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University College London Institute of Archaeology

2020

ARCL0057. History and Archaeology of the African Diaspora

Year 2/3, 15 credit

Thursdays, 4-6pm, Room 209

Prof. Kevin C. MacDonald

kevin.macdonald@ucl.ac.uk Room 114, tel 020 7679 1534

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ARCL0057. Archaeology and History of the African Diaspora Thursdays, 4-6pm, room 209

SYLLABUS: 16/1 Introduction to the Course Prelude to the Diaspora, Slavery in Africa: 16/1 Anthropology and History of Slavery in Africa 23/1 Archaeologies of Slavery in Africa 23/1 Case Study: Segou, 1700 - 1861 30/1 The Trans-Atlantic Trade 30/1 Film: ‘The Slave Kingdoms’ Henry Lewis Gates Jr. Social History and the Origins of Diaspora Archaeology: 6/2 Background to African-American Cultural Studies 6/2 First Steps Towards the Archaeology of Enslavement in the Americas 13/2 Colonoware and the Question of New World African Material Culture 13/2 Seminar & Essay Preparation ***Reading Week*** Archaeological Case Studies: 27/2 Chesapeake Pipes & Jamaican Yabbas: Virginia and the Caribbean 27/2 Behind the Big House: The Spatial Study of Plantations 5/3 Resistance: Maroon Societies 5/3 Diaspora Mortuary Archaeology 12/3 Ethnicity and Creolization 12/3 The Cane River Project (Louisiana) 19/3 Presenting the African Diaspora as Heritage 19/3 Case Study: Interpreting African Residents at UK Heritage Sites (Guest Lecturer: Hannah McLean) 26/3 Hidden Diasporas: Africans in the Indian Ocean World and Europe 26/3 Seminar & Essay Preparation

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Course Notices:

Aim of the Module: To provide an historical and archaeological encounter with issues of slavery and

African cultural survival in the New World for second and third year undergraduates.

Module Co-Ordinator: Prof. Kevin MacDonald (contact details on page 1)

Seminars: The two seminars are intended to provide a forum for discussion of issues generated in the

preceding groups of lectures. Questions regarding upcoming essay topics will also be addressed in these

seminars.

Core Text: Students may wish to purchase the core text for the course:

Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800 (2nd Edition)

by John Thornton. Cambridge University Press (available in paperback for £25.99 [or less])

Readings & Library Resources: Readings for this course should occupy on average four hours of the

students time each week. Reading lists and essay titles will be given out on the first day of class. Readings

are held at the Institute Library, the Science Library (DMS Watson) and the Main UCL Library. A few

sources are at the University of London Senate House library or SOAS.

Assessment: Students are to write two essays of their choice, each counting for 50% of the final mark

(between 2375 to 2625 words, approximately 10 typewritten double-spaced A4 pages excluding

references). Due dates are 28th February for Essay 1 and 27th April for Essay 2.

Retaining Copies of Essays: Remember that all marked essays must be returned to the lecturer within

one week of receipt so that they may be available to the external examiner. Please note that it is an

Institute requirement that you retain a copy (this can be electronic) of all coursework submitted.

Submission of Coursework:

All coursework must be submitted both as hard copy and electronically.

You should staple the appropriate colour-coded IoA coversheet (available in the IoA library and outside room 411a) to the front of each piece of work and submit it to the red box at the Reception Desk (or room 411a in the case of Year 1 undergraduate work)

All coursework should be uploaded to Turnitin via Moodle by midnight on the day of the deadline. This will date-stamp your work. It is essential to upload all parts of your work as this is sometimes the version that will be marked.

Instructions are given below: 1. Ensure that your essay or other item of coursework has been saved as a Word doc., docx. or PDF document, Please include the module code and your candidate number on every page as a header. 2.. Go into the Moodle page for the module to which you wish to submit your work. 3. Click on the correct assignment (e.g. Essay 1), 4. Fill in the “Submission title” field with the right details: It is essential that the first word in the title is your examination candidate number (e.g. YGBR8 Essay 1), Note that this changes each year. 5. Click “Upload”. 6 Click on “Submit” 7 You should receive a receipt – please save this. 8 If you have problems, please email the IoA Turnitin Advisers on ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk, explaining the nature of the problem and the exact module and assignment involved. One of the Turnitin Advisers will normally respond within 24 hours, Monday-Friday during term. Please be sure to email the Turnitin Advisers if technical problems prevent you from uploading work in time to meet a submission deadline - even if you do not obtain an immediate response from one of the Advisers they will be able to notify the relevant Module Coordinator that you had attempted to submit the work before the deadline

See further IoA Policy Guidance at the end of this document.

