Accounting as a profession and Accounting Information System
THE ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM
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THE ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM
Financial Accounting, Sixth Edition
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1. Analyze the effect of business transactions on the basic accounting
equation.
2. Explain what an account is and how it helps in the recording process.
3. Define debits and credits and explain how they are used to record
business transactions.
4. Identify the basic steps in the recording process.
5. Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.
6. Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording process.
7. Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.
8. Explain the purposes of a trial balance.
9. Classify cash activities as operating, investing, or financing.
Study ObjectivesStudy ObjectivesStudy ObjectivesStudy Objectives
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The Accounting Information SystemThe Accounting Information SystemThe Accounting Information SystemThe Accounting Information System
Accounting Information System
System of
► collecting and
► processing transaction data and
► communicating financial information to decision
makers.
Most businesses use computerized accounting (EDP)
systems.
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Transactions are economic events that require
recording in the financial statements.
Not all activities represent transactions.
Assets, liabilities, or stockholders’ equity items
change as a result of some economic event.
Dual effect on the accounting equation.
Accounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting Transactions
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Question:Question: Are the following events recorded in the accounting records?
EventPurchase computer.
Criterion Is the financial position (assets, liabilities, or stockholders’ equity) of the company changed?
Pay rent.
Record/ Don’t Record
Accounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting Transactions
Discuss guided trip
options with potential
customer.
Illustration 3-1
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AssetsAssetsAssetsAssets LiabilitiesLiabilitiesLiabilitiesLiabilitiesStockholders’ Stockholders’
EquityEquityStockholders’ Stockholders’
EquityEquity= +
Analyzing Transactions
SO 1 SO 1 Analyze the effect of business transactions on the basic accounting equation.
Basic Accounting Equation
Accounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting Transactions
The process of identifying the specific effects of economic events on the accounting equation.
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Analyzing Transactions
SO 1 SO 1 Analyze the effect of business transactions on the basic accounting equation.
Accounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting Transactions
Illustration 3-2 Expanded accounting equation
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Illustration:Illustration: 1. On October 1, cash of $10,000 is invested in Sierra Corporation by investors in exchange for $10,000 of common stock.
Accounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting Transactions
1. +10,000 +10,000
SO 1 SO 1 Analyze the effect of business transactions on the basic accounting equation.
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2. On October 1, Sierra borrowed $5,000 from Castle Bank by signing a 3-month, 12%, $5,000 note payable.
Accounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting Transactions
1. +10,000 +10,000
2. +5,000 +5,000
SO 1 SO 1 Analyze the effect of business transactions on the basic accounting equation.
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3. On October 2, Sierra purchased equipment by paying $5,000 cash to Superior Equipment Sales Co.
Accounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting Transactions
3. -5,000 +5,000
1. +10,000 +10,000
2. +5,000 +5,000
SO 1 SO 1 Analyze the effect of business transactions on the basic accounting equation.
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4. On October 2, Sierra received a $1,200 cash advance from R. Knox, a client.
Accounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting Transactions
4. +1,200 +1,200
3. -5,000 +5,000
1. +10,000 +10,000
2. +5,000 +5,000
SO 1 SO 1 Analyze the effect of business transactions on the basic accounting equation.
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5. On October 3, Sierra received $10,000 in cash from Copa Company for guide services performed.
Accounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting Transactions
4. +1,200 +1,200
5. +10,000 +10,000
3. -5,000 +5,000
1. +10,000 +10,000
2. +5,000 +5,000
SO 1 SO 1 Analyze the effect of business transactions on the basic accounting equation.
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6. On October 3, Sierra Corporation paid its office rent for the month of October in cash, $900.
Accounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting Transactions
4. +1,200 +1,200
5. +10,000 +10,000
6. -900 -900
3. -5,000 +5,000
1. +10,000 +10,000
2. +5,000 +5,000
SO 1 SO 1 Analyze the effect of business transactions on the basic accounting equation.
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7. On October 4, Sierra paid $600 for a one-year insurance policy that will expire next year on September 30.
Accounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting Transactions
4. +1,200 +1,200
5. +10,000 +10,000
6. -900 -900
7. -600 +600
3. -5,000 +5,000
1. +10,000 +10,000
2. +5,000 +5,000
SO 1 SO 1 Analyze the effect of business transactions on the basic accounting equation.
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8. On October 5, Sierra purchased supplies on account from Aero Supply for $2,500.
Accounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting Transactions
4. +1,200 +1,200
5. +10,000 +10,000
6. -900 -900
7. -600 +600
8. +2,500 +2,500
3. -5,000 +5,000
1. +10,000 +10,000
2. +5,000 +5,000
SO 1 SO 1 Analyze the effect of business transactions on the basic accounting equation.
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10. On October 20, Sierra paid a $500 dividend.
Accounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting Transactions
4. +1,200 +1,200
5. +10,000 +10,000
6. -900 -900
7. -600 +600
8. +2,500 +2,500
10. -500 -500
3. -5,000 +5,000
1. +10,000 +10,000
2. +5,000 +5,000
SO 1 SO 1 Analyze the effect of business transactions on the basic accounting equation.
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11. Employees have worked two weeks, earning $4,000 in salaries, which were paid on October 26.
Accounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting TransactionsAccounting Transactions
4. +1,200 +1,200
5. +10,000 +10,000
6. -900 -900
7. -600 +600
8. +2,500 +2,500
10. -500 -500
11. -4,000 -4,000
3. -5,000 +5,000
1. +10,000 +10,000
2. +5,000 +5,000
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Account Name
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Record of increases and decreases in a specific asset, liability, equity, revenue, or expense item.
Debit = “Left”
Credit = “Right”
AccountAccount
An Account can An Account can be illustrated in a be illustrated in a T-Account form.T-Account form.
SO 2 Explain what an account is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 2 Explain what an account is and how it helps in the recording process.
The AccountThe AccountThe AccountThe Account
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Double-entry Double-entry system
► Each transaction must affect two or more accounts to
keep the basic accounting equation in balance.
► Recording done by debiting at least one account and
crediting another.
► DEBITS must equalmust equal CREDITS.
SO 3 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business transactions.SO 3 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business transactions.
Debit and Credit Procedures
The AccountThe AccountThe AccountThe Account
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Account Name
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
If Debits are greater thangreater than Credits, the account will
have a debit balance.
$10,000 Transaction #2$3,000
$15,000$15,000
8,000Transaction #3
Balance
Transaction #1
SO 3 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business transactions.SO 3 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business transactions.
Debit and Credit ProceduresDebit and Credit ProceduresDebit and Credit ProceduresDebit and Credit Procedures
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Account Name
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
$10,000 Transaction #2$3,000
Balance
Transaction #1
$1,000$1,000
8,000 Transaction #3
SO 3 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business transactions.SO 3 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business transactions.
Debit and Credit ProceduresDebit and Credit ProceduresDebit and Credit ProceduresDebit and Credit Procedures
If Credits are greater than Debits, the account will
have a credit balance.
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Assets - Debits should exceed credits.
Liabilities – Credits should exceed debits.
The normal balance is on the increase side.
Dr./Cr. Procedures for Assets and LiabilitiesDr./Cr. Procedures for Assets and LiabilitiesDr./Cr. Procedures for Assets and LiabilitiesDr./Cr. Procedures for Assets and Liabilities
Chapter 3-23
AssetsAssets
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
Chapter 3-24
LiabilitiesLiabilities
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
SO 3 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business transactions.SO 3 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business transactions.
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Owner’s investments and revenues increase stockholders’ equity (credit).
Dividends and expenses decrease stockholder’s equity (debit).
Dr./Cr. Procedures for Stockholders’ EquityDr./Cr. Procedures for Stockholders’ EquityDr./Cr. Procedures for Stockholders’ EquityDr./Cr. Procedures for Stockholders’ Equity
Chapter 3-25
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
Common StockCommon Stock
Chapter 3-23
DividendsDividends
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
Chapter 3-25
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
StockholdersStockholders’’ EquityEquity
Chapter 3-25
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
Retained EarningsRetained Earnings
SO 3 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business transactions.SO 3 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business transactions.
