rights
The 26-year old Reverend Martin Luther King, arrested during the Montgomery Bus Boycott
•Decidedly non-radical, reasonable leader, but passionate and inspiring
•Doctorate from Boston University in theology
•Believed civil rights would be won through Christian love and non-violent resistance
"If we are arrested every day, if we are exploited every day, if we are trampled every day, don't ever let anyone pull you so low as to hate them. We must use the weapon of love. We must have compassion and understanding for those who hate us. We must realize so many people are taught to hate us that they are not totally responsible for their hate."
--Martin Luther King
Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus, who rejected the Supreme Court’s ruling that all U.S. schools must integrate