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READING LIST for

Archaeology and History of the African Diaspora

Readings correspond to individual lectures. It is not intended that you read everything on this list, BUT it is expected that you will read at least one *starred reading from each list, and all relevant readings for your essay choices.

Anthropology and History of Slavery in Africa Fage, J.D. 1969. ‘Slavery and the Slave Trade in the context of West African History’ Journal of

African History 10: 393-404. In Anthropology Periodicals Fisher, Humphrey J. 2001. Slavery in the History of Muslim Black Africa. London: Hurst & Co. DC

200 FIS Goody, J. 1971. Technology, Tradition and the State in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press. DC100 GOO *Lovejoy, Paul 1983. Transformations in Slavery: a history of slavery in Africa. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press. DC200 LOV Meillassoux, Claude. 1991. The Anthropology of Slavery: The Womb of Iron and Gold. London:

Athlone Press. DC 200 MEI *Kopytoff, Igor and Suzanne Miers. 1977. ‘African ‘Slavery’ as an Institution of Marginality.’ In

S. Miers and I. Kopytoff (eds.) Slavery in Africa. pp.3-81. Madison: Wisconsin. ANTH Q25 MIE or Institute TC 2781

Archaeologies of Slavery in Africa Folorunso, B. 2006. The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and Local Traditions of Slavery in the West

African Hinterlands: The Tivland Example. In J. Haviser and K. MacDonald (eds.) African Re-Genesis: Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora. 237-45, London: UCL Press. DED 100 HV

*Haour, A. 2011. The Early Medieval Slave Trade of the Central Sahel: Archaeological and Historical Considerations. In P.J. Lane and K.C. MacDonald (eds.) Slavery in Africa: Archaeology and Memory, 61-78, Oxford: Oxford University Press (for the British Academy). DC 100 LAN

Kelly, K. G. 2001. ‘Change and Continuity in Coastal Benin’ in C.R. DeCorse (ed.) West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: archaeological perspectives, 81-100, London: Leicester University Press. DCG DEC

*Lane, P.J. 2011. Slavery and Slave Trading in Eastern Africa: Exploring the Intersections of Historical Sources and Archaeological Evidence, In P.J. Lane and K.C. MacDonald (eds.) Slavery in Africa: Archaeology and Memory, 281-314, Oxford: Oxford University Press (for the British Academy). DC 100 LAN

McIntosh, Susan Keech 2001. ‘Tools for Understanding Transformation and Continuity in Senegambian Society: 1500-1900.’ in C.R. DeCorse (ed.) West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: archaeological perspectives. pp.14-37. London: Leicester University Press.

DCG DEC Usman, A. 2007. The Landscape and Society of Northern Yorubaland during the Era of the

Atlantic Slave Trade, in A. Ogundiran and T. Falola (eds.) Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, 140-159, Bloomington: Indiana University Press. DCG OGU

*Kusimba, C. M. 2004 Archaeology of Slavery in East Africa. African Archaeological Review, 21: 59-88 JOURNAL IN IOA/ONLINE

Kusimba, C. M. 2006 Slavery and Warfare in African Chiefdoms. In E.N. Arkush & M.W. Allen (eds) The Archaeology of Warfare: Prehistories of Raiding and Conquest. 214-249. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. HJ ARK

Robertshaw, P. and W.L. Duncan 2008. ‘African Slavery: Archaeology and Decentralised Societies’ in C.M. Cameron (ed.) Invisible Citizens: Captives and their Consequences, pp.57-79. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. AH CAM

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Case Study: Segou, 1700-1861 Bazin, Jean (1974) War and Servitude in Segou, Economy and Society 3:107-144. UCL Journals &

online *MacDonald, K.C. and Camara, S. 2011. Segou: Warfare and the Origins of a State of Slavery, In

P.J. Lane and K.C. MacDonald (eds.) Slavery in Africa: Archaeology and Memory, 25-46, Oxford: Oxford University Press (for the British Academy). DC 100 LAN

*MacDonald,K.C. and Camara,S. 2012. Segou, Slavery, and Sifinso. in J. C. Monroe and A. Ogundiran (eds.) Power and Landscape in Atlantic West Africa: Archaeological Perspectives, 169-190, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DCG MON

Roberts, Richard 1987 Warriors, Merchants, and Slaves: the state and the economy in the Middle Niger Valley, 1700-1914. Stanford: Stanford University Press. SOAS Library VPM962.4/600146

Sow, M. 2011. The Daily Life of Slaves in the Last years of the Bamana States of Kaarta and Segou, In P.J. Lane and K.C. MacDonald (eds.) Slavery in Africa: Archaeology and Memory, 47-60, Oxford: Oxford University Press (for the British Academy). DC 100 LAN

The Trans-Atlantic Trade • History Bennett, H.L. 2019. African Kings and Black Slaves: Sovereignty and Dispossession in the Early

Modern Atlantic. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. UCL Online Blackburn, Robin 1997. The Making of New World Slavery: from the Baroque to the Modern 1492-

1800. London: Verso. MAIN AM HIST A423 BLA Curtin, Philip D. 1969. The Atlantic Slave Trade: a Census. Madison: Wisconsin University Press.

