The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow. Enhanced ...€¦ · 2 2.5 180 ° W 135 ° W 90 °...

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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow. *Applied Research Solutions 50 Chestnut Suite, 240 Beavercreek OH 45440 USA **Southwestern Ohio Council for Higher Education 3155 Research Blvd, Ste 204 Dayton OH 45420 Enhanced Atmospheric Refraction and Radiative Transfer Analyses Merging Gridded Numerical Weather Forecast and Satellite Data Steven T. Fiorino, Michelle M. Via*, David C. Meier, Brannon J. Elmore**, and Kevin J. Keefer* Air Force Institute of Technology, Center for Directed Energy Department of Engineering Physics 2950 Hobson Way Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7765 94 th Annual American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting 18th Conference on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for the Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface

Transcript of The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow. Enhanced ...€¦ · 2 2.5 180 ° W 135 ° W 90 °...

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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.

*Applied Research Solutions 50 Chestnut Suite, 240 Beavercreek OH 45440 USA **Southwestern Ohio Council for Higher Education 3155 Research Blvd, Ste 204 Dayton OH 45420

Enhanced Atmospheric Refraction and Radiative Transfer Analyses Merging Gridded Numerical

Weather Forecast and Satellite Data

Steven T. Fiorino, Michelle M. Via*, David C. Meier, Brannon J. Elmore**, and Kevin J. Keefer*

Air Force Institute of Technology, Center for Directed Energy

Department of Engineering Physics 2950 Hobson Way

Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7765

94th Annual American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting 18th Conference on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for the

Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface

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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.

Overview

• Introduction/Goal of Research • Simulation Tool • Methodology • Results • Conclusion/Future Work

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Introduction

• Goal: couple numerical weather forecast, now-cast and satellite weather data with traditional climatologies for improved radiative transfer simulation – Higher fidelity path radiance for remote sensor applications – Higher resolution path refraction and optical turbulence

effects for DE propagation

• Core Analytical / Synoptic Observation Tools: – Laser Environmental Effects Definition and Reference

(LEEDR) – NOAA’s numerical weather prediction tools (i.e. Global

Forecast System) – NASA Aqua mission: AIRS and AMSU sensor suite

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Simulation Tool LEEDR

• Calculates line-by-line and spectral band radiative transfer solutions by creating correlated, physically realizable vertical profiles of meteorological data and environmental effects (e.g. gaseous and particle extinction, optical turbulence, and cloud free line of sight)

• Accesses terrestrial and marine atmospheric and particulate climatologies ‒Allows graphical access to and

export of probabilistic data from the Extreme and Percentile Environmental Reference Tables (ExPERT)

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LEEDR Worldwide Climatology

LEEDR ocean site selection map and upper air regions

Tropical

Polar-North

Polar-South

Midlat-South

Midlat-North

Desert (Red Shaded)

573 ExPERT (land) locations represented in LEEDR

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Mean Molecular ScatteringMean Aerosol ScatteringMean Clouds and Rain

• LEEDR provides user multiple interactive views of atmospheric radiative effects

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• Description – Well mixed layer up to 1.5-2.0 km thick – Capped by temperature inversion

• Effects – Trap pollutants & aerosols – Location of wind shear – Atmospheric turbulence (surface layer) – Increasing RH & extinction with height

LEEDR Atmospheric Boundary Layer: Realistic Lapse Rate

θ T w NPotential Temp Temperature H2O mixing ratio Aerosol # conc.