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The purpose of earning revenues is to benefit the stockholders.
The effect of debits and credits on revenue accounts is the same as their effect on stockholders’ equity.
Expenses have the opposite effect: expenses decrease stockholders’ equity.Chapter
3-27
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
ExpenseExpense
Chapter 3-26
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
RevenueRevenue
SO 3 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business transactions.SO 3 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business transactions.
Dr./Cr. Procedures for Revenue and ExpenseDr./Cr. Procedures for Revenue and ExpenseDr./Cr. Procedures for Revenue and ExpenseDr./Cr. Procedures for Revenue and Expense
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Chapter 3-23
AssetsAssets
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
Chapter 3-27
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
ExpenseExpense
Chapter 3-24
LiabilitiesLiabilities
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
Chapter 3-25
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
StockholdersStockholders’’ EquityEquity
Chapter 3-26
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal BalanceNormal Balance
RevenueRevenue
Normal Balance Credit
Normal Balance Credit
Normal Balance
Debit
Normal Balance
Debit
Summary of Debit/Credit RulesSummary of Debit/Credit RulesSummary of Debit/Credit RulesSummary of Debit/Credit Rules
SO 3 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business transactions.SO 3 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business transactions.
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Balance Sheet Income Statement
= + =-Asset Liability Equity Revenue Expense
Debit
Credit
Summary of Debit/Credit RulesSummary of Debit/Credit RulesSummary of Debit/Credit RulesSummary of Debit/Credit Rules
SO 3 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business transactions.SO 3 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business transactions.
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Summary of Debit/Credit RulesSummary of Debit/Credit RulesSummary of Debit/Credit RulesSummary of Debit/Credit Rules
Relationship among the assets, liabilities and stockholders’ equity of a business:
The equation must be in balance after every transaction. For every Debit there must be a Credit.
Illustration 3-16
Assets Liabilities= Stockholders’ EquityBasic Equation
Expanded Basic Equation
+
SO 3 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business transactions.SO 3 Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business transactions.
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Source documents, such as a sales slip, a check, a bill, or a cash register tape, provide evidence of the transaction.
Steps in the Recording ProcessSteps in the Recording ProcessSteps in the Recording ProcessSteps in the Recording Process
SO 4 Identify the basic steps in the recording process.SO 4 Identify the basic steps in the recording process.
Illustration 3-17
Analyze each transaction Enter transaction in a journalTransfer journal information to
ledger accounts
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Book of original entry.
Transactions recorded in chronological order.
Contributions to the recording process:
1. Discloses the complete effects of a transaction.
2. Provides a chronological record of transactions.
3. Helps to prevent or locate errors because the debit
and credit amounts can be easily compared.
SO 5 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 5 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.
Steps in the Recording ProcessSteps in the Recording ProcessSteps in the Recording ProcessSteps in the Recording Process
The Journal
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Journalizing - Entering transaction data in the journal.
Illustration: Presented below is information related to Sierra Corporation.
Sierra issued common stock in exchange for $10,000 cash.
Oct. 1
Sierra borrowed $5,000 by signing a note.1
Sierra purchased office equipment for $5,000.2
Instructions - Journalize these transactions.
The JournalThe JournalThe JournalThe Journal
SO 5 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 5 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.
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Account Title Ref. Debit Credit
Oct. 1
Date
JournalizingJournalizingJournalizingJournalizing
General Journal
SO 5 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 5 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.
Sierra issued common stock in exchange for $10,000 cash.
Oct. 1
Cash
Common stock
10,000
10,000
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Account Title Ref. Debit Credit
Oct. 1
Date
JournalizingJournalizingJournalizingJournalizing
General Journal
SO 5 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 5 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.
Sierra borrowed $5,000 by signing a note.Oct. 1
Cash
Notes payable
5,000
5,000
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Account Title Ref. Debit Credit
Oct. 2
Date
JournalizingJournalizingJournalizingJournalizing
General Journal
SO 5 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 5 Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.