MAIN AM HIST A423 CUR Hogendorn, Jan and Marion Johnson 1986. The Shell Money of the Slave Trade. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press. DMS Watson ANTH Q52 HOG Miller, Joseph C. 2002. ‘Central Africa During the Era of the Slave Trade’ in L.M. Heywood

(ed.) Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora. pp. 21-69. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DCF HEY

*Thornton, John 1998. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800 (Second Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Read Part I: Africans in Africa). DCG THO

Thomas, Hugh 1997. The Slave Trade: the History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440-1870. London: Picador. MAIN Latin Am HIST 82 br THO

•Archaeology DeCorse, Chris 2001. An Archaeology of Elmina: Africans and Europeans on the Gold Coast, 1400-

1900. Washington, DC: Smithsonian. DCG DEC *DeCorse, Chris 1998. ‘The Europeans in West Africa: Culture Contact, Continuity and

Change.’ In G. Connah (ed.) Transformations in Africa. pp. 219-44. London: Leicester University Press. DC200 CON

Kelly, Kenneth G. 1997, ‘The Archaeology of African-European Interaction: investigating the social roles of trade, traders, and the use of space in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Hueda Kingdom, Republic of Bénin,’ World Archaeology 28: 351-69.

Institute Periodical Section

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Background to African-American Cultural Studies Appiah, K.A. 1992. In My Father’s House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture. Oxford: Oxford

University Press. ANTH Q 15 APP Hall, Gwendolyn M. 1971. Social Control in Slave Plantation Societies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins.

MAIN Lat Am Hist C 118 Neg Hal Herskovits, Melville J. 1958. The Myth of the Negro Past. Boston: Beacon Press. MAIN Am Hist

A422 HER Jackson, Walter 1986. ‘Melville Herskovits and the Search for Afro-American Culture’ In G.W.

Stocking Jr. (ed.) Malinowski, Rivers, Benedict and Others. pp.95-126. Madison: University of Wisconsin. ANTH A8 STO

*Mintz, S.W. and Richard Price 1976. The Birth of African-American Culture: an Anthropological perspective. Boston: Beacon Press. ANTH WX 15MIN

Stuckey, Sterling 1987. Slave Culture: Nationalist Theory & the Foundations of Black America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. MAIN AM HIST A423 STU

*Thompson, Robert F. 1984. Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy. New York: Vintage Books. DED 100 THO read through this or:

Thompson, Robert F. 1990. ‘Kongo influences on African American Artistic Culture,’ in J.E. Holloway (ed.) Africanisms in American Culture pp.148-84. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. MAIN Am Hist A422 Hol

*Thornton, John 1998. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800 (Second Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Read Part II: Africans in America). DCG THO

First Steps towards the Archaeology of Enslavement in the Americas *Ascher, Robert and Charles W. Fairbanks 1971. Excavation of a Slave Cabin: Georgia, USA.

Historical Archaeology 5: 3-17. [will be distributed as a hand-out] DeCorse, Christoper R. 1999. Oceans Apart: Africanist Perspectives on Diaspora Archaeology.

In T. Singleton (ed.) “I Too Am America” Archaeological Studies of African-American Life . pp. 132-55. Charlottesville: University of Virginia. DED 100 SIN

Deetz, James 1996. In Small Things Forgotten: the archaeology of early American life. (Expanded and Revised Edition). New York: Anchor Books. (Read Chapter 8: The African American Past). DED 100 DEE

Fairbanks, Charles H. 1984. The Plantation Archaeology of the Southeastern Coast. Historical Archaeology. 18: 1-14. Senate House periodicals

Ferguson, Leland 1980. Looking for the ‘Afro’ in Colono-Indian Pottery, In R. Scuyler Ed. Archaeological Perspectives on Ethnicity in America . pp.14-28. Farmingdale, NJ: Baywood Publishing Co. DED 100 SCH

Handler, Jerome S. 2009. The Middle Passage and the Material Culture of Captive Africans, Slavery & Abolition 30: 1-26. UCL Online Journals

*Lange, Frederick W. and Jerome S. Handler 1985. The Ethnohistorical Approach to Slavery. In T. Singleton (ed.) The Archaeology of Slavery and Plantation Life pp.15-32. New York: Academic Press. DED 100 SIN

Colonoware Pottery and the Question of New World African Material Culture •Colonoware: the basics *Ferguson, Leland 1992. Uncommon Ground: archaeology and early African America, 1650-1800.