Dry adiabatic temperature lapse rate

Moist (saturated) lapse rate

Lapse rate of dewpoint temperature

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LEEDR Standard vs Realistic Extinction Profiles

Left panel: Absorption and scattering effects on 355nm radiation from 4000 m altitude to the surface in a US Standard Atmosphere where the boundary layer is only defined with a constant aerosol concentration through the lowest 1250m. Right Panel: Same vertical path and boundary layer aerosol concentration as the left panel, but applying a realistic Dayton, OH summer atmosphere at 1400 local (LEEDR – calculated and Raman LIDAR Observation)

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WPAFB, 25 Jul 13, 1400L, 355nm, T = 74F, Td = 56.5F, GADS, BL Height = 1250m, Vis = 60km

Experimental Particle Extinction, 0305 Local (1/km)Experimental Particle Extinction, 0820 Local (1/km)Experimental Particle Extinction, 1345 Local (1/km)LEEDR Aerosol Scattering (1/km)LEEDR Total Extinction (1/km)LEEDR Molecular Scattering (1/km)LEEDR Aerosol Absorption (1/km)LEEDR Molecular Absorption (1/km)

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180° W 135° W 90° W 45° W 0° 45° E 90° E 135° E 180° E

90° S

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45° N

Irradiance Ratio: July, 20-1500m Altitudes, 5km Slant Path

90° N

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irradiance; realistic aerosol environment over standard environment − Std: US Std Atm with 23km

Modtran Rural aerosols

• Realistic conditions at land sites are in general worse than standard in terms of DE propagation

LEEDR Realistic Atmospheres The Impact: Elevated Aerosol Extinction

Fiorino, Shirey, Via, Grahn, and Krizo, 2012 ‘Potential Impacts of Elevated Aerosol Layers on High Energy Laser Aerial Defense Engagements’. Proc. of SPIE Vol. 8380 83800T

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Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Aim High…Fly - Fight - Win

LEEDR Path Radiance GUI

Important for Solar/Lunar Calculations!

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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow. The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.

Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Aim High…Fly - Fight - Win

LEEDR Path Radiance GUI Key Aspect: Earth-Sun-Moon Geometry

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Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Aim High…Fly - Fight - Win

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LEEDR Path Radiance Tailored Derivation / Flexible Solutions

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• Upward or downward looking spectral path radiance calculation fully incorporated into LEEDR Line-by-line Correlated-k Single scattering With / without aerosol

effects

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Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Aim High…Fly - Fight - Win

Point to Point Apply atmospheric compensation

correction to improve aim, hit endpoint

Displaced Path Calculate actual path of laser

when aimed at endpoint

LEEDR Path Bending GUI Realitic Atmospheric Refractivity Profiles

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14 Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force

Aim High…Fly - Fight - Win

• Ingest gridded, 3D NWP-derived nowcast, forecast, post-event atmosphere to verify / enhance simulation

• Atmosphere for scenario’s propagation path interpolated from GFS grid data (GFS 1, GFS 2, etc)

Integrate gridded numerical Wx forecast data and remote sensor

profiles

Evaluate / compare atmospheric

characterization methods

Evaluate impact : Remote sensing and

Directed Energy Propagation Applications Optimize Path Bending /

Radiance code

Methodology Ingest Numerical Wx Prediction and Remote Sensor Data

Upgrade radiative transfer code tools (e.g. Path Bending, Path Radiance)

•Initial state: climo-based effects

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Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Aim High…Fly - Fight - Win

Methodology NWP Impact: Extinction / RH Comparisons

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NOMADS - 29 August 2013 - 550nm 1800 cycle + 27hrs

Molecular Absorption (1/km)Molecular Scattering (1/km)Aerosol Absorption (1/km)Aerosol Scattering (1/km)Total Absorption (1/km)Total Scattering (1/km)Total Extinction (1/km)

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WPAFB ExPERT Site - Summer, 1500-1800L

LEEDR Extinction Profiles (using NWP)

LEEDR Extinction Profiles (using Climatology)

LEEDR RH Profiles (using NWP or Climatology)

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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.

Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Aim High…Fly - Fight - Win

Methodology Satellite-Derived Cn

2

• Atmospheric IR sounder (AIRS) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU on polar orbiting Aqua Satellite

• Global coverage provides vertical temperature profile (surface to 80km) at each sounding location

• Height assigned to pressure levels by adding each layer’s thicknesses

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𝑍𝑍2 − 𝑍𝑍1 = 𝑅𝑅𝑑𝑑 𝑇𝑇�𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔𝑜𝑜

ln �𝑝𝑝1

𝑝𝑝2�

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• Thermal wind relationship used to derive vertical wind profiles

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Radiosonde Measured vs AIRS-derived Wind Profile

• Cn2 profile

calculated for each AIRS sounding location

( )2

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Methodology Satellite-Derived Cn

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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.

Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Aim High…Fly - Fight - Win

Results Path Bending: Accounting for Refractivity Variations

Path refractivity profile using an ExPERT (Climo) Atmosphere

Improved (4D) refractivity resolution significantly effects radiative transfer solutions

Path refractivity profile referencing 3 NOMADS (grid points) atmospheres along (nearest to) path

NO

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The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.

Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Aim High…Fly - Fight - Win

• Applied 3 ‘nearest neighbor’ gridded-NWP data for 4D refractivity calc

Results Path Bending: Accounting for Horizontal Variations

Laser Miss Distance Climo-derived – 64185.1m NWP-derived – 64297.3m

Improved resolution numerical weather data significantly effects light bending solutions

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Air University: The Intellectual and Leadership Center of the Air Force Aim High…Fly - Fight - Win

Results Path Bending: Accounting for Refractivity Variations

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Path TransmittancePoint-to-Point Refracted Path

Path TransmittanceDisplaced Refracted Path

Cross-spectrum transmission comparison for 100km path. Refractivity is varied 10 times across the depicted spectral range.

Improved atmospheric (and refractivity) resolution significantly effects radiative transfer solutions

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Climo-derived AIRS-derived NWP-derived

Results Satellite Atmosphere Soundings: Winds / Temp Comparisons

Temperature

Climo-derived AIRS-derived NWP-derived Climo-derived AIRS-derived NWP-derived

Wind Speed Wind Direction

Dayton OH 12 Jan 2014, 18Z

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Climo-derived AIRS-derived NWP-derived

( )2

22 2 ( )( )( ) = (0.714) v nzz

z nzC C − ∂

∂∇

v

KH/KM - modified Tatarski Applying

Comparable Cn2 Profiles for Dayton OH 12 Jan 2014, 18Z

Results Satellite-derived Optical Turbulence Profiles - Comparisons

Satellite-derived optical turbulence with enhanced global 4D resolution can offer flexible radiative transfer solutions

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Conclusions

• Coupling NWP and/or satellite weather data with climatologies enhance fundamental radiative tranfer calculations (e.g. path radiance and refraction, optical turbulence)

• 4D-resolved optical turbulence and path refraction calculations will immediately benefit directed energy simulation tools (e.g. AFIT’s High Energy Laser Tactical Aid) and applications (e.g. laser communication system design)

• High resolution path radiance solutions can benefit industry and Government remote EO/IR sensor design and capabilities

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Future Work

• Model Verification and Validation (V&V) – Subject matter expert software / data accuracy review – Results accuracy: compare with field test campaigns

• Mature integration of gridded NWP data into radiative transfer (e.g. LEEDR) and DE propagation models (e.g. AFIT’s High Energy Laser End to End Operational Simulation and Tactical Decision Aid)

• Expand application of gridded NWP and remote satellite weather data – High resolution horizontal atmospheric variations – Enhance non-linear atmospheric effects analysis (e.g.

deep turbulence effects)

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Upward or downward looking spectral path radiance calculation fully incorporated into LEEDR •Line-by-line •Correlated-k •Single scattering •With / without aerosol effects

Air Force Institute of Technology Center for Directed Energy Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio

This study investigates the utility of integrating gridded numerical weather prediction (NWP) data, accessible through NOMADS (NOAA National Operational Model Archive & Distribution System), and satellite data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) sensor suites for enhancing traditional radiative transfer calculations including atmospheric refraction and optical turbulence profiles. To support such analysis, the Laser Environmental Effects Definition and Reference (LEEDR) model’s radiative transfer code was modified to ingest and integrate such data with its probabilistic, geo-referenced atmospheric effects calculations. Leveraging LEEDR’s unique boundary layer treatment of temperature, pressure, water vapor, optical turbulence, and atmospheric particulate and hydrometeor vertical profiles as they relate to line-by-line or band-averaged layer extinction coefficients, these upgrades enabled more comprehensive, realistic 4D-resolved extinction analysis as well as light refraction and path radiance solutions at any wavelength between 350 nm and 8.6 m. The advantages of coupling numerical forecast, now-cast, and satellite weather data with atmospheric and aerosol climatologies for remote sensing and directed energy applications are quantified.

AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 94th Annual Meeting 2 - 6 February 2014

Enhanced Atmospheric Refraction and Radiative Transfer Analyses Merging Gridded Numerical Weather Forecast and Satellite Data

S. T. Fiorino, M. F. Via*, D. C. Meier, B. J. Elmore**, and K. J. Keefer* Department of Engineering Physics

Simulation Tool:

Results:

Conclusions:

A special thanks to the DoD High Energy Laser Joint Technology Office and USAF Research Lab

for funding support

LEEDR defines the well-mixed atmospheric boundary layer with a worldwide, probabilistic surface climatology according to season and time of day, then computes radiative transfer effects based on vertical profiles of interrelated variables including meteorological, aerosol, hydrometeor and optical turbulence.

• Probabilistic Extreme and Percentile Environmental Reference Tables (ExPERT) data for 573 land

sites; Surface Marine Gridded Climatology • 4D real-time and/or archived NWP now-cast / forecast and weather satellite data

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LEEDR provides user multiple interactive views of atmospheric radiative effects

Raman LIDAR validates LEEDR’s unique profile of elevated aerosol effects which arise when aerosol radiative characteristics are correctly coupled to appropriate boundary layer lapse rates of temperature and dewpoint

• Coupling NWP and/or satellite weather data with climatologies enhance fundamental radiative transfer calculations (e.g. path radiance and refraction, optical turbulence)

• 4D-resolved optical turbulence and path refraction calculations will immediately benefit directed energy simulation tools (e.g. AFIT’s High Energy Laser Tactical Decision Aid) and applications (e.g. laser communication system design)

• Higher resolution path radiance solutions can benefit industry and Government remote EO/IR sensor capabilities

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

LEEDR radiative transfer code augmented by:

*Applied Research Solutions, Inc. **Southwestern Ohio Council for Higher Education 50 Chestnut Suite, 240 3155 Research Blvd, Ste 204 Beavercreek OH 45440 USA Dayton OH 45420

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Dependent Variable(s)

Alti

tude

(m)

WPAFB, 25 Jul 13, 1400L, 355nm, T = 74F, Td = 56.5F, GADS, BL Height = 1250m, Vis = 60km

Experimental Particle Extinction, 0305 Local (1/km)Experimental Particle Extinction, 0820 Local (1/km)Experimental Particle Extinction, 1345 Local (1/km)LEEDR Aerosol Scattering (1/km)LEEDR Total Extinction (1/km)LEEDR Molecular Scattering (1/km)LEEDR Aerosol Absorption (1/km)LEEDR Molecular Absorption (1/km)

Path Radiance: A Relative Earth – Sun – Moon Geometry Calculation & Surface Albedos

Important for Solar/Lunar Calculations!

