THE AMERICAS 600-1450. Toltec (900 AD – 1200 AD) Had own writing system Scientists have not...
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Transcript of THE AMERICAS 600-1450. Toltec (900 AD – 1200 AD) Had own writing system Scientists have not...
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THE AMERICAS
600-1450
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Toltec (900 AD – 1200 AD)
Had own writing system Scientists have not
deciphered Mythologized as
great, tall, good-looking people
Quetazalcoatl vs. Tezcatlipoca
Possessed a modest state
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950-1150 Toltecs build Tula
Associated with fall of Teotithuacan
Quetzalcoatl By 1100 CE was
largest urban center in Mesoamerica
@ 10 sq kilometers; 35,000 people
Center for crafts Long-distance trade Influenced Maya Destroyed in 1150 CE
and center of power in the region shifts
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Aztecs
Originally northern people with clan-based organization
Take advantage of fall of Toltecs
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Aztec social contract
Social stratification pronounced
Human sacrifice Some area left
independent to create war/human sacrifice
Religion and ideology of conquest Worshipped large
number of gods incl. Huitzilopochtli
1325-1519 build Tenochtitlan: The Foundation of Heaven
Arrived in Valley of Mexico in 1325
Grew on reclaimed swampland
Thousands transported for forced labor and human sacrifice
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Tenochtitlan: The Foundation of Heaven
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Aztec Economy
Tribute System Chinampas Merchants operated
all markets Merchants distance
from and subordinate to elite traded long-distance
State controlled all trade
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Maya
Were a civilization Agriculturally
dependent State religion Great art style Architecture Formal legal system Sophisticated writing
system Not unified: series of
warring city-states
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Maya
Women Central role in
politics Lady Wak-Chanil-
Ahaw Unity cultural, not
political Urban culture King – commoner
social structure
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Maya (continued)
Religion Universal deities Local gods Sacrifice (see
bloodletting pic) Trade
salt obsidian Basalt
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Andes - - > Inca
Four ecological zones Coast Mountain valleys Higher Elevations Amazon region
Goods were exchanged through a network of trade routes
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1200-1230 Founding of Incan State
Manco Capac consults Inti
“big ears” Moved to Cuzco Married daughters
of elites to weaker groups
Capac – aligned with sun god
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Inca – political and economic organization
Emperor almost considered a god
Empire divided into four great provinces each ruled by a governor
Priests and noblemen influenced politics
Left local rulers in place
Economy based on agriculture
Allyu – agricultural village
Mit’a labor system
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Inca – social organization
Small communities aimed at self-sufficiency
Men and women had gender-specific, but virtually equal jobs Men: hunting, war,
government Women: wove, cared
for crops and the home Developed strong
professional military
Split inheritance Property passed
though men and women Women did not serve
as head of ayllus Some women forced
into concubinage or given to temples
No distinct merchant class
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Incan cultural achievement
Did not introduce new technology, but made efficient use of existing technologies
Proficient metallurgists
Used quipus Developed
monumental architecture and roads
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Coastal South America: Chimu(600 CE – 1470 CE)
Come after Moche Built irrigation
and water storage Capital: Chan
Chan (see photo) 10 Royal
compounds Built admin.
Centers are far South as Lima, Peru