Washington, DC: Smithsonian. DED 100 FER Meyers, Allan D. 1999. ‘West African Tradition in the Decoration of Colonial Jamaican Folk

Pottery,’ International Journal of Historical Archaeology 3: 201-23. Institute Periodicals

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Singleton, Theresa A. 1988. An Archaeological Framework for Slavery and Emancipation, 1740-1880. In M.P. Leone and P.B. Potter Jr. (eds.) The Recovery of Meaning: Historical Archaeology in the Eastern United States. pp.345-70. Washington, DC: Smithsonian.

ANTH TH95 LEO Singleton, Theresa A. and Mark Bograd 2000. Breaking Typological Barriers: looking for the

Colono in Colonoware. in J. Delle, S. Mrozowski and R. Paynter eds. Lines that Divide: Historical Archaeologies of Race, Class, and Gender. pp.3-21.Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. AH DEL

•Colonoware: critical analysis DeCorse, Christopher R. and Hauser, Mark W. 2003. ‘Low-Fired Earthenwares in the African

Diaspora: Problems and Prospects’, International Journal of Historical Archaeology 7: 67-98. Institute Periodicals

*Mouer, L.D. et al. 1999. ‘Colonoware Pottery, Chesapeake Pipes, and “Uncritical Assumptions”’ In T. Singleton (ed.) “I Too Am America” Archaeological Studies of African-American Life . pp. 83-115. Charlottesville: University of Virginia. DED 100 SIN

*Morgan, D.W. and K.C. MacDonald, 2011. “Colonoware in Western Louisiana: makers and meaning,” in K. Kelly and M. Hardy (eds.) The Archaeology of the French Colonial Archaeology in the Southeast and the Caribbean, 117-151, Gainesville: University Press of Florida. DGE KEL

Morgan, D.W. and MacDonald, K.C. 2017. Pots Sauvage: Plantation Pottery Traditions of Northwest Louisiana at the End of the Eighteenth Century,” In E. M. Scott (Ed.), Archaeological Perspectives on the French in the New World , 154-184, Tallahassee: University Press of Florida. INST ARCH DEA SCO

Chesapeake Pipes and Jamaican Yabbas: Virginia and the Caribbean

Virginia Deetz, James. 1993. Flowerdew Hundred: the Archaeology of a Virginia Plantation 1619-1864.

Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. DED 16 DEE *Emerson, M.C. 1999. African Inspirations in a New World Art and Artifact. In Singleton (ed.)

“I Too Am America” Archaeological Studies of African-American Life , 47-82, Charlottesville: University of Virginia. DED 100 SIN

Epperson, Terrence W. 1999. Constructing Difference: the Social and Spatial Order of the Chesapeake Plantation. In Singleton (ed.) “I Too Am America” Archaeological Studies of African-American Life , 159-72, Charlottesville: University of Virginia. DED 100 SIN

McKee, Larry. 1999. Food Supply and Plantation Social Order: an archaeological perspective. In Singleton (ed.) “I Too Am America” Archaeological Studies of African-American Life , 218-39, Charlottesville: University of Virginia. DED 100 SIN

Morgan, Phillip D. 1998. Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth Century Chesapeake & Lowcountry. Chapel Hill: North Carolina University Press. MAIN (AM HIST) C423 MOR

*Mouer, L.D. et al. 1999. ‘Colonoware Pottery, Chesapeake Pipes, and “Uncritical Assumptions”’ In T. Singleton (ed.) “I Too Am America” Archaeological Studies of African-American Life . pp. 83-115. Charlottesville: University of Virginia. DED 100 SIN

The Caribbean *Armstrong, Douglas. 1999. Archaeology and Ethnohistory of the Caribbean Plantation. In T.

Singleton (ed.) “I Too Am America” Archaeological Studies of African-American Life . pp. 173-192. Charlottesville: University of Virginia. DED 100 SIN

Armstrong, Douglas 2001. A Venue for Autonomy: archaeology of a changing cultural landscape, The East End Community, St.Johns, Virgin Islands. In P. Farnswoth (ed.)

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Island Lives: Historical Archaeologies of the Caribbean, pp.143-64. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. DGE FAR

Farnsworth, P. 2001. “Negro Houses Built of Stone Besides Others Watl’d + Plaistered”: The Creation of Bahamain Tradition. In P. Farnswoth (ed.) Island Lives: Historical Archaeologies of the Caribbean, pp.234-71. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. DGE FAR

Finch, J. 2013. Inside the Pot House: Diaspora, Identity and Locale in Barbadian Ceramics. Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage 2: 115-130.

