The Age of Things: Sticks, Stones and the Universe
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Transcript of The Age of Things: Sticks, Stones and the Universe
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The Age of Things:Sticks, Stones and the Universe
Molecular Dating and the Many Kinds of Mammals
http://cfcp.uchicago.edu/~mmhedman/compton1.html
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Proconsul
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WARNING! Astrophysicist talking about Mammalian Phylogeny!
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Monotremes Marsupials
Non-Placental Mammals
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Rodentia
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Lagomorpha
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Chiroptera
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Carnivora
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Primates
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Cetacea
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Atriodactyla
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Perissodactlya
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Xenarthra
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Proboscidea
Sirenia
Hyracoidea
PholidotaDermoptera Tubilentata
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Insectivora
MacroscelideaScandentia
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Fossil Records of the Different Orders
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Relationships between the orders derived from morphological characteristics
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Perhaps orders arose rapidly when the dinosaurs died out
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Molecular Data
Hedgehog TGCCAATTCCGTTCTGTTGTGAGAATGGACTACATGGTGTTCTTCAGCTTSloth TGCCAAATTAGTTCCGTCATGAGAATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGTTT
Sirenian TGCCAATTCCGTTCCGTTATGAAGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTTElephant TGCCAATTCCGTTCCGTTATGAGGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTTAardvark TGCCAATTCCGTTCCGTTATGAGGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT
Mouse TGCCACTTCCGTTCCGTGGTCAGTTTGGATTACATGGTCTTCTTCAGCTTRabbit TGCAAATTCGATTCTGTTATACCCATGGAATACATGGTCTTCTTTAGCTTHuman TGCCAATTTGTTTCCGTCATGAGAATGGTCTACATGGTATACTTCAGCTT
Flying Fox TGCCAATTCCGTTCTGTCATAAAGATGGACTACATGGTCTATTTCAGCTTWhale TGCCAATTCCGTTCCGTCATGAGGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT
Pig TGCCAGTTCCGTCATGAGGATGGACTGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTTHorse TGCCAATTCCGTTCTGTTGTGAGCATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTTCat TGCCAGTTCCGTTCTGTCATGACGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT
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Chimp Gorilla OrangutanHuman 1.24% 1.62% 3.08%Chimp 1.63% 3.12%Gorilla 3.09%
Human Chimp Gorilla Orangutan
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All animals do not accumulate mutations at the same rate
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W X Y Z
30 Mutations 10 Mutations 10 Mutations30 Mutations
5 Mutations5 Mutations
Time 1
Time 0
Time 2
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W X Y Z
30 Mutations 10 Mutations 10 Mutations30 Mutations
5 Mutations5 Mutations
Time 1
Time 0
Time 2
X Y ZW 40 50 70X 30 50Y 40
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W X Y Z
30 Mutations 10 Mutations 10 Mutations30 Mutations
5 Mutations5 Mutations
Time 1
Time 0
Time 2
X Y ZW 40 50 70X 30 50Y 40
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W X Y Z
30 Mutations 10 Mutations 10 Mutations30 Mutations
5 Mutations5 Mutations
Time 1
Time 0
Time 2
X Y ZW 40 50 70X 30 50Y 40
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W X Y Z
30 Mutations 10 Mutations 10 Mutations30 Mutations
5 Mutations5 Mutations
Time 1
Time 0
Time 2
X Y ZW 40 50 70X 30 50Y 40
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W X Y Z
30 Mutations 10 Mutations 10 Mutations30 Mutations
5 Mutations5 Mutations
Time 1
Time 0
Time 2
X Y ZW 40 50 70X 30 50Y 40
Accumulates More Mutations
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W X Y Z
30 Mutations 10 Mutations 10 Mutations30 Mutations
5 Mutations5 Mutations
Time 1
Time 0
Time 2
X Y ZW 40 50 70X 30 50Y 40
Accumulates More Mutations
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W X Y Z
30 Mutations 10 Mutations 10 Mutations30 Mutations
5 Mutations5 Mutations
Time 1
Time 0
Time 2
X Y ZW 40 50 70X 30 50Y 40
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Tree Based on Morphological Characters Tree Based on Molecular Characters
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Afrotheria
Euarchonotoglires
Xenartha
Laurasiatheria
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Human Chimp Gorilla Orangutan
1%
2%
3%
Sivapithecus
Proconsul
15
10
5
Mil
lio
ns
of
year
s ag
o
Calibrating the molecular clock
ProconsulSivapithecus
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W X Y Z
30 Mutations 10 Mutations 10 Mutations30 Mutations
5 Mutations5 Mutations
Time 1
Time 0
Time 2
X Y ZW 40 50 70X 30 50Y 40
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W X Y Z
30 Mutations 10 Mutations 10 Mutations30 Mutations
5 Mutations5 Mutations
Time 1
Time 0
Time 2
X Y ZW 40 50 70X 30 50Y 40
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A simpler problem: Flipping Coins
Probability of getting five heads, given the number of Coin Flips
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A simpler problem: Flipping Coins
Probability of getting five heads, given the number of Coin Flips
Assumed Probability of each number of Coin Flips
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A simpler problem: Flipping Coins
Probability of getting five heads, given the number of Coin Flips
Assumed Probability of each number of Coin Flips
Likelihood the coin was flipped a given
number of times
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Eutherians
120 Million Years Ago
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Eutherians
Afrotheria
Xenarthra and others
105 Million Years Ago
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Afrotheria
Xenarthra
Euarchontoglires
Laurasiatheria
?
90 Million Years Ago
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Next Time
Meteorites and the Age of the Solar System