Engineer’s

Mini-Notebook

Forrest M. Mims III

Scanned & converted to PDF format by

NBK2000

\NiTRODUCTiONONE. OF Twe KAOST IMPort^wT APPUOAtiOMSoF EC&CTROiwlCS 1‘a THE USE OF SENSORS TOOETEcr anO resPono to external stimuli ..SOCH AS TOUCH, PRESSURE., WATER., HEAT,

tM6uETAC PiElDS AnO.SO FORTJA. THESEARE Among THE SENSOR APPEltATiOWS IN THISMini- notebook . Vou can make some sEnsors,..And mAwv sensors and sensing s'!/ stemsARE A\/ailA8EE from RAPtO SHftClc STORES ..LAnd Radio shack. UNUMITEC)-

DESIGN TIPS : ; : ::; ;

1. THE o.eiauiTOUS 7^1 operational AmPLIF'/ERIS USED IN THIS MIN'- notebook.. goT V£>L< ^can. sosst.itutE newer ,op Amps if voo boNOT EXCEED THElR, MAXIMUM POWER SvjPaVVOt-TAGE. BE SURE TO CHE C X THE . Pi N OUTC IN£

.

2. UNLESS CTHERwv'SE SPECIFIED, U5E l/4 OE.l/i ,WATT RESISTORS AND CAPACITORS RATED FORAt least the PovjES SuPPiV voltage, iF EXACT ;.UALUES are unavailable

,VOU CAN VSuAUY .

SUBSTITUTE VALUES VUlTH IN iOTO LO % OF . .i.the specified value. . : .

5. ALWAYS Build a test version of a . . . L..circuit on a sdloerless bread eoafld.6£FoR.E KAAKlWiS A PERMANENT VERSIOM.THIS WILL Allow you to make MoDiFtcationsTO -mE. Circuit;

SAFETY FIRST1 . POWER. SENSOR. CIRCUITS WITH BATTERIES.

.2 . Do-'t- yourself sensor circuits are not

.Appropriate for medical applications or

.when Humah life or safe.tv is at risk..5

. "l .

ELECTRONIC SENiSORSAN el£ctrow\c s&nsoR Responds to AweXT£R,N^L Stimulus such as LI UIPRATIOM sensors lire those usedIn VAR\OuS security SYSTEMS.

MAGNET le REED SujiTCH(magnet Sensor)

pendulum Switch(V i oration sensor)

Some go-no go sensors include anAnalog sensor and ^ circuit thatsnitches On Cor ofp^ whEm thE AmplitudeOF WhAT \S BEING SENSED EXCEEDSCoR FALLS BElow) A CERTAIN i-£u£i,...OFTEN THE PO|nT AT WK\CH -m£ CiRCUiTswitches can be adjusted BY ADDINGOR changing, the value Of An Exter-nal resistor or by .a OiG/tAL SuiitoH ,•ARRAY.;,,.,

;. , ;

4d-!

^M^LOG SEMSORSNAANV KmiiS OF AWAL06 SEMSORS AREREAfMi.v Available., some cp ine. mostCOMMON) ARE OESCRlEED H£££:.

PlAOTCRES\STORLlGAT- SEmS iTwe resistorV-'UoOe RE'il'aTAfOCE CRAnJ&ESWITH light.

PHOTODIODELiGMT- SEMS ITIVE D)O 0 £,RiUiLH PRODUCES A CUftREKiTIK! RtsPOMSE TO LV 6MT.

THERNUSTORr£MP£P-ATuRe.-SEMStT\ve.RES\ST0 R whose fttS^ETA^CCcCHAKlGtS WITH TEV^PERAtuRE.

MICROPHONESOuMD -S&MS ITIVR SRmSORWHICH PPObvcEs A voltageOR CHAnIGES a CAPAC(TAk)CCAS THE SOvmO LEueo CHAMGEE.

PIEZOELECTRICVARIOUS crystals orCE¥LAm\cs vjhvcH ProduceA voltage when! SEMT,Vibrated or subjected toMECHAmVcAL shocr.

7

1BASIC SEMSOR CIRCUtTSEt-E-CTROlO I C SEWSORS: REQUIRE A. E>EUt(iathat IMDICAT6S WHErJ SoMETHIhka HAS fEES)SEMSED, TKE IMDICAtOR for a SIMP(.E (50*|viO (sO 5EWS0R SoCt-t AS A MASWE'T SuJiTCH

.

CAKJ Ee A tAKpj i-ED

)

SHNISDR^ XND COMPUTERS‘

TOUCH SWITCHES i!