*Hauser, M. 2007. Between Urban and Rural: Organization and Distribution of Local Pottery in Eighteenth-Century Jamaica, in A. Ogundiran and T. Falola (eds.) Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora, 292-310, Bloomington: Indiana University Press. DCG OGU

Wilkie, L.A. 1999. Evidence of African Continuities in the Material Culture of Clifton Plantation, Bahamas. In J.B. Haviser (ed.) African Sites Archaeology in the Caribbean. pp.264-75. Princeton/Kingston: Marcus Wiener/Ian Randle. DGE HAV

Behind the Big House: The Spatial Study of Plantations Armstrong, Douglas V. and Kenneth G. Kelly 2000. Settlement Patterns and the Origins of

African Jamaican Society: Seville Plantation, St. Ann’s Bay, Jamaica. Ethnohistory 47: 369-97. UCL online journals

Harmon, J., M. Leone, S. Prince and M. Snyder 2006. LiDAR for Archaeological Landscape Analysis: A Case Study of Two Eighteenth Century Maryland Plantation Sites. American Antiquity 71: 649-670. UCL online journals

Lewis, Kenneth E. 1985. Plantation Layout and Function in the South Carolina Lowcountry. in T. Singleton (ed.) The Archaeology of Slavery and Plantation Life pp.35-65. New York: Academic Press. DED 100 SIN

Orser, Charles Jr. 1988. Toward a Theory of Power for Historical Archaeology: Plantations and Space. In M.P. Leone and P.B. Potter Jr. (eds.) The Recovery of Meaning: Historical Archaeology in the Eastern United States. pp.121-37. Washington, DC: Smithsonian.

ANTH TH95 LEO Samford, P.M. 2007, Subfloor Pits and the Archaeology of Slavery in Colonial Virginia,

Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. DED 16 SAM Singleton, Theresa 2001. Slavery and Spatial Dialectics on Cuban Coffee Plantations. World

Archaeology 33: 98-114. Institute Periodicals *Vlach, John Michael 1993. Back of the Big House: the architecture of plantation slavery. Chapel Hill:

North Carolina University Press. MAIN (Am Hist) QTRO A423 VLA and BARTLETT G91.92 VLA

*Wheaton, T.R. 2002. Colonial African American Plantation Villages, in J.W. Joseph & J.A. King (eds.) Another’s Country: Archaeological and historical perspectives on cultural interactions in the Southern Colonies, 30-44, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

DED 100 JOS Wheaton, T.R. and Garrow, P.H. 1985. Acculturation and the Archaeological Record in the

Carolina Lowcountry, in T. Singleton (ed.) The Archaeology of Slavery and Plantation Life, 239-59, Orlando: Academic Press. DED 100 SIN

Resistance: Maroon Societies *Agorsah, E. Kofi 1993. Archaeology and Resistance History in the Caribbean. African

Archaeological Review 11:175-95. Institute Periodicals Agorsah, E. Kofi 1999. Ethnoarchaeological Consideration of Social Relationship and

Settlement Patterning among Africans in the Caribbean Diaspora. In J.B. Haviser (ed.) African Sites Archaeology in the Caribbean. pp.38-64. Princeton/Kingston: Marcus Wiener/Ian Randle. DGE HAV

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Agorsah, E. Kofi 2006. The other side of Freedom: the Maroon Trail in Suriname, In J. Haviser and K. MacDonald (eds.) African Re-Genesis: Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora. 191-203,, London: UCL Press. DED 100 HAV

Dalby, D. 1971. Ashanti Survivals in the language and traditions of the Maroons. African Language Studies 12: 31-51. Main Library Periodicals

Funari, Pedro P.A. 1999. Maroon, race and gender: Palmares material culture and social relations in a runaway settlement, in P. Funari, M.Hall, and S. Jones, Historical Archaeology: Back from the Edge. pp. 308-27. London: Routledge AH FUN

Orser, Charles E. Jr. and Pedro P.A. Funari 2001. Archaeology and Slave Resistance and Rebellion. World Archaeology 33:61-72. Institute Periodicals

Rowlands, Michael 1999. Black Identity and Sense of Past in Brazilian national Culture. in P. Funari, M.Hall, and S. Jones, Historical Archaeology: Back from the Edge. pp. 328-44. London: Routledge AH FUN

Weik, T. 1997. The Archaeology of Maroon Societies in the Americas: resistance, cultural continuity, and transformation in the African Diaspora. Historical Archaeology 31: 81-92. Senate House Periodicals

Diaspora Mortuary Archaeology African Burial Ground Project Office, Final Archaeological Reports. Full access online at:

http://www.africanburialground.gov/ABG_FinalReports.htm *Blakely, A. 2006. Putting Flesh on the Bones: History-Anthropology collaboration on the New

York City African Burial Ground Project, In J. Haviser and K. MacDonald (eds.) African Re-Genesis: Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora. 62-69, London: UCL Press. DED 100 HAV

