THE ANIMAL

KINGDOMUnder the Sea

These Ain’t ANIMALS!

• Any plants or prokaryotes.• Any Protists like:

– Diatoms and Foraminifera and other stuff like that

– Algae and Kelp– Dinoflagellates and Zooxanthellae– Amoebas– Radiolarians, etc

PORIFERA

“pore bearing” sponges

asymmetry

Porifera

• All sponges are suspension feeders, they feed on passing plankton and tiny organic particles

• They have no real tissue, they just have different special cells working together

• No digestive system or skeleton, just specialized cells

CNIDARIA

“stinging cells”coral, jellyfish, sea anemone, hydra

radial symmetry

Cnidaria• 1. There are 2 types of Cnidaria structure: polyps and medusas• 2. There are 3 major classes of Cnidarians:• a. Hydrozoa- hydras• b. Scyphozoa- Jellyfish• c. Anthozoa- Sea Anemones and Coral•  • 3. They have radial symmetry.•  • 4. There are no organs, only tissues.•  • 5. They have 2 layers:• a. epidermis- outer• b. gastrodermis- inner• c. mesoglea- jelly between the layers 

 

Cnidaria• 6. They have a simple gastric cavity called a coelenteron.•  • 7. They contain specialized cells for feeding and defense called “stinging cells”, or cnidocytes.•  • 8. Cnidocytes contain a capsule that has a “stinging structure “ called a nematocyst. It is

released due to chemical or tactile stimulus. They are only used once, then replaced. They are found along the tentacles.

•  • 9. Jellyfish (Scyphozoa) are suspension feeders. Mucus under the umbrella traps plankton,

arms stuff prey into mouth, 2 way digestive system •  • 10. Jellyfish (Scyphozoa) have primitive nervous systems (nerve net).•  • 11. Jellyfish (Scyphozoa) have 2 separate sexes. Fertilize externally. Sperm and eggs are

released into the water.•  • 12. Sea Anemones, and Corals (Anthozoa) have a hollow body tube.

Cnidaria• 18. Corals live in colonies. These colonies secrete skeletons.•  • 19. Coral skeletons are made of calcium carbonate. Some are hard, and some are soft and

flexible.•  • 20. A Coral reef is built by millions of Coral polyps. The Coral extract Calcium Carbonate

from the sea water and deposit it as a hard skeleton.•  • 21. Coral Reefs are usually found in warm, sunlit, clear tropical waters. •  • 22. Soft Corals have a fleshy mass of tissue that connect all of the soft polyps together in a

colony. The soft, flexible skeleton is secreted by tissue cells.•  • 23. Corals carry out a mutualistic relationship with zooxanthellae (microscopic organisms).

These make food for the Coral by photosynthesis, they in return get to absorb the coral wastes (CO2, N, P). Without the zooxanthellae the Coral polyp could not absorb CO2 from the water to make limestone or calcium carbonate.

Cnidaria• 13. Sea Anemones and Coral (Anthozoa) are sessile. Live attached to hard

substrate.•  • 14. Sea Anemones and Coral (Anthozoa) have stinging tentacles that sting and trap

food (mostly plankton). The tentacle are covered by cnidocytes.•  • 15. They reproduce asexually:• a. regeneration (like Echinodermata)• b. budding (like Porifera)•  • 16. Some Sea Anemones have symbiotic relationships with other organisms:

Clownfish and shrimp.•  • 17. Some Sea Anemones are burrowing. They can dig into and under the sand to

escape predators. 

Biologically Immortal

WORM PHYLA

1. PLATYHELMINTHES2. NEMATODA3. ANNELIDA

PLATYHELMINTHES

“flat worms”planaria, tapeworm, flukebilateral symmetry

Platyhelmithes

• Most primitive organism with a Central Nervous System

NEMATODA

“round worm”hookworm, heartworm

bilateral symmetry

Roundworms (Nematoda)

• They are EVERYWHERE! Land and Water• Many are parasites, and nearly every

chordate can be parasitized by some species of roundworm

• Absolutely disgusting. Just google “roundworms” and you will see what I mean. Hear is a taste…

Possible digestive tract of an infected

fish

ANNELIDA

“segmented worms”clamworm, bloodworm, leech

bilateral symmetry

Annelida

• Most evolutionarily advanced• Each segment of the annelid has its own

circulatory, excretory, nervous, muscular, and reproductive system

• The class Polychaeta is the largest and most diverse class of annelids

• Some are “Christmas Tree Worms”, which live in calcareous tubes and have bristle-like projections

ARTHROPODA

“jointed legs”lobster, crab, barnacle

bilateral symmetry

Athropods

• THE MOST SUCCESSFUL PHYLUM OF ANIMAL ON EARTH!

• More than a million species are known• Krill, an arthropod, has the greatest biomass

of any species on Earth• 3 important physical features: Exoskeleton,

Striated muscle, Articulation

Arthropods

• Exoskeleton: strong, lightweight, form-fitting, for protection and support. Made of a tough, nitrogen-rich carbohydrate called Chitin. This is sometimes strengthened by CaCO3

• Articulation: the ability to bend its appendages at specific points (joints=arthro)

Arthropods

• Molting: how an arthropod grows WATCH– Giant Spider Crab Molting Super Speed

• The class Crustacea includes 30,000 species, mostly marine, gill-breathing lobsters, crabs, crayfish, shrimp, water fleas, copepods, krill, barnacles, etc.