US£ 'STftN>E>P(RD SWITCH wh£M POSSlgLE.|

FoP sPcCFfiiL APPutA-nOMS OR FOR OlTRA-^

THits) Switches try these sujitchEs. i

MULTHL^YER SWITCH

TQ 8ATTERY ' PduJERED Circuits oiOCV*

j\ - OVERREACJ TRAWSPAREmCV FICmWITH ^Aluminium Foil squares attached to lower. ' . .

;

..SIDE with CEKEmT or. DCUELE-SIDED TAPE. i :

^-SAmE material as Al with a pole.PumcUEd At each Switch POsitiO/J. i ..

^-ware Etched circuit Board as showxj ;or Position switch elements over foilpattern in a PRE- etched BDAR-D. :

TACTILE FEEDBACK SWITCH

OmERHEAD TRAwsPAREWcyFilm with aluiuiinumfoil cemented or tapedto lower Side AndcementEd or. taped to :ETCHED Circuit go ARD .W.1TH COM® PattERM*

.

.

. J..

WHISKER-STYLE LEVER SWITCHATTACW PLASTIC, rod OR MoSiCl wiP£ TOMD\JA6.i.£ L£y£R OW A SWITCH TO MAR.E,A wmsRER Switch.

WmCKcR. SwnTCH APPUCATIOMS:

.RoeoT(CS-S£MS£- PREStwcE of 0 EJECTS. - - p — h

WDUSTRV - HAM WHISKER O.VER COtOUEVOE 8£ATTO D€T£CT CARTONS AmD OBJECTS-. PA S5IN

PUFF SVViTCK

A PuFF S'AJITCK IS CLOSED EV AlR PRESCoAEOR SimPLV EV BLouoiMjD CAuse. A ^WIT1dH

OOICALLY BALCOOM

]

. REMOyC-A^D o O

f

CLE4n TUBt Switchu 1n

6LowH6AE

THIS ARRAMiSEMEMT allows Ypu TOdUVCKLY MAYE a CEMOMSTRATIOW PuFPswjtck. For permamEmt use in) stall wA PLASTIC Box CowwEcTUO TO THE OUTSIDEWORLD WITH A brass AaCARVUM, TUEE .!3UMCTIOM AMD- switch WIRES, i

.(£,'21 SCR£,^jJ^ UJASRtR A.t^D MuT PAPER CUP

pm:ome plug switch?oit>£R. wsR£,

ACROSS Tine.reR.^A^^)^vLS

;ltO$e,RT ,PL06 IN TACferro clqse switch..PULC PCUG .from, tack.to. op&N .Switch.

. . 1 . +

h bII

<

I! .

TO attachb knotted Cord)'| TO PHoMeFt PLUCs co\/er

TILT. ..SWITCH

'iLM P

OFF THIS SujtTCH CCOSES .WHEN Af STEEL AIR

MUSIC WIRE VIBRMION SENSOR

Mu-alC iaJIRE. CMMLkZLE. filOK hOSEV CR.A.FTsToiies!) ts sTiFp "sTeEL w\f.e. that spaia*^s(SACK TO ITS oHi&twAc PosiriOM AFTER 6£i/^c5BEmT GENTtT, Aa^J'SIC WJIRE CM g£ L/SEO TUMAk£ MA/^JV KiMDS OF TILT AmO l^'BIlATtOWSWITCIAEE. that work IM VARIOUS PoSlTIONsS.CAuTIPM: JSE Do-iT-VOuRSEIF 5£MS0R like thisOMLV For gATTERT-POKjEREO APPLI CATiDNSi

CUP KuOiCujiRe.

F'SH Ik) &WElOHT

COPPER CLAOOlMO

TO EU2ZER^ LlOHT OR ALARK

Scft£\w

wASh\£A

SolderLU G>

REDUCE SewSlHUITVBV M0V/'K)O wEUSMTcloser to clip or6V IWCREASVWG GAPBETujEEK) W'RE £wDAMD COPPER FOIL .

BlMDER LEAD FISKIPMGCLIP WEIGH r "lij

ORCvir BOARDtwo COPPER)

/ tUT5

WA SHtR

wur

CIRCUIT EoARO(COPPER CLAti)

HAROWAREl

)

P1E20ELECTRIC VERATlOfM SENSORCER.TMM cP^StalS ANiD ceaf\MlCS 6£WD ;wRtSPOMSe TO ^ VOLTAGE AmD G£,w£.R.ATE. Avoltage IVH£n g£K)T. THIS PHoPEE-TV IS THEPiE2o£i.e.CrR,lCl EFf^ecT, a PiEZO£L£cT(AiC,guzzER eL£Lte.rsJT IS A sensitive VISEATiONSEW50R . TRY TKI$ :

PiE-2-o eozzER elemekjt Super bright leu

TAP TH£ Piezo £i.EM.6,K)T WITH A Pewcil whileLooking iwto the two of the led. each tapWILL CLUSE THE LEO TO PLASH.