*Handler, Jerome S. and Frederick W. Lange. 1978. Plantation Slavery in Barbados: an archaeological and historical investigation. New York Academic Press (read Chapter 6 on “The Mortuary Patterns of Plantation Slaves”). DGE HAN

Handler, Jerome S. 1994. Determing African Birth from Skeletal Remains: a note on tooth mutilation. Historical Archaeology 28: 113-19. Senate House Periodicals

Handler, Jerome S. 1997. An African-type healer/diviner and his grave goods: a burial from a plantation slave cemetery in Barbados, West Indies. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 1: 91-130. Institute Periodicals

Khudabux, Mohammed R. 1999. Effects of Life Conditions on the Health of a Negro Slave Community in Suriname. In J.B. Haviser (ed.) African Sites Archaeology in the Caribbean. pp.291-312. Princeton/Kingston: Marcus Wiener/Ian Randle. DGE HAV

Watters, D.R. 1994. Mortuary Patterns at the Harney Site Slave Cemetery, Montserrat, in Caribbean Perspective. Historical Archaeology 28:56-73. Senate House Periodicals

*Weik, T. 2009. The Role of Ethnogenesis and Organization in the Development of African-Native American Settlements: an African Seminole Model. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 13: 206-38. Institute Periodicals

Price, Richard (ed.) 1973. Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins. MAIN (Latin Am Hist) C118 Neg PRI

Ethnicity and Creolization Barnes, J.A. and C. Steen. 2012. Archaeology and Heritage of the Gullah People: A Call to

Action. Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage 1: 167-224

Brown, D.H. 2003. Santeria Enthroned: Art, Ritual and Innovation in an Afro-Cuban Religion.

Chi: U Chicago Press (esp. Chapter 1 ‘Black Royalty’). ANTH WX 240 BRO Brown, Ras Michael 2002 “Walk in the Feenda” West-Central Africans and the Forest in the

South Carolina-Georgia Low Country. in L.M. Heywood (ed.) Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora. pp. 289-317. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DCF HEY

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Fennell, C.C. 2007. Bakongo Identity and Symbolic Expression in the Americas, in A. Ogundiran and T. Falola (eds.) Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora. pp.199-232, Bloomington: Indiana University Press. DCG OGU

Ferguson, Leland G. “The Cross is a Magic Sign”: Marks on Eighteenth Century Bowls from South Carolina. In T. Singleton (ed.) “I Too Am America” Archaeological Studies of African-American Life . pp. 116-31. Charlottesville: University of Virginia. DED 100 SIN

Fernandez Olmos, M. and L Paravisini-Gebert. 2003. Creole Religions of the Caribbean. New

York: New York University Press. MAIN LATIN AM HIST A 155 FER Gomez, Michael A. 1998 Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities

in the Colonial and Antebellum South. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. Main Library: AMERICAN HISTORY A 423 GOM

Hall, G.M. 2005. Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. HISTORY 82 bua HAL

Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo 1992. Africans in Colonial Louisiana: the development of Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. MAIN (Am Hist) D430 CRE

Konadu, K. 2010. The Akan Diaspora in the Americas. Oxford: OUP.

Leone, MP; J. Knauf and A. Tang 2014. Ritual Bundle in Colonial Annapolis, in A Ogundiran

and P Saunders eds. pp.198-215, Materialities of Ritual in the Black Atlantic. Indiana:

Indiana University Press. SOAS *Lovejoy, Paul E. 2000. Identifying Enslaved Africans in the African Diaspora. in P.E. Lovejoy

(ed.) Identity in the Shadow of Slavery. pp.1-29. London: Continuum. ANTH Q25 LOV and Institute TC 2834

MacDonald, K.C. 2014. 'A Chacun son Bambara', encore une fois: History, Archaeology and Bambara Origins. In Richard, F., MacDonald, K.C. (Eds.), Ethnic Ambiguity and the African Past. pp. 119-144, Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press. DC 100 RIC

Morgan, Phillip D. 2006. Archaeology and History in the Study of African-Americans. In J. Haviser and K. MacDonald (eds.) African Re-Genesis: Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora. 53-61, London: Routledge. DED 100 HAV

Rey, Terry 2002. Kongolese Catholic Influences on Haitian Popular Catholicism: a sociohistorical exploration. in L.M. Heywood (ed.) Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora. pp. 265-85. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DCF HEY

Schweigler, A. 2006. Bantu elements in Palenque (Colombia: Anthropological, archaeological and linguistic evidence, In J. Haviser and K. MacDonald (eds.) African Re-Genesis: Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora. 204-22, London: UCL Press. DED 100 HAV

Stewart, C. 2007. Creolization: History, Ethnography, Theory. Walnut Creek (CA): Left Coast Press. ANTH F20 STE

