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THE OLD REGIME/ THE ANCIEN REGIME
15TH C 18TH C
Name used by the revolutionaries to refer the times before the French revolution
Later adopted by historians to refer to characteristics of the period between the 15th and 18th centuries
THE EIGHTEEN CENTURY: TIMES OF CHANGE
THE OLD REGIME
THE ENLIGHTMENT: Ideological movement of French
origin
LIGHT
THE DISEMINATION OF THE IDEAS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
The salons. Social gatherings, centres of intellectual exchanges
The Encyclopaedia, published by
Diderot and D’Alambert, was a compendium of the knowledge of the time, based on reason. The writers critised beliefs based on tradition and superstition.
Panflets, periodicals and new journals
THE IDEAS OF THE ENLIGHTMENT: CRITICS OF ABSOLUTISM POLITICAL CHANGES
ABSOLUTISM •The king’s power derived from God. • The monarch had complete power to govern, legislate, control de economy the justice and the army. • The kings ignored the Parliaments
VOLTAIRE The king’s power
should be limited by the Parliament,
following the English model
MONTESQUIEU Proposed the division of powers:
• Executive •Legislative •Judiciary
ROUSSEAU Sovereignity resides in
the people, so governments should
respect the will of people
ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM
ENLIGHTTMENT
ABSOLUTISM
•ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM • The monarch had absolute power •Reforms to achieve progress and the well-being of his subjects
“ Everything for the people but without the people”
LOUIS XV of France
CARLOS III of Spain
CATHERINE II of Russia
JOSEPH II of Austria FREDERICH II of Prussia JOSE I of Portugal
ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS
During the 17th century the most influential economic doctrine was based
on the idea of mercantilism
MERCANTILISM
The country’s wealth is measured by the amount of precious metals it possesses
The state intervene In the economy
Forbidding the export of row
materials
Imposing taxes on foreign
imports
Encouraging external
trade
Promoting national products
Occupying new territories:
Colonies
Supplied raw materials
Bought manufactured products
COLONIAL AGREEMENT
Monopolies: Privileged companies
ENGLAND
DUTCH REPUBLIC
FRANCE
ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS
In the 18th century new economic policies were proposed: PHYSIOCRACY and ECONOMIC LIBERALISM
The wealth of a nation came from the land (agriculture
and mining).
FOOD LAND MATERIALS ARTISANS:MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS MERCHANTS SELL THEM WEALTH
PHYSIOCRACY François Quesnay
ECONOMIC LIBERALISM Adam Smith. “The Wealth of Nations”
The origin of wealth is individual effort to obtain
maximum profit. A country prospers by allowing individuals to seek their own profit without regulation. The wealth obtained by individuals
will benefit society. The state should not interfere. Supply ad demand will regulate
production and prices.
SPAIN IN THE 18TH CENTURY (THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE BOURBON DYNASTY)
THE END OF THE HOUSE OF AUSTRIA
Carlos II died without any direct
heirs
Philip of Anjou, the grandson of Louis XIV
of France, was designated as his
succesor
Other European countries supported the
Archduke Charles of Austria, fearing the
union between Spain and France and the end of the balance of power WAR OF THE SPANISH
SUCCESSION
THE WAR OF SUCCESSION (1700-1713)
EUROPEAN WAR: SPAIN AND FRANCE
Against GERMANY, GREAT
BRITAIN, PORTUGAL, UNITED PROVINCES AND
SAVOY
CIVIL WAR CASTILE supported
Philip and THE CROWN OF ARAGON supported
Archduke Charles
The end of the war was decided after the deaths of the German Emperor and his eldest son. Archduke Charles became
the new emperor and his supporters feared a new
imbalance of power.
THE PEACE TREATY OF UTRECH (1713)
PHILIP V KING OF SPAIN (he
renounced his rights to the French throne)
SPANISH TERRITORIES IN THE
LOW COUNTRIES AND ITALY WENT TO
AUSTRIA
SICILY TO SAVOY
MENORCA, GIBRALTAR AND
VARIOUS CONCESSIONS IN THE COMMERCE
WITH AMERICA, TO GREAT BRITAIN
CONSEQUENCES
THE BOURBONS DINASTY A new dynasty
reigned in Spain from the 18th century
Important reforms that followed the
ideas of Enlightenment were
introduced, especially in the time of Carlos III
THE IDEAS OF ENLIGHTENMENT IN SPAIN
FATHER FEIJOO JOVELLANOS CAMPOMANES
FLORIDABLANCA CONDE DE ARANDA
The impact of their ideas in Spain was very small because: •The middle class had not
grown much. •Most of the clergy and the
nobility opposed them. •The common people were
either indifferent or hostile to them