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-3 Path Radiance vs. Wavelength

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Pat

h R

adia

nce

[W c

m- 2

str- 1

µm

- 1]

Path Radiance200-K210-K220-K230-K240-K250-K260-K270-K280-K290-K300-K

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ianc

e [W

cm

- 2 s

tr- 1 µ

m- 1

]

Path Radiance200-K210-K220-K230-K240-K250-K260-K270-K280-K290-K300-K

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-3 Path Radiance vs. Wavelength

Wavelength [m]

Path

Rad

ianc

e [W

cm

- 2 st

r- 1 µm

- 1]

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-3 Path Radiance vs. Wavelength

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h R

adia

nce

[W c

m- 2

str- 1

µm

- 1]

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smis

sion

Transmission vs. Wavelength

Wavelength (m)

Path TransmittanceStraight Slant Path

Path TransmittancePoint-to-Point Refracted Path

Path TransmittanceDisplaced Refracted Path

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x 104

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Horizontal Distance (m)

Ver

tical

Dis

tanc

e (m

)

Point-to-Point Path: ExPERT vs NOMADS @ WPAFB 26 Jan 14Pltfm: 1m, Tgt: 2km, Path Length: 100km, Az: 270

EarthTarget AltitudePlatform AltitudeBent Laser: ExPERT 0600-0900LTargetPlatformStraight LaserBent Laser: NOMADS 1200Cycle/0700L

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tical

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tanc

e (m

)

Displaced Path: ExPERT vs NOMADS @ WPAFB 26 Jan 14Pltfm: 1m, Tgt: 2km, Path Length:100km, Az:270

EarthTarget AltitudePlatform AltitudeBent Laser: ExPERT 0600-0900LTargetPlatformStraight LaserBent Laser: NOMADS 1200 Cycle/0700L

Improved 4D atmospheric (and refractivity) resolution significantly effects accuracy of radiative transfer solutions: Comparison of cross-spectrum transmission for a straight 100 km (direct, point-to-point refracted and displaced refracted) path. The amount of refraction is varied 10 times across the spectral range shown.

http://nomads.ncdc.noaa.gov/data/gfs4/

Path Bending / Correction:

Accounting for Variation in the

Atmospheric Refractivity

Displaced Path Aim at endpoint, calculate laser path using path’s refractivity profile

Light Bending: Climatology vs Numerical Weather Data Displaced Path Point-to-Point ExPERT (climatology) miss distance: 64,185.1 m

NOMADS miss distance: 64,297.3 m ** NOMADS predicted a 112.2 m longer bent path length than climo **

Path refractivity profile based on 3 NOMADS atmospheric profiles (vs only 1 for ExPERT) to consider horizontal variations

NO

MA

DS

#1

NO

MA

DS

#2

NO

MA

DS

#3

Climo-derived AIRS-derived NWP-derived

Temperature

Climo-derived AIRS-derived NWP-derived Climo-derived AIRS-derived NWP-derived

Wind Speed Wind Direction

Dayton OH 12 Jan 2014, 18Z

Winds and Temperature Profiles: Climo-, Numerical Weather and Satellite

Climo-derived AIRS-derived NWP-derived

( )2

22 2 ( )( )( ) = (0.714) v nzz

z nzC C − ∂

∂∇

v

KH/KM - modified Tatarski

Optical Turbulence (cn2) Profiles: Climo-, Numerical Weather

and Satellite

Dayton OH 12 Jan 2014, 18Z

Applying

14 Oct 2011 0746Z, Dayton, OH

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sure

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el (m

b)

Wind Direction

Satellite DataRAOB Data

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sure

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el (m

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Satellite DataRAOB Data

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Turbulence Structure (Cn2)

Hei

ght (

km)

Richardson Number and KH/KM ratio based on AIRS derived winds

Radiosonde Measured vs AIRS-derived Wind Profile

• Global coverage provides atmospheric vertical temperature profile (surface to 80km)

• Thermal wind relationship used to derive vertical wind profiles

• Vertical temperature and pressure profiles are used along with ∂Tv/∂Z and derived winds to calculate Cn

2 • Cn

2 profile calculated for each AIRS sounding location

Satellite-derived Optical Turbulence: Enhanced, global 4D resolution

Satellite-Derived vs Climo and Numerical Weather Data

Point to Point Calculate aimpoint solution which compensates for path refractivity and illuminate desired enpoint