GETOP SELOVJ IS A SEISMIC SEMSOR..THE version X NV^DE DETECTED TRAINS1 MILE 0.(fl AwAY. COtOwECT THELEAOS FROM THE PIEZD ELEMENT TO ANAnalog volt meter, seismic vi^rat/onsWILL CAUSE THE NEEDLE TO JVmP UP TO AVOLT OR SO. THE VJE16HT CAm gE A LEAD : .fishing WEVGHT or a q-UOLT EATTERV,

SR.rCR,.'

T

concrete. WJEiGhT tMOUEFloor closer to sricic to

-''*'

. T Reduce sensiti/itv)IS

PENDULUhA SWITCHPEmdulum Switches are ideal For.DETfeCTiMti TiLT AniC> U16RATIOM. TH£V AREUSED IK) SEtuftiT/ SVSTEmS AnO SEismiCsemsors. pemducum sujtTCHe.s Aft.e.EAStl'i made from AEADILV AvAILAElE.MIATERiALS. MEWE'S OwE Vou cam mare.

"kwASREft.- USE TlMhJED \WA£R£R , SOLDER AWIRE TO WASRER. CEmEwT WA5HER OVER HOLEdis-illEd im the semsor Deck..

CRASSlS IS PLASTIC oR. wETAL ENCLOSURE

.

SemsoR DEC< is circuit 60ARO KwreRlAC(wiTAOyT COPPER Foil'1 . SECOMD SEMSOR deckRAS wASRER WITH LA£(S£R ROLE THAWWASHER (M UPPER, DECK. PROVIDES ASEcomD SkSwAl As tilt 09. VtgRAT)OM (SIMCREASeO.lb

PENDULUM QUADRANT S\W\TCHRE.P/,ACt TH£ Simple, go-mo &o WASHEK.SuorCCH ow “mE. F^CIMG PftS£ with ACIRCOLAR ARRft'V Of FOUR. oR MORE SESMEMTS

Sou CAhi MAKE A SuJ fTCH UJHiCM \hJ0t-CAtES -the biRECTiOfJ OF TILT oR iEE.AXJO/0-

17

%. SWITCH-TYPE ALARM SYSTEMS

'

SEC'-'P.ITY ^LAR^^ systems USEOjO-oPF Cspst^ switches to T>£TEC-r openDoors anO windows or vieR.AT(oN. macwEtswitches

jmetal Foic breaks

WKEn a window is SUoK-En) AwD yiERAT/OMSEnSoS-S AR-E often used.

TYPICAL hAAGMET SWITCH

BASIC OPEN-CIRCUIT ALARrsASEwsoR PAn\C ’ Alarm

. :SunTCH£S . . Switch

Alarm.1sireh, 6uz26R oRLAMpi is

Activated when a switch closes. Bvr iTHiS CIRCUIT IS easily DEFEATED SlMPCV 6YCyr.TINS A WIRE.., .. ...^

.1 .

IMPROVED OPENl-ClRCOtT ALARM.Reset

X SwitchSM

WORMiAUVopeM

Se.MSOR.S\MiTCrt£S

9

^

l>

i I ReiA'f IS5 Rvot-t,

. T>4e RetiAY i5-. FORMALLY GFR

ei

WjHtA) A SEmSOR. SUJITCIA-IS CijaS£D. TH£ . .,RELAY Pulls im &md the alarm stays, om . J,Us)Til.th£. Reset swircK is oPewED.THE circuit CAfsl es OEFEATEI) BY CuTT;lfU(S,A Switch, wire before CLOStD6 , a semsoR,

CLOSED-CIRCUIT ALARMi m. j •

:TH\,S circuit . MOMITO.RS THE/SEMSOR SlUtTCHES COMTINUOUSLY,THE ALARM IS ACTIVATED IFA SAW ITCH .WIRE IS Cut. ITHE RELAY DRAWS cuRREmT q ' tcoMTiWtifiuSLY- . ... raS—XTA

ALARM

Si RELAY^ UOLT

X NDRMALLY- 500 JlCLOSED

^

y SENSOR^ SWITCHES

PRESS S4iTO ACTIVATE

I MTELLIGENT,SWITCH SENSORS£CvjP.iTV SYSTEMS ARE- MOR^

:s£

IMTELUGENT SECURITY AL/\R^ASI" 5.5'. WORM^LLV Ci.0S6D MAfilOE-r SuJlTCW£5

SI SI SH is

R1l-AA/U

etLAMJ

R3L/wVJ

Ri - 10 k (Rl-RS'. w)ZZ ¥.

