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The Americas on the Eve of Invasion
CHAPTER 11
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Previous knowledge
What are the main native American groups in Central and South America? Where were they located?
What group was 1st?What were the groups known for?Who conquered the major groups?Name any famous member of any group.
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Postclassical Mesoamerica
Olmecs (1400-400 BCE) Mother culture
Introduced 1. hieroglyphs 2. calendar 3. concept of 0 4. ballcourt game (rubber balls) 5. Stone heads
Maya (300 BCE- 900 CE)Aztecs (1200- 1550 CE) Incas (1400- 1550)
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Maya
Chichen ItzaTikalTulum
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Teotihuacan
Site of civilization Central MexicoCollapsed 700’s
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Toltecs Teotihuacan-Toltecs
Capital was Tula 968 Adopted cultural
aspects but add: 1. Strong military 2. expand human
sacrifice
Looked at as givers of civilization by Aztecs
Commercial influence Possibly to Miss and
Ohio Valleys Lasted until 1150
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Aztecs
Known as Mexica (origin of Mexico)After fall of Toltecs people migrate to Valley of Mexico
(1325) Power and population shift
Found cities: 1. Tenochtitlan (1325)
By 1434 dominates area 2. Tlateloco
Rise of the 1. city-states (Triple Alliance) 2. pipiltin (nobility class)
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AztecsAztec Social Contract
1. Pay tribute (leave alone) 2. surrender lands 3. military service 4. king is god on Earth
Tlacaelel (brother of Montezuma SP?)) Important official Helps move clans (CALPULLI) to
a unified societyMoctezuma II
Height of Aztec power
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Aztec Religion
Many gods in many different formsCyclical patterns of world destruction (over and over)1. Gods of fertility
Agriculture etc2. Creator gods
Sun, moon sky etc3. Gods of warfare and sacrifice
Huitzilopochtli ((becomes main deity)
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SacrificeGods get strength from sacrificeWhy? (different theories)
1. Exaggerated by Spanish (superiority and validate conquest)
2. religious act essential to receive gods blessings
3. terrorize neighbors and subjugate lower class
4. response to lack of protein and absence of large animals for sacrifice “cannibal kingdom” (Marvin Harris)
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Aztec Economy
Chinampas Man-made floating islands (agriculture) Extremely fertile
Redistribution of tribute
Armed merchant class (pochteca) Control markets
Tlatelolco
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Marriage and Family
1. Virginity highly regarded 2. Arranged marriage 3. Young girls trained by older women 4. Monogamy was common (polygamy only for rulers)
Aztec women vs Mediterranean Same in many ways (can own property, no gov roles) Technologically behind Med
Aztec women spent more time working (exp grinding grain)
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Fall of Aztecs
1. Terror and tribute2. Rise of pipiltin
Led to social stresses Vulnerable to conquest
After 1492 Aztecs- Cortez Incas- Pizarro
Weapons and disease
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South AmericaChavin (mother culture) Moche and Nazca (Nazca Lines) Chimu (lived in Chimor) Inca
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Twantinsuyu
World of the Incas550-1000 CE
Tihuanaco and Huari Disintegrate
900-1465 Chimor (state) Emerges as most powerful
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Pachacuti1438-1471Wars begin Incan Empire
Eventually largest empire in Pre-Columbian America Ruled from Cuzco Built Machu Picchu
Unified 1. Quechua (language) 2. Forced transfers
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ExpansionTupac Yupanqui (son of Pachacuti)Huayna Capac (son of Tupac)Huascar and Atahualpa (sons of Huayna)
Atahualpa wins control Captured by Pizarro Ransom Room but Killed anyway 1533 Ends Incan Empire
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22ft long by 17ft wide and 8ft high Filled 1x with gold (13,000 lbs) Filled 2x with silver (26,000 lbs) Lowest soldier received approx $750,000-$1,000,000
Pizarro 14-20x
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World of Incas
Complex system of roads Tambos (way stations) (chasquis are runners)
Irrigation projectsRedistributive economy (Inca socialism)Split inheritance
Power to successor Wealth to male descendants (keep mummy “alive”) Keeps rulers conquering (Why?)
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Religion and
CultureReligion
Sun God is supreme
Local gods (Huacas)
Culture Quipu
Knotted strings for accounting
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Similarities and differences between
Inca and Aztec Similarities
1. Built on earlier empires 2. Intensive state controlled agriculture 3. Redistributive economy 4. Kinship transformed to hierarchy 5. Human sacrifice and priest class 6. Monumental architecture
Major Differences 1. Aztecs had better trade and markets
Large merchant class 2. Aztecs had a writing system 3. Inca tried to integrate their empire 4. Geography and climate (???)
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Anasazi