The conflict occurred

involving two groups of coun-tries, namely: Axis and Allies.

The first group was composed of Germany, Italy and Japan.

The second, had as members: France, Britain, Soviet Union,

United States, Brazil, among

others. After many confron-

tations involving the Axis and Allies, which lasted for years,

gave signs that war would end, because the surrender of Italy

in 1943. Two years later, Ger-many and Japan and is not sup-

ported they also surrendered, consolidating the defeat of the Axis group. Japan surrendered

after being hit by two atomic bombs, a town in Hiroshima

and another on Nagasaki.

T he humanity

has always lived with the

wars, the reasons are diverse: fight for territory, separatist

movements, religion, ethnic intolerance, natural resources,

political differences, among others. Because of world con-

flicts, the world map does not stay with a fixed configuration.

This dynamic makes the carto-graphic work of cartographers

difficult because periodically need to overhaul the country

borders.

In the past century, the place that most of the world has changed regarding

the configuration of borders was the European continent.

Due to the struggle for territo-ries, began one of the greatest

conflicts of mankind, the Sec-

ond World War. This event brought

drastic changes in the geo-graphic space worldwide, espe-

cially in Europe. The Second World War took place be-

tween 1939 and 1945. This conflict involved a large num-

ber of countries that fought a war, largely in European terri-

tory. Among the main

reasons that led to this event were the intentions of imple-

menting projects expansionary nature of countries like Ger-

many, Italy and Japan Such nations wanted to achieve the

status of hegemonic powers and believed that the way to

achieve this was done through

conquest of new territories. From this ideology,

countries cited invasions pro-moted to other territories

with the intention to attach

them to their respective fields.

Germany seized nearby coun-tries, such as Austria and

Czechoslovakia in 1938. In 1939, it was the turn of Italy,

who conquered Albania. Japan invaded several territories in

the Pacific. The consolidation of the war took place only in

1939, when Germany invaded Poland. With this act, immedi-

ately, Britain and France came out in defense of the country

invaded, declaring war on Ger-many. Later, in 1941, the Sovi-

et Union also joined the con-flict by having been invaded by

the German army. In the same year, the United States entered

the conflict after receiving a Japanese air attack on its naval

base at Pearl Harbor.

World War II

THE

DAILY

NEWS

EDITORES:

CARLOS MURILO

RAFAELA PIRES

02 de abril de 2013 Volume 1, edição 1

The 40s Nesta edição:

The Cold War 2

Atanasoff–Berry

Computer, the first

computer

2

Atomic bombings of

Hiroshima and Na-

gasaki

3

Hitler suffers attack 3

Literature in Brazil 4

Identity in Brazilian

Fashion - The clothes

of the 40's and the

most notable achie-

vements of the

decade

4

Arrival of coca cola

to Brazil 5

The first calculator 5

The start of produc-

tion of the alkaline

battery

5

Flood in Porto Alegre 5

Domestic brasilian

policy 6

Brasilian Economy 6

Foreign brasilian

policy 7

Labour brasilian 7

Brazil Population 7

The games that wars

impeded. 8

The second world war. The conflict occurred involving two groups

of countries, namely: Axis and Allies.

T he Cold War

was a conflict that did not

result in armed confrontation, was an ideological dispute

between the United States and the Soviet Union, which

occurred from the end of World War II (1945) and

ended in 1991 with the end of the Soviet Union. This conflict

can be defined as an economic war, diplomatic and techno-

logical research which aimed to expand the areas of influ-

ence of capitalism and social-

ism. The main point of

the Cold War was the diffu-

sion of existing political-economic systems, capitalism

on one side, led by the United

States, and the other, social-ism, led by the Soviet Union. It

is important to remember that the two were the two great-

est world powers that consti-

tuted the bipolar world. After World War II,

the Soviet Union imposed great effort for the expansion

of socialism in Eastern Europe and countries of Africa and

Asia. This initiative reflected as a threat to his rival, the

United States. The main concern of

both was related to the issue of predominance of one of the

influences that could mean the hegemony of one power over

the other, this fear has raised

further the rivalry between

them. Thus, Americans and Soviets left in search of allies

to expand their respective

ideologies. The climate of ap-

prehension caused the powers in question leave racing to

develop innovations war, pro-ducing a massive military arse-

nal, such as guns, missiles, submarines and nuclear weap-

ons capable of destroying the planet.