R3 " 33 kRV “ HT k85 "100 k

0P£RftT£.

IXUJ

R4LjWJ

5C?

-OlQ-

R5LWU

PRtSS TO T£ST

READOUT

RELftS (.-RvaLT'SoOJiy.

mo iL r—o c 0 -|m wI—rJ

1 H-L

If^ ' 1

PR£ES Awt> releaseSS TO ACTWATE.

Sio: NORMALLY CLOSEDPUSHeUTtOM SWiTCrt

S*7 : SPOT sw ITCH

R£,SlSTPiMc£itsJDlCAXED

6Y M£TfRREVEALSWHICHSwitchIS c-pe.n

'i':

OHM.KETER :

Ji: :i

OP£RATIC>w:

i. PRESS Sfc TO TEST. WIU SOUND.)

2. IF ALARM SOUNDS, T06SLE S7 To -m£READOUT POSmON 'TO SJL£M0£ Bo22&R.'m£Msw itch on ohk keter and read theR£ s\

S

tance, if resvstance is owlv a feuuOHmS, the BATTERV \S TOO WEAK. TD POLEIN •fflE RE-LAY. ... .11

FIRE OR WATELR SEMSORTK(S t'iOCkMAi.I.N -CLOS.tt) SujiTCW iSCLCS£C> l\ SueST^^JC£. M£i-TSujhEm Hot or. Di55(3i-w£-5 iajmEN wET.For sAferv the su.'tTCM opewS ip /tIS D£S,TRil VED.

F

t

‘ Place sectiopo oc biathday o\tji>i.£"FEslSOP- SaP. SijJITCM Cuii.4 CPEN iAJHEaJWAX M£i.T5 OR !P CLoWES PiH SuRmS AwAY.

water - Place aspiRih or other water s^lcibleTASlET or capsule iM ScmSoR

PULL SWITCHUS£ THl^ SuuiTCH TOACT\\JAT£ A LIGHT, SlfitrOOR. 8U22£R WH£.N a DOOR

,

VJlvoOCu) OR mAJL S0> iSOpEKstD. TH£ VERSIOWShO'jjn) vA6R£. is (OORMAaVCPEtO. THIS MtAfJS THtswitch cam 86- B'jPASStD

CuTTiiOG ITS L£AtJ5.For (joRhWLCf C!-cs£D0?£.ftATlOiO U5E. THE. ^wlTCMON FAC IN 6 PAGE. AnOADIoST SCR£W Sc that itTO'JCHES -TMt PApaa Ci-iPwhen -me. Poll strip \sIN PlAc£. a TH1CR.ER PollStR\P I'^iOHT E£ NtCE-SSARVIF VOU USE. THE NoR-MALLVclosed s\w\tgk . us£ screwsOR. C£hTmt To mount Soj (TCH,

H-HC or L-Jl SCREWS ANO NuTS

1 r

Plastic W clothesP'JlL

STRIP

CORD

evescrewM ' ' I

[» !T

M 1 ' ^ '

1 M M> ,u V I

I i’m I

PIM

File the ^A£AD OfONE OR EOTH SCREWS50 closing theSwitch in ill causeTHE SCS.£uo5 To PRESStogether And motsciPE -no on£ side.

PlAGtiC Pull stRiPIS CuT FROK PlASTCMilk. oR. soft drinKBottle..

FOR EATt£RTPcv>£R-£DAiPPUCATiDNS ONLV'

I I < I'l (1

-Ih

ISPoll to actuate.

VOLTAGE SENSORSGO'/sJ060 V0LTA6& 9EKi^oR.S HftWE MAlsjVUSEFUL APPUt^TIOlOS, THEY CftN E£ MAD£USlMiS ZfcN&p. OtODES OR COMPARATORS-

ZEMER DIODE VOLTAGE SEKiSOR

VOLTAGEfM Ri tU LED

LEO ^^)|LL SLOUJ WHEtY IMPUT \/0CTAGEEXCEEDS EREAK.DOUJN VOLTAGE OF 01-

R1 = (voltage IM - V/l£o) / r LEO

VLe.B RAMGES FROM ABOUT 1.0 TO 1.1 voltsFor visible LEDs (see LEO SPectFlCAr/OWS).

IlEO is desired CuRREMT through led.For 10 kviA cuRrEwt

,l(.&o IS O-ol.