The Cane River Project (Louisiana) Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo 1992. Africans in Colonial Louisiana: the development of Afro-Creole Culture

in the Eighteenth Century. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. MAIN (Am Hist) D430 CRE MacDonald, K.C., D.W. Morgan, and F.J.L. Handley 2002/2003. Cane River: the archaeology of

‘Free People of Color’ in Colonial Louisiana. Archaeology International 6: 52-55. Institute Periodicals

MacDonald, K.C., D.W Morgan, and F.J.L. Handley. 2006. The Cane River African Diaspora Archaeological Project: Prospectus and Initial Results In J. Haviser and K. MacDonald (eds.) African Re-Genesis: Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora. 123-44, London: UCL Press. DED 100 HAV

*MacDonald,K.C., D.W. Morgan, F.J.L. Handley, A.L. Lee, E. Morley 2006. The Archaeology of Local Myths and Heritage Tourism: The Case of Cane River's Melrose Plantation. in Layton,R., Shennan,S.J., Stone,P. (eds.) A Future for Archaeology: The Past in the Present. London: UCL Press, 127-142. ARCH AG LAY

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*MacDonald, K.C. and D.W. Morgan. 2012. African Earthen Structures in Colonial Louisiana: architecture from the Coincoin plantation (1786-1816),” Antiquity 86: 161-177. Institute Periodicals

*Morgan, D.W. and K.C. MacDonald, 2011. “Colonoware in Western Louisiana: makers and meaning,” in K. Kelly and M. Hardy (eds.) The Archaeology of the French Colonial Archaeology in the Southeast and the Caribbean, 117-151, Gainesville: University Press of Florida. DGE KEL

Mills, Gary B. 1977. The Forgotten People: Cane River’s Creoles of Color. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. MAIN (Am Hist) A430 CRE

Presenting the African Diaspora as Heritage Chappell, Edward A. 1999. Museums and American Slavery. In T. Singleton (ed.) “I Too Am

America” Archaeological Studies of African-American Life . pp. 240-58. Charlottesville: University of Virginia. DED 100 SIN

Eichstedt, Jenifer L. and Stephen Small 2002. Representations of Slavery: Race and Ideology in Southern Plantation Museums. Washington, DC: Smithsonian. DED 100 EIC

*Gable, E., R. Handler and A. Lawson 1992. On the Uses of Relativism: Fact Conjecture, and Black and White Histories at Colonial Williamsburg, American Ethnologist 19: 791-805. ANTH Periodicals

Handler, R. 2004. Deep dirt: messing up the past at Colonial Williamsburg. In: Rowan, Y. and Baram, U. (eds.), Marketing Heritage: Archaeology and the Consumption of the Past. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press, pp. 167-182. INST ARCH AG ROW

Handler, R. and E. Gable 1997. The New History in the Old Museum: creating the past at Colonial Williamsburg. London: Duke University Press. INST ARCH MG 2

Hansen, J. and G. McGowan. 1998. Breaking Ground, Breaking Silence: the story of New Yorks African Burial Ground. New York: Henry Holt. INST ARCH DED 16 HAN

LaRoche, C.J. and M.L. Blakey 1997. Seizing Intellectual Power: the Dialogue at the New York African Burial Ground. Historical Archaeology 31:84-106. Senate House Periodicals

McDavid, Carol 1997. Descendents, Decisions, and Power: the Public Interpretation of the Archaeology of the Levi-Jordan Plantation. Historical Archaeology 31: 114-31. Senate House Periodicals

*Morgan, D.W., K.C. MacDonald and F.J.L. Handley 2006. Economics and Authenticity: a collision of interpretations in the Cane River National Heritage

Area, Louisiana, The George Wright Forum 23, 44-61. available online *Singleton, Theresa 1997. Facing the Challenges of a Public African-American

Archaeology. Historical Archaeology 31: 146-52. Senate House Periodicals.

See also, regarding Slavery related sites in Africa: Bellagamba, A. 2009. Back to the Land of Roots: African Tourism and Cultural Heritage of the

Gambia. Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines 49: 453-76. Available online Bruner,E.M. 1996. Tourism in Ghana: the Representation of Slavery and the Return of the Black

Diaspora. American Anthropologist 98: 290-304. Available online Osei-Tutu, B. 2006, Contested Monuments: African Americans and the Commoditization of

Ghana’s slave castles, in J. Haviser and K. MacDonald (eds.) African Re-Genesis: Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora, pp.9-19, London: UCL Press. DED 100 HAV

Handley, F.J.L. 2006. Back to Africa: Issues of hosting “Roots” tourism in West Africa, in J. Haviser and K. MacDonald (eds.) African Re-Genesis: Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora, pp.20-31, London: UCL Press. DED 100 HAV