Sierra purchased equipment for $5,000.Oct. 2
Equipment
Cash
5,000
5,000
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The Ledger contains the entire group of accounts
maintained by a company.
SO 6 Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 6 Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording process.
Illustration 3-19
Steps in the Recording ProcessSteps in the Recording ProcessSteps in the Recording ProcessSteps in the Recording Process
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Steps in the Recording ProcessSteps in the Recording ProcessSteps in the Recording ProcessSteps in the Recording Process
SO 6 Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 6 Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording process.
Chart of Accounts – listing of accounts used by a
company to record transactions.
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Cash Acct. No. 101Date Explanation Ref. Debit Credit Balance
General Ledger
Date Account Title Ref. Debit Credit
Oct. 1 Cash 10,000
Common stock 10,000
General Journal
Oct. 1 Owner investment J1 10,000 10,000
101
J1
Steps in the Recording ProcessSteps in the Recording ProcessSteps in the Recording ProcessSteps in the Recording Process
SO 7SO 7
Posting – the process of transferring amounts from the
journal to the ledger accounts.
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The Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process Illustrated
Follow these steps:
1. Determine what type of account is involved.
2. Determine what items increased or decreased and by how much.
3. Translate the increases and decreases into debits and credits.
Illustration 3-21
SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.
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The Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process Illustrated
SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.
Follow these steps:
1. Determine what type of account is involved.
2. Determine what items increased or decreased and by how much.
3. Translate the increases and decreases into debits and credits.
Illustration 3-22
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The Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process Illustrated
SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.
Follow these steps:
1. Determine what type of account is involved.
2. Determine what items increased or decreased and by how much.
3. Translate the increases and decreases into debits and credits.
Illustration 3-23
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3-40 SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.
Additional Transactions
The The Recording Recording Process Process IllustratedIllustrated
The The Recording Recording Process Process IllustratedIllustrated
Illustration 3-24
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3-41 SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.
Additional Transactions
The The Recording Recording Process Process IllustratedIllustrated
The The Recording Recording Process Process IllustratedIllustrated
Illustration 3-25
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3-42 SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.
Additional Transactions
The The Recording Recording Process Process IllustratedIllustrated
The The Recording Recording Process Process IllustratedIllustrated
Illustration 3-26
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Additional Transactions
The The Recording Recording Process Process IllustratedIllustrated
The The Recording Recording Process Process IllustratedIllustrated
Illustration 3-27
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3-44 SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.
Additional Transactions
The The Recording Recording Process Process IllustratedIllustrated
The The Recording Recording Process Process IllustratedIllustrated
Illustration 3-28
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3-45 SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.
The Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process Illustrated
Additional TransactionsIllustration 3-29
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3-46 SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.
Additional Transactions
The The Recording Recording Process Process IllustratedIllustrated
The The Recording Recording Process Process IllustratedIllustrated
Illustration 3-30
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3-47 SO 7SO 7
Additional Transactions
The The Recording Recording Process Process IllustratedIllustrated
The The Recording Recording Process Process IllustratedIllustrated
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Summary Illustration of JournalizingSummary Illustration of JournalizingSummary Illustration of JournalizingSummary Illustration of Journalizing
SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.
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Summary Illustration of JournalizingSummary Illustration of JournalizingSummary Illustration of JournalizingSummary Illustration of Journalizing
SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.
Illustration 3-32
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Summary Summary Illustration Illustration of Postingof Posting
Summary Summary Illustration Illustration of Postingof Posting
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SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.SO 7 Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.
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A list of accounts and their balances at a given time.
Purpose is to prove that debits equal credits.
The Trial BalanceThe Trial BalanceThe Trial BalanceThe Trial Balance
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The trial balance may balance even when
1. a transaction is not journalized,
2. a correct journal entry is not posted,
3. a journal entry is posted twice,
4. incorrect accounts are used in journalizing or posting, or
5. offsetting errors are made in recording the amount of a
transaction.
The Trial BalanceThe Trial BalanceThe Trial BalanceThe Trial Balance
SO 8 Explain the purposes of a trial balance.SO 8 Explain the purposes of a trial balance.
Limitations of a Trial Balance