During the Cold War the world has lived with

a constant tension between Americans and Soviets, since

any situation involving the two countries could generate an

armed conflict unprecedented.

World War II assignments,

work on the machine was discontinued. The ABC pio-

neered important elements of modern computing, including

binary arithmetic and elec-tronic switching elements, but

its special-purpose nature and lack of a changeable, stored

program distinguish it from modern computers. The com-

puter was designated an IEEE

Milestone in 1990. Atanasoff and

Clifford Berry's computer work was not widely known

T he Atanasoff–

Berry Com-puter (ABC)

was one of the first electronic digital computing devices.

Conceived in 1937, the ma-chine was not programmable,

being designed only to solve systems of linear equations. It

was successfully tested in 1942. However, its intermedi-

ate result storage mechanism, a paper card writer/reader,

was unreliable, and when in-ventor John Vincent Atanasoff

left Iowa State College for

until it was rediscovered in

the 1960s, amidst conflicting claims about the first instance

of an electronic computer. At that time, the ENIAC was

considered to be the first computer in the modern

sense, but in 1973 a U.S. Dis-trict Court invalidated the

ENIAC patent and concluded that the ENIAC inventors had

derived the subject matter of the electronic digital comput-

er from Atanasoff.

The Cold War

Atanasoff–Berry Computer, the first computer

“It is important

to remember

that the two

were the two

greatest world

powers that

constituted the

bipolar world.”

Página 2 The 40s

The Colors of Cold War

Developed by John Atanasoff

and Clifford Berry was the first electronic digital compu-

ter of the World, using elec-

tronic tubes

T he atomic

bombings of the cities of

Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan were conducted by the

United States during the final stages of World War II in

1945. These two events rep-resent the only use of nuclear

weapons in war to date.

Following a fire-bombing campaign that de-

stroyed many Japanese cities, the Allies prepared for a cost-

ly invasion of Japan. The war in Europe ended when Nazi

Germany signed its instrument of surrender on 8 May, but the Pacific War continued.

Together with the United Kingdom and the Republic of

China, the United States called for a surrender of Japan in the

Potsdam Declaration on 26 July 1945, threatening Japan

with "prompt and utter de-struction". The Japanese gov-

ernment ignored this ultima-tum, and the United States

deployed two nuclear weap-ons developed by the Manhat-

tan Project. American airmen dropped Little Boy on the city

of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945, followed by Fat Man

over Nagasaki on 9 August.

Within the first two to four months of the bomb-

ings, the acute effects killed 90,000–166,000 people in

Hiroshima and 60,000–80,000

in Nagasaki, with roughly half of the deaths in each city oc-

curring on the first day. The Hiroshima prefecture health

department estimated that, of the people who died on the

day of the explosion, 60% died from flash or flame burns, 30%

from falling debris and 10% from other causes. During the

following months, large num-bers died from the effect of

burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by

illness. In a US estimate of the total immediate and short

term cause of death, 15–20% died from radiation sickness,

20–30% from burns, and 50–60% from other injuries, com-

pounded by illness. In both cities, most of the dead were

civilians, although Hiroshima had a sizeable garrison.

On 15 August, six days after the bombing of

Nagasaki, Japan announced its surrender to the Allies, signing

the Instrument of Surrender on 2 September, officially

ending World War II. The bombings led, in part, to post-

war Japan's adopting Three Non-Nuclear Principles, for-

bidding the nation from nucle-ar armament. The role of the

bombings in Japan's surrender

and their ethical justification

are still debated.

O n July 30rd Hitler

suffers a bomb

attack when he

was in his forehead east-

ern Qg. The intention of

the conspirators, all

members of the military

and aristocratic elite of

Germany was able to

remove the dictator pre-

vent the invasion of Ger-

many. But the attempt

failed.

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Hitler suffers attack

Página 3 Volume 1, edição 1

The Enola Gay dropped the "Little

Boy" atomic bomb on Hiroshima. In this photograph are five of the air-

craft's ground crew with mission commander Paul Tibbetsin the cen-

ter.