Thiaw, I. 2008. Every House has a Story: the archaeology of Gorée Island, Senegal. In L. Sansone et al. eds. Africa, Brazil and the Construction of Trans-Atlantic Black Identities, pp. 45-62, Trenton: Africa World Press. SOAS library

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Wynne-Jones, S. 2011. Recovering and Remembering a Slave Route in Central Tanzania. In P.J. Lane and K.C. MacDonald (eds.) Slavery in Africa: Archaeology and Memory, 317-342, Oxford: Oxford University Press (for the British Academy). DC 100 LAN

Other Diasporas: Africans in the Indian Ocean World and Europe Bindman, D. and H.L. Gates Jr. 2010. The Image of the Black in Western Art (4 volumes).

Cambridge (Mass, USA): Harvard University Press. Main Library: ART BC30 BIN De Silva Jayasuriya, S. & Pankhurst, R. (eds) 2003 The African diaspora in the Indian Ocean.

Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press (in particular chapter by Alpers) (available in the SOAS library)

De Silva Jayasuriya, S. 2015. Indians of African Descent. Special Book Issue of Journal of

African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage 4: 1 – 114. ONLINE Gerzina, G.H. 1995. Black London: Life Before Emancipation. New Brunswick: Rutgers University

Press. LONDON HISTORY 21.801 BLA Kaufmann, Miranda 2017. Black Tudors: The untold story, London: Oneworld HISTORY 28 G

KAV Smidak, E. 1996. Joseph Boulogne, called Chevalier de Saint-Georges. Lucerne: Avenira. STORE 02-

08475 *Walz, J. & Brandt, S. 2006. Towards an archaeology of the other African diaspora: The slave

trade and dispersed Africans in the western Indian Ocean. In J. Haviser & K. MacDonald African Re-Genesis: Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora. 246-268. UCL Press/Left Coast Press DED 100 HV

Woodard, H. 1999. African-British Writings in the Eighteenth Century: the politics of race and reason. Westport: Greenwood MAIN ENGLISH L 12 WOO

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Essay I Options

Choose one of the three topics below for your first essay. Deadline is 28th February.

(2375 to 2625 words, excluding references).

1) Discuss how archaeologists might document the presence and nature of enslavement in pre-

colonial Sub-Saharan Africa. Justify your response using at least three case studies from

the literature.

2) Evaluate the impacts of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade on the polities and peoples of West

Africa c. AD 1600-1800. How were these impacts different from those of the Trans-

Saharan Slave Trade which had existed since at least the first millennium AD?

3) Based upon evidence presented in the readings, evaluate who made North American

Colonowares and whether or not it really matters.

Essay II Options

Choose one of the three topics below for your 2nd essay. Deadline is 27th April.

(2375 to 2625 words, excluding references).

1) Elements of African Ethnicity endured in the New World: are there regional differences in

such continuities, and if so why? Use archaeological examples in your answer.

2) Consider the pitfalls of presenting the history of enslavement at heritage sites in Africa and

the Americas. How might this issue be more effectively presented to a diverse visitor

groups?

3) Write a prospectus for future African Diaspora work in the country and/or region of your

choice, considering relevant historical and anthropological literature.

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APPENDIX A: POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 2019-2020 (PLEASE READ CAREFULLY) INSTITUTE OF ARCHAELOGY COURSEWORK PROCEDURES General policies and procedures concerning modules and coursework, including submission procedures,

assessment criteria, and general resources, are available on the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle: https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/

It is essential that you read and comply with these. Note that some of the policies and procedures will be

different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught, affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt, please consult your module co-ordinator.

GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: Note that there are strict UCL-wide regulations with regard to the

granting of extensions for coursework. Note that Module Coordinators are not permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a the appropriate UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are acceptable are limited. Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Support and Wellbeing to make special arrangements. Please see the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/ for further information. Additional information is given here

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-manual/c4/extenuating-circumstances/ CITING OF SOURCES and AVOIDING PLAGIARISM: Coursework must be expressed in your

own words, citing the exact source (author, date and page number; website address if applicable) of any ideas, information, diagrams, etc., that are taken from the work of others. This applies to all media (books, articles, websites, images, figures, etc.). Any direct quotations from the work of others must be indicated as such by being placed between quotation marks. Plagiarism is a very serious irregularity, which can carry heavy penalties. It is your responsibility to abide by requirements for presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism. Make sure you understand definitions of plagiarism and the procedures and penalties as detailed in UCL regulations: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/current-students/guidelines/plagiarism

RESOURCES MOODLE: Please ensure you are signed up to the course on Moodle. For help with Moodle, please

contact Nicola Cockerton, Room 411a (nicola.cockerton@ucl.ac.uk).