BARGRAPH VOLTAGE SENSOR

THE LEDs Glow from 1 to 5 AS lAjPuTVOLTAGE RISES FROM ABOUT £ TO IS VOLTS.0< TO USE ZEHER OlODES WfTH OTHE/26REAKDOWW VOLTAGES,

1 S H 5VCLTftSE RT IMPuT E

R.£f£Re.fOC£ 'JOltAvCSE TO IMPoT

I- 10

o 6LBO is OM UJHEiO

iS freovE;, '

Etf£R£^S4£. UttuTACE. I

C£D OW

te.0 OF^F

Z Z H SV0LTA6E AT IwPuT K

IS

V

ANALOG PRESSURE SENSORpRES?wg.t S£fO

)

SIMPLE PRESSURE SENSORTHIS Simple •semsor odes mot provideTME CowSiSTENC'f Of A POT £ wryo M ETE.R

,

Eut it is VER^ ea^v to mare.

Pressure primted

POSISH COPPER SIDE OF EoTH SoARDS. SOLDERCONJMECTiOM VJifLES TO EACR 60ARO. THEM

comouctwe Elastic foam (oseoTO protect IC^) 6ETui££M coPPER SiDES OPTHE 60AE.DS, Pi-ACE SEMSOC IkI SM4CC PlASTICgOX TO hold it TOSETHEP.,

PRES SURE-TO- VOLTAGE+^v R5 Rs AroD R1 FOAM

yOCTA6E DWIOER.REDVCkNlG ftsIM CREASES theVOLTA6E AT RS.ADJUST R1 TOCAM BR.ATE.——>-

me^atwE

~ ouT

ExPERIMEwt with values op R1 AwD R3TO CluE DES'ftED OUTPUT. CowweCT RsTO'S'^/TO cSWE POSITWE V0LTA6E OuT.

27

STRWM SEMSORS^ ‘S.TRMKi &AU6E IS A Resistor hai/ikx;. aRESlSTRAiCE wmCA CAAn) 6 £S TWERESIS-OE. IS SElsiT OR PvAJ'StED. VOUCA^l EASILY K

STRMN SEKISOR APPLICATIOW

S

^A'^ PiRST STRfurO GAU66 PRoJEcT momitoREP thEp\puem£mt Of A Mo&ei. Rocket imstmjled in a wiwoTUNtotL EtRAPPEP to toe side, of a CHEVY.IT WORK&P. HERE ARE OTHER APPuCATtOMS-

PRESSURE- SENS |T\VE RE^tSTOR USE STRAINSENSOR to COWTAoL FREGiuENCY of AuD/ 0 CSCfLLATDRoR EAiKi OF Amplifier.

PRESSURE - SENS I TW£ SloitCH - USE STRAIN SENSORAS VERY sensitive touch Switch.

accEcerometer- attach weight to qmE EndOF strain sensor. MPUEmEnt IAjILL changeresistance cf sensor.

SCALE- Attach strain sensor to Eottom. S'DEOF Fi.£xigCE PlAtFoRM. CACIKRATE 6V PoAcinHGITEMS OF Known weight on Platform,

EXPERIMENTAL' Robotics and detection ofUiERAtioH And movement.

STRAIM SENSOR DESIGNSTRV these variations TO INCREASESEnSitwitv or maK-E Single -Ended s£m50RS.

HIGHSENSlT'unV

t r

Si nGLEEnded

CAugRAfT OR AdjustResistance gy lightlySTROKING pencil EraserAcross graphite.

try coating graphiteUj ITH TH IN layer, ofPaint tc PRotEct fRohUnwanted chancesIN resistance.

STRMN SENSOR RELA'/Tms CIRCUIT B£ AbJusreo to Pull in aRClAT V0H£fJ SeMSOFl tS 6£MT OR tuj\St£’D.

V P-^

STRAIN SENSOR TONE GENERATORThe. {=Reau£N)cv of -me TOMt prom th£ sPEAKtRCI46.M6£S WH£fJ THE SEwSOR. IS BEwT ORTWlSTEb-

+ ^ U (N CREASE VALu£ or Cl

50

STRAIM SENSOR AMPLIFIERTF^\S CIRCUIT COfoueRTS THE CHAMiSE IM TH£REE\Stamc£ OF A STRAIM SEMSdR to ACHAM(S£ IhJ VOLT A & £.

+ R 7

THvS circuit Amplifies THE CuRREmTTHE ETRA'nI EENSoR. (Iin^ SV 1,000,000. IT J5‘THEREFORE VERV SEMSiTivfc. REDUCE RESISTANCEOf ftt TO REDUCE SAIM CVour = X,^ X Rl),

Results vurrH t/P'oie straiw se wsor (Vo-tV

FLAT

l.-^Sv

SEn dOUTl.iz V

PLAStiC StRiPmvlaR^^

^OverheadtR ansparencvFilm

^Product

FACKMiniS, £,tc)ROUOHEfJ lAilTHSAND PAPER.