A lready

consoli-dated in

1930, the modernist ideals will gradually

turning up the vision disappear completely breaking with the

traditional, destruc-tion of existing standards. New

ways are sought, new authors emerge. Increasingly

present in all the works, the Brazilian reality. Came the so-called Generation of

45, the 3rd phase of Modernism which also emerged a new crop of

Brazilian writers, from the second half of the 40s, fic-tion and poetry have been

given a new style, especially in the structure of language as the concern for formali-

ty, and the 'dignity' of lan-guage and themes treated

in the works, now the real-

ity was shown in a way in which one could under-stand and often see them-selves in some of the char-

acters, the way the stories were written , sought to investigate the reason be-

hind behavior and attitudes of humans exposed to each

situation. The principal writ-

ers of this generation were

in Prose: Guimarães Rosa and Clarice Lispector and Poet-

ry: João Cabral de Melo Neto. The period that starts in

the 40s is marked by important world events and some of

these events and their consequences can be recognized

in the poems of Carlos Drummond de Andrade, "The

Rose of the People," and

the book of João Cabral de Melo Neto, "The Engineer ", both published in 1945. After this 3rd Generation

of Modernism, Generation 45, the next period became known as Postmodernism

(from 1945 to the present day), is marked by changes in the sciences, the arts

and society since 1950.

I n the 40's the

true heyday of Hollywood

and Carmen Miranda, one of the landmarks of this

period. With it came the first genuinely Brazilian fantasy, created by Alceu

Pena: the Bahia. (Gontijo). Carmen Miranda was a success in Brazil and the

United States, promoting the Latin American

culture. It was the first Brazilian to launch fash-

ions, including the United States - the "Miranda

look" that was

adapted and used in the

streets. Even today many designers seek inspiration in it.

As for fashion, it is in this decade that begins to exist Brazilian fashion.

Or at least an adaptation more conscientious than was dictated by Paris.

Literature in Brazil

Identity in Brazilian Fashion - The clothes of the 40's and

the most notable achievements of the decade

“New ways are

sought, new

authors

emerge.”

Página 4 The 40s

W ith the

cam-paign

"The Only Thing like Coca-Cola is Coca-Cola Itself",

the Coca-Cola Company is consolidated in the world and arrives in Brazil, reviv-

ing the slogan "The pause that refreshes." This was preceded by "Coca-Cola

bubbly, refreshing, 10 pen-

nies" - advertising campaign created by McCann Erik-son, Guilherme Figueiredo. The first cities to receive

the technicians of "The Coke Company" will Recife-PE and Natal-RN. The

refrigerant will be pro-duced by Mineral Water Factory Santa Clara, in Re-

cife. In some of

their advertising Coca Cola im-mortalize some of our poets and

journalists like Mario Quintana and singer-

songwriter Re-nato Russo.

April and May to precipta-

ção reached about 791

mm. T he flooding in the

lake Gaiba left about 70,000 people

without power and clean water. The city center was

low of water and boats have become the primary means of trasporte of Por-

to Alegre, floods usually occur due to environmen-tal farores mainly by heavy

rains. During the months of

Arrival of coca cola to Brazil

Flood in Porto Alegre

The first calculator

I n 1642, the calculator,

or better, the aba-cus, has undergone a

major evolution, through the French Blaise Pascal.

The son of a tax collec-tor, Pascal devised an automatic calculations to

help his father in his pro-fession. Pascal's invention was important because it

perform the calculations quickly, something quite different from what was

seen in the use of the

abacus.

Página 5 Volume 1, edição 1

The start of production of the alkaline battery

C reated by scientist Alessandro Volta,

Alkaline battery got its name because of the purity of their material. Commercial

production of alkaline batteries started in 1949.

I n November 1937,

President Getúlio Var-gas dissolves Congress

and the State Legislative Assemblies, ordering the

closure of the parties, shall persecute their opponents and grant a new constitu-

tion, establishing the New State. Two years later,

establ ish-ing the D e p a r t -

ment of Press and Propagan-

da, the body re-sponsib le

for censor-ship of the media and

propagan-da officer.

Despite this dicta-torial regime, in force until

1945, Vargas is a skilled and charismatic statesman who governs with the sup-

port of broad sectors of

society, including the mili-

tary and especially the working class, whose un-ions remains tied to the state. However, before the

wave of democratization sweeping the world at the end of World War II, the

Estado Novo becomes politically untenable and Vargas is deposed by the

heads of the Armed Forces on October 29, 1945. So José Linhares, president of

the Supreme Court, the government assumes inter-

im. The decline of the Estado Novo dictatorship,

however, predates the fall of Vargas. Since the begin-ning of 1945, bowing to

pressure from civil society, the government was liber-alizing the regime. So had

slowed censorship, granted amnesty wide, allowed the creation of political parties and elections scheduled for

the presidency, Congress and some state govern-ments. The parties then

founded as the National Democratic Union (UDN), the Social Democratic Par-

ty (PSD) and the Brazilian

Labor Party (PTB), are par-

ticipating in the elections on December 2, which also competes in the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB ),

legalized a month before. In the election, General Euri-co Gaspar Dutra, candidate

for PSD / PTB, if elected president.