• 70% OF ALL ZOOPLANKTON are copepods, which graze in dinoflagellates and diatoms

• The largest Crustacean is the Japanese Giant Spider Crab. It can grow to a leg span of 13 feet, ~40 lbs, and can live for 100 years max. They are found in the deep waters off the coast of, well, Japan.

MOLLUSCA

snail, octopus, clambilateral symmetry

Mullusca

• 3 Important Classes: Gastropoda which means stomach-foot, aka the snails, Bivalva which means two doors, aka the bivalves like clams, oysters, and mussels, and Cephalopoda which means head-foot, aka nautiluses, octopuses, cuttlefish, and squid.

• I’m going to go in detail with pictures because they are important.

Nudibranches

SnailGASTROPODA

Bivalvia

Cephalopoda

ECHINODERMATA

“spiny skin”sea star, sea urchin, sand dollar

radial symmetry

Echinodermata• 4 Fameous Classes: Asteriodea- sea stars, Ophiuroidea-

brittle stars, Echinoidea-sea urchins and sand dollars, and Holothuroidea- sea cucumbers

• Asteriodea have the all important Water Vascular System (see picture)

• Echinoderms can regenerate missing limbs, arms, spines - even intestines (for example sea cucumbers). Some brittle stars and sea stars can reproduce asexually by breaking a ray or arm or by deliberately splitting the body in half. Each half then becomes a whole new animal.

That weird 3-toothed thing in the middle is the aristotle’s lantern, which grinds to help

the urchin eat stuff like Kelp

CORDATES

vertebratesfish,birds,mammals,reptiles

bilateral symmetry

Chordata (Marine Division)

• Since I already presented on Cetaceans, the chordate mammals of the sea, this will be about the non-mammalian stuff

• All are ectotherms (cold blooded)• Super diverse, from simple to highly

evoloved• 3 Fish Classes: Agnatha, Chondrichthyes,

and Osteichthyes

Agnatha

• Hagfish and Lampreys- the weird, disgusting odd balls of the fishes

• a=lacking, gnathos=jaw: they lack jaws• Hagfish’s defense is excreting tons of slime.

They are carnivores too.• Lampreys have freakish teeth and suck the

blood of fish and humans that swim in infested waters.

Chondrichthyes

• Cartilaginous fish such as sharks, rays, skates, and chimaeras.

• Have been around for at least 280,000,000 years

• What do they have in common?– Cartilage= a flexible and resiliant connective

tissue that contains no blood vessels

Chondrichthyes• Sharks- 2nd largest living

vertabretes• No swim bladder, so they must

move to stay buoyant• Predators• Skin=dermal dentricles, tooth like

scales on the skin for aerodynamics• Only 20% of sharks are longer than

6 feet• The largest shark is the whale

shark, which lives in warm water and is a filter feeder. It can reach 60 ft and 90,000 lbs

• Rays and Skates- Flattened apperance with spreading pectoral fins in the shape of a triangle

• No swim bladder• Rays and skates have very smooth

skin• One family of rays has the famous

barb on its tail, another family can reach 22 feet across

• This of course is the Manta Ray, which can reach nearly 2 tons!

• Large rays feed on plankton• Small rays feed on small mollusks

and arthropods

Chimaera

Osteichthyes• Osteum=bone, ichthyes=fish, so these are BONY FISH• The most numerous fish• Fish have problems though: Seawater is dense and takes

water out of the fishes body through osmosis• Every fish has come up with a method to cope with the

difficulties. • The largest order of fish under class Osteichthyes is

Teleostei, which contains 90% of all bony fish, including cod, tuna, perch, etc.

Teleostei

• Largest class• Contains all fish with swim bladders to

keep neutrally buoyant and independantly movable fins for well controlled swimming and communication.

• Some 77 million tons of bony fish are taken form the sea each year

Breathing

Osmoregulation

Lateral Line System

Lateral Line System• Canals formed in the shape of a line running down the fish• Rich with nerves under the surface• Reports to the nervous system changes in: direction, water

pressure, and environment• Predatory sharks use this along with the Ampullae of

Lorenzini to detect prey• The Ampullae of Lorenzini are special

sensing organs called electroreceptors, forming a network of jelly-filled pores. This is some times called the sharks 6th sense.

Ampullae of Lorenzini

Phylums That Are Not As Important

• Placozoa- Amoeba-like Multi cellular animals

• Mesozoa-Worm-like parisites of cephalopods

• Ctenophora- comb jellies, round and gelatinous predatory things

• Nemertea-Ribbon worms

• Gnathostomulida-microscopic, ciliated things that live in the sand

• Rotifera-Roterifers: largely freshwater zooplankton

Phylums That Are Not As Important

• Kinoryncha-small segmented spiny wormlike things, all live in the sea in the sand

• Acanthocephala-spiny headed worms, all parasites

• Entoprocta-polyp-like benthic suspension feeders

• Bryozoa-encrusting marine things, common

• Phorida- shallow water tube worms

• Brachiopoda- type of bivalve, look like clams, rare

• Hemichordata-Acorn worms, unsegmented burrowers

Phylums That Are Not As Important

• Priapulida-rare subtidal worm things

• Sipuncula- peanut worms, all marine

• Echiura- spoon worms• Tardigrada- “water

bears”, waaaaay more hardcore than cockroaches. Can survive outer space

• Pentastoma-Tongue Worms, parasites of vertebrates

• Pogonophora- Beard worms, no digestive system, deep water tube worms, all marine

• Chaetognatha- arrowworms, stiff-bodied plankton