8Ewd USEkjARROWLIME WHEW GAiW

2, IS V IS HiiSA.

5a

MAGNETIC FIELD SEMSORA compass iS. A KW^wETIC F(£i.D SEMSoa.A L16HT SEMI^OR DETECT TImY MOVEmEwTSOF A Compass neeoce. caused Bv ectcraicMotors, /va^wEts Amd Solar Activity.

SiN)iSL£ SEM 50 R

Photo R£C 1S7CROP

PAOTO IRAMSISTOR

compass

M-MORTK S-SOutK

tOUAL SEMSOR. SAM 50 R 5

W

tPHOTOPe.SlSTDRS

bottomviEvJ

'

USE. CLEAR,DOU0LC-SID£Cs TAPC

TO attach SE Hi So as TO TOP OFTRAWSPARENT COMPASS. TAPEgLACk Paper, over semsqrs.

TEST gY Placing comPass om clear Sox white,PAPER. Room lksht will S£ Reflected upward.install compass AhJO.LEO IfvJ Li6HT-T1

MAGNETIC FIELD SWITCH :

LiGHT-TiGur erjcLosofte Rotate. so

jPel IS ou£R.we£D«.e

4 R3.look i laok

ADJoiT COMPASS AwO R2.Or so L£0 SuilTCHeS OM WH£W

A MA6WE.T IS MOVEDI J6)V near compass.

MAGNETIC FIELD AMPLIFIERucht-ti SHTe.u CLOSURE.

I

Rotate compass so pciAMD Pci Aft£ OVER K)££OlE .

TO AnAL06MU LTt METER,

_[look

^

look1

_J ADJUST R1 until meter. m££Ol£IS WEAR C&ntER op SCALE. WHENR3 IS 10 M

,CIRCUIT bETECTEO

SU6MT MOVEMEWT Of srft6M

VIDEO MONITOR SENSORSTAPt A L!GWT-S£M$!TPj£. P+^QTORESiITOR. ,PhotdtR.anssist

vtpeo Camera - video cameras are idealFOR VJATCH 1 K16 A SLEEPiMS EAgV oR A FRONTPoRCA. But Vou most wAtch twe monitorTO K.MOUI WH£N SQMETHJaXS HAs HAPPENED.TAPE onE or more Light sekjsors to thePART OF THE SCREEW LuHEfiE MOOEMEnT ORCHANGES ARE MOST LikELY TO OCCUR. THE?^CONNECT THE SENSoR TO A THRESH CLPdetector, when the image OM the M.owi'TDRCHANGES, A SuZTER W/LL SOuWD.

Please note- ia; hi le all these applicationsHAVE been tested, they are Experimental.THE RESlXTS You oEtAiw WILL 6E SuSjECT TOINTERpEREwcE from AM&iEmt AND td MolOAND WHERE Vov ATTACH THE LI GAT SENSoR TOTBE MOnitoR.

VIDEO MONTORTONE GENERATOR

CE TO REPLACE speaker WITH PIE^oELECTRiC. gu2Z£RElement, p/n 4 and encAwiRE to Pins.)

SS

VIDEO MOIHITOR RELAV CIRCUITS'

C4S.CU1TS PROVIDE A ^IMPlE. MEAWS PORCO.WTROLU.MCi £XTe.R.NAL 0£ViC£.S W(TH A.VIDEO MOMiTOR. . . . :

LIGHT- ACTIVATED RELAY T:Rti-rtV »ROP‘- Cut WHtN SCR££nJ AT PCI i£ gllt&tJT.

PHOTOftE'ElSTOft -i-'IV

(TAPE TO icREEw) AAOJO'ST SCREENeRl6ATME^S AS KJECESSARV

.

PCI- dS£R1 Et-ACK TAPElOOK _ .: :i

z y—k . D-I

Pa

\Screen

ftti

Ri comtRolSSEWSiTWiTY .

RH^7

4v,s:oOJL

DARtC-ACTIVATED RELAY . T, RElAV FyuLS IN ujHEN TCREtW AT PCI IS OARK..

\ PMOTORtStSTOR +‘^V adjust screen1 (tape to screen) . 1 erigrtwess as necessary

PCI- USEPci &1AC K TAPE

RZ controlssensitivity.

