The Age of Discovery. Reasons for European Exploration GLORY – European countries wanting to...
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Transcript of The Age of Discovery. Reasons for European Exploration GLORY – European countries wanting to...
The Age of Discovery
Reasons for European ExplorationGLORY – European countries wanting to expand their territory
GOLD - Europeans want to get rich by:
1.Getting gold and new natural resources from new lands they discovered
2.Trading spices
GOD - Europeans wanted to spread Christianity
Technological Improvements
Astrolabe – used to determine latitude at sea
Caravel – mast ship that was larger, faster, and more maneuverable
Mercator projection – good map for sailing b/c it shows true direction
Astrolabe
(Muslims)
Allowed sailors to determine how far north or south of the equator they were based on the stars
Caravel
Mutliple masts and a new kind of rudder in the rear enabled sailors to steer into the wind
Mercator Projection (1569)
Portuguese Explorers
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portuguese Exploration
Organized a school of exploration - new technology & mapping info.Created a navigation school where mapmakers, shipbuilders, scientists and captains could exchange informationSent expeditions to explore coast of West Africa to create ports of trade & eventually reach India
Bartolomeu Dias
Portuguese Exploration
1487-Sailing for India, Dias is caught in an awful storm.Gets to southern tip of Africa first – he named it “Cape of Good Hope”Out of food and resources, decides to return home
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese Exploration
Sailed around Africa to western coast of India
Dangerous but highly profitable voyage
Buys spices and sells for 4,000x original price
Spanish Explorers
Spanish Exploration
Christopher ColumbusWanted to find trade route to India but instead landed in West Indies – thought he was in INDIA!http://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/famoushistoricalfigures/christophercolumbus/
Spanish Exploration http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pM-igYjn6E4&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
Ferdinand Magellan
First expedition to circumnavigate (circle) the globe
Claimed Philippines for Spain
French and English:
Jacques Cartier – French explorer claimed Canada for France
Sir Francis Drake – He is famous for leading the first English circumnavigation of the world, from 1577 to 1580. Friend of Elizabeth I – defeated Spanish Armada
Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494Agreement between Spain & PortugalLine of Demarcation divides “New” World”Portugal gets Brazil & East IndiesSpain gets Central America, most of Caribbean & So. America
Conquistadors and Consequences of
Exploration
http://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/worldhistory/
conquistadors/
Spanish Exploration
Hernan Cortes - conquistador who arrived in Mexico in 1519Aztecs believed he was a GodDefeated Aztecs http://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/worldhistory/azteccivilization/
• Superior weapons• Used enemies to help• Disease
Cortes and Montezuma
Aztec Empireps: forest.ms un: bedford
http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=355d6188-7549-46da-aa73-75ffdeb2e528&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US
Spanish Exploration
Francisco Pizarro
Conquistador who arrived in Peru in 1523
Captured Atahualpa, Inca EmperorSpanish eventually conquered Incan Empire, taking over lands from Ecuador to Chile http://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/worldhistory/incacivilization/
Pizarro and Atahualpa
Inca Empire
Reasons for Conquistadors’ Success
1. Epidemics of disease led to a decline in population2. Alliances w/other tribes that resented Aztec or Inca power3. Superior military technology4. Religious fears5. Horses (new to warfare)
Europeans R.A.C.E.D to conquer the Americas
R – rigid class system and dictatorships in
Latin Am. A – Africans brought as slaves
C – colonies imitate culture of parent country
E – Europeans immigrate to Americas
D – diseases killed native peoples
Impact of Explorationon Indigenous (Native) People
90% of indigenous (native) population died b/c of enslavement, overwork, or diseases:
SmallpoxMeaslesInfluenza
Labor intensive plantations
Encomienda system – right to demand labor from the natives living in a certain area African slavery – b/c most natives died under encomienda system- needed new workforce
Spanish Colonial Rule
Council of the Indies in Spain passed laws for colonies
Viceroy, or royal governor, administered strict control over natives & those living in colonies
Social Classes in Spanish America
Peninsulares – born in SpainCreoles – American-born descendents of Spanish settlersMestizos – Native & Spanish descentMulattoes – Spanish & African descentNative AmericansAfrican slaves
The Portuguese in Brazil
Cabral claimed Brazil for PortugalNobles given land grants; shared profits with king in PortugalTurned to plantation agriculture (esp. sugar) and livestock raising5 million + Africans brought into Brazil as slaves
Mercantilism
• Country’s Wealth is measured in gold & silver.• Aimed at strengthening economy of mother
country (MC) in Europe• MC wants to export more than it imports• Colonies exist to provide raw materials &
resources • Colonies must buy high-priced finished goods
when sold back to them from MC
New Ventures
• Overseas business ventures often too expensive for individual investors
• Investors began pooling money in joint-stock companies
A New Business Organization
Columbian Exchange
Transfer of plants, animals, and disease b/n the Western and Eastern Hemispheres
Impact of Columbian Exchange
The Introduction of New Diseases
• Native Americans had no natural resistance to European diseases
• Smallpox, measles, influenza, malaria killed millions
• Population of central Mexico may have decreased by more than 30 percent in the 10 years following first contact with Europeans
Different Foods
• Exchange of foods, animals had dramatic impact on later societies
• Over time crops native to Americas became staples in diets of Europeans
• Foods provided substantial nutrition, helped people live longer
Economics
• Activities like Texas cattle ranching, Brazilian coffee growing not possible without Columbian Exchange- because cows, coffee native to Old World
• Traditional cuisines changed because of Columbian Exchange
Columbian Exchange Led To:Transfer of plants, animals, and disease b/n the Western and Eastern Hemispheres
C
R
O
P
S
C. Cash crops grown in Americas
Europeans need lots of workers
R. Racial slavery (Africans)
Europeans used African slaves to work the lands
Q: Why couldn’t they use Native Americans?
O. Oh, cash crops
Tobacco
Coffee
And Sugar
P. Plantation system to grow cash crops
S. Slaves from Africa
Used the Middle Passage to transport slaves
Triangular Trade and The Middle Passage
Triangular Tradehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCHvD2DyWeY
Atlantic slave trade began in 1500s by Europeans, need labor force to work in Americas
Native in Americas were dying
Middle Passage was the horrible journey across the ocean where nearly half the slaves died
Triangular Trade
Means of Diffusion of ChristianityMigration of Europeans to coloniesInfluence of Catholics and Protestants who carried their faith, language, and cultures to “new” landsConversion of indigenous peoples: sometimes harsh & brutal; punished for practicing indigenous religion