RH^7 ,

SCRtBfJ

IMPROVED VIDEO MONITOR REL^YT^^lS CIRCUIT USES Dual pmoto resistorsTO Provide DiPFEREwtiAl oPERATiOM. ChAwgES1/^1 Room. t,i6HTlio6. cause TKE SAhE REs/crA/ucECHAsJEE uA 60TW PMOTORESISTORS

,THUS THey

CANCEL one another.* ONCV WHEN PCiftECEWES MORE LIvE ftELAV actvAtED*

PROGRAMCursor

THIS CIRCUIT EASILY RESPONDS TO VARIOUS CURSORSgenerated gv tvpical paint prosra»-is. thePrototype could Be set C^if^ Rl) To Actuate; _ ,THE RELAV WHEN THE .TEXT CURSOR IN HICRoSOfTPAij-tTBROSH approached. Pci (white Q/st, slack\ .

SI -

V)t>EO MONITOR SENSOR PROGRAMS^

MEK.6 AiR£ some Simple PitO0iR.ftMS thatOEMOM srRATe ^Aow A Computer cam cowtRol .HxternAl devices. Via owe. or more uoatSEtMSOftS THAT RECEIVE PROORAMKED PLASHESOF EliSMT

THIS PRO&RAk ALTeRWftTtLV FLASHES Aw "XAT TWO ADTACtWT LOCATtOWS TO CO/OtROLTU)0 LI6HT SEwSORS.

RtM c>uAl Flasher routiwe . ,cls . .FOR A = 1 TO 10LOCATE. 10, SO ‘ PRimT “x"locate ZO, qO ; PRtwT‘* "FOR tJ - 1 TO looo : MEX-T nlocate 10, so ; print “ "locate 20

,

ad,; print" x“ ;FOR tvJ = 1 TO ioo o : w£kt M , : . ;(OExr AEmO

lOOTE : THIS PROORAM AfOD TME oxJE OWFACiKKS PtoE IWfLL UJORK. VLnTH SAsiC IfVou Place a cowsccutiue aju/ter eeforeEACA Ll/0£, C^RV io, 10,30, Ere. so you ,cfihi ItOSERT MEw LIMES LATER.')

MOblFVlNCTHE SCREEN SVMiBOLLOCATE IS THE SIMPLEST COMMAND FoRi ;PLACKsXS A character AT A DESIRED PLACE .OH THE SCREEM. IF "x''OR OTHER K£V§OARDCHARACTERS Dd MOT PRoViOE EmOOE-H Li^HTOR contrast to activ'Ate VoyR semsoR

,

INCREASE THE SCREEN ERiSHTNESS OR TRV USIM,6AN ASCII character Accessed sy the chr$statememt. i=oR example: >

locate 20,20’. PRitOT chR i (i^s)

PLACES A WHITE 60X 0/0 THE SCREExJ. ;other Suitable ascii svMeoLS iwclude;

Q ' 17L 1-11“^ +-214> n-2tD ,'177 + - X‘?7 - 21^ a-lLS, '-ISO,

! ; :

SEE PROGRAM MANUALS FOR COMPLETE LI^T. :

UGMTNIMG SENSORUSE. THIS CiRCOlT TOD£.r£CT DiSTAmt Fi-ASH£SOf U

AWR3IK Leo

I

o/>riOMAL l£0 Output.L£D UJtLL Pi_iCK£R AndFLASA ResPOMSETO L\SMTKHNC?-

TO MAKE A &IR£crlO^>AL S£(oSOR,CtM.EWT A SOLAR C£i.L TO -m£ 1NS)D£ Of 6ACHSIDE OF A CLEAR ^auAR-E PlASTiC gox.ASSekble Four semsor circuits with aw L£C>output (less 36U Audio our Pur 5TA6 &) ON A.Circuit eoaao and install board audBArrefty inside THE Plastic Eox . select a6iFF£REWT color (RED , VELLOUJ , ORANGE ANDgreen) For each led. install rue l£Ds on •!?

INFRM^ED SENSORA THeRKlSTOC A temper MLtRe.- SENS iTl\/eRESISTOR.. IwStAu. a thermistor at the EotAEPoint of A peash^iiSht REFEEcToR to detect(lOPRARfcD RADIATION PRoH h£AT SouftcES.

1,

INFRARED SWITCHInTAARED FLASHLuSHT + ‘^V

Connect eattERv and ujAit seuERac secondsTO ALCouJ TH£RMiSToRS TO SrARJCiaE. AOJOST R4.(JNTtC CED JUST SWITCHES OFF. Pi-Ac;£ VooRHAnO mEaR reflector. AmD L&0 SHoucD TORNON. A MATCH will TRlGSER THE CIRCUIT FROM.LtP TO 1 METER. (_AI30 uT S FEEt) OR MORE, NOTEthat CHAN

INFRARED AMPLIFIERCIRCUIT VJILL IWDIC^TR THt PRESENCE OP

^ FLAiM.E or hot SOLbERWd l,RoM. THE OUTPUT\/0LTAG£ IfOCREASeS AS tMPRAREDIWCRtASES-

+ qvPLASHLIt&HT REFtecroR

TS-

T1 AMD TZ-RAOiO SHACKrueEMtsTofts

T TO A mALOGMULTIMeTER-

F\IR SOURCE

RE33 K

S£T Multi ME.T&R TO o~s OR o*lo uolts bC.Adjust ri umtu. meter kieeole is mear.,C£MT£R of meter SCAC£. An! IMFRAREO SOuRCE.WITHIN Field of V\Bvj of R£Fi.ecTOR WILLCAUS£'..THE METER M££DL£ TO DEFCECT UPWARD CtO RIGHrVremove iR Source AmD T>t£ METER NeEDI-£ WILLM0U£ DOWNWARD C.TO LEFT). COR RECT AU G/JM£NT.OF Tl inside n+E r£Fl£cto/j is important. .

REFLECTOR AUGNMEMTiTPtRMlSTOR MUST;be at REFcEctoR.FOCAL POINT, THE

[J

FOCAL Point ISiiMHECE Filament.OF FLASMUG-WT M\SAUOw£(,EULB UuOOLD BE. ''

.LOOR . I-MTO. R-EFLECT.OR And, S££^

MLSALIOwEO. ALIGmED

P0LAR12ED L16MT

WAweS OF ORDlNAd'Ylight VISRME IfJMAwV DiREctiomS.LIGHT WA\;£S TKATTfi-AVEL TO Vou£EYES FROM TlHitClRC£.t EELOVU \zieeATELIViE THIS :

UMPouAP-l'ZED LIGHT

RKV5 OF REfLECTEDLIGHT AMft LIGHT THATPASSES THROUGH SOMEmaterials VlERATE IMOWLV some ciaertioms.IF THEY Y16RATE iW OMLVOne OlRECTlOhl, theLIGHT IS .Polarised

POLARIZED LIGHT

SOMuGHT reflected from. UJATER, ‘R^iGLASi Amo MEtAL 13 PARTIALLY Oft EvENCoiaPletbly Polarized. Sum glasses withPoLAEIzimS LEmSES 6lo.cr THE GLARE OF , ;reflected SUMLIGHT, UjHICH mares themPopular with People who Fish or Skv.THE Skv

POLARIZED LIGHT SENSOR ' "

POLAR.iZlisiS ARE AvAu-AgcE. EROMcamera ano Science stores, or use lemsesfrom \n£XPEmS\UE POLARaiM& SUNlSLASSES.CROSSiMG ruJO polarizers ECOCkS MOSTAKSMT.

UNCROSSED PART I AUV CROSSED CROSSED

TWiS PRlMClPCE CAiU EE USED TO MAKE SEmSORSWHICH tSMORE ORDINARY A] 6HT LUHfAE RESPONDINGTD POLARPZtD t-lGHT.

LIGH r.SADCKED

IPCI

J

k. . ..

PCI 4z- PhotoResistoRS R3 11 IK <

R2." SENSITIVITYh.

L£l> J1 •

z 7 5

application;ADD Polar iztRTO Fi-ASHU&ATAhD USE'R^RREHOTE, CCntSoA.

YMEN the light LEuec At"both ai&ht sensors equalTHt led LS off, when THcuGwt is partially or.cofiPletelv Polarized sothat PC.1 RECEIVES MORdlight than PC2,, THE-CDhPARAtoR will SloITCAthe. led on. see ELSewHERE.IN THIS SoCIC FOR. HOW TOADD A RdLAY TO CiRcuiT,. ..

.

HS

INTEGRATED LIGHT SENIORSIMT£(SRATED LISiMT SENSORS COMEiNE. AU6hT-S£MSiT1J£ PWoTOCiiDDE AnD AA(ft-lFi£RoR. oscillator in a WimiAtoRE PAckA

IR RE^AOTE CONTROL SEMSORL&\) VMli.L GLOvJ OP 9uLSAt£ iP xR REkOT£,COWTROL TRAKlSM.iTrE.R IS TRl^lslS NAitt I M G.

T\J OP ST&R-EO T.X, TSL2SO U SHT-TO'VoLTA££REMOTE CqmtRoL Converter

LIGHT- ACTIVATED RELAYuse TWIS CIRCUIT TO sewSE PEOPCE, OETECTS,CARS, Etc. wjor

OPTtCM LEVEL SENSORS I

TH£