Dutra takes office on January 31, 1946 and two days later starts run-

ning the National Constitu-ent Assembly, for which 320 MPs were elected,

with 177 of PSD, UDN 87, 24 of the PTB, 15 PCBs and 17 other parties . On

September 18, the new constitution is promulgat-

ed. The transition to democracy was completed

in January 1947, with the elections of governors, state legislators, mayors

and councilors. In May, a reflection of the Cold War, the PCB has revoked its registration, punishment

applied months after their representatives in the House and Senate. In Au-

gust, it founded the Brazili-an Socialist Party (PSB).

T h e S econ d

World War and the early

years of postwar cre-ate a climate conducive

to national economic growth. With the re-duction of imports

imposed by the con-flict, growing industri-alization and agricul-

tural production is becoming more diver-

sified. Among the indus-

tries that are installed are the National Motor Facto-ry and the National Steel

Company. Are also taken important initiatives in the areas of transport and en-

ergy, with the opening of roads, expansion of ports

and hydroelectric plants.

Domestic brasilian policy

Brasilian Economy

“The transition to

democracy was

completed in January

1947, with the

elections of governors,

state legislators,

mayors and

councilors.”

Página 6 The 40s

T he Brazil remained

neutral in the first three years of the

Second World War. In 1941, without breaking

diplomatic relations with the Axis powers, President Vargas Signs Agreement

with the U.S. in which this country undertakes to fi-nance the construction of

the National Steel Compa-ny in exchange for permis-sion to install U.S. military

bases in Natal, Belem and Recife. On August 28,

1942, after German subma-

rine attacks followed the Brazilian merchant ships, Brazil declares war on Ger-many and Italy. The follow-

ing year, it created the Bra-zilian Expeditionary Force (BEF), which departs for

Italy in mid-1944, which accumulates victories. In 1945, the country estab-

lishes diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, but breaks them two years

later. In 1947, it is held in Rio de Janeiro in the Inter-

American Conference that

discusses the issue of secu-rity in the continent and is signed the Inter-American Treaty

of Recip-rocal Assis-

tance (TIAR), better

known as the Rio

Treaty

I n the 40s, the Brazilian

population increased 26%, from 41.2 million

people to 51.9. During the period, the urban popula-

tion grows 46% rural and 17%. Even with the growing population in most cities,

Brazil ends the decade as a predominantly rural coun-try, with 33.2 million peo-

ple (64% of total) living in the countryside.

Foreign brasilian policy

Brazil Population

Labour brasilian legislation

L abour legislation is

broad and system-atic, with the impo-

sition of the minimum wage and union dues

(1940), Justice of Labor (1941) and the Consolida-tion of Labor Laws - CLT

(1943), which brings to-gether all the resolutions adopted since 1930 in

labor. Professional educa-tion and social needs of workers are covered by

the creation of the system

S: National Industrial Ap-prenticeship Service (Senai), National Service of Commercial Education

(Senac), Social Service of Industry (SESI) and Social Service of Commerce

(SESC ).

Página 7 Volume 1, edição 1

THE

DAILY

NEWS wanted to resurrect the

competition as soon as possible, and began plan-ning the next Cup. In the

postwar period, most of the continent of Europe was in ruins. As a result,

FIFA has had some difficul-ty finding any country in-

terested in hosting the

event, since many gov-ernments believed the world stage did not fa-

vor a celebration of sports, and it was also important that the re-

sources would be in-vested in the World Cup not were extracted

from sources other more urgent.

For some time the World Cup was in

danger of not being held because of a lack of in-terest from the interna-

tional community, until

T hree edi-

tions of the Olympic

Games were canceled. In 1916, the reason was the

First World War, as hap-pened in 1940 and 1944 because of the War.

The sixth edition of the games in 1916, would be held in Berlin,

Germany, who came to build a stadium for the competition, canceled in

1914. In 1940 the Olym-

pics were held in Tokyo

(JAP). With the outbreak of war between China and

Japan in 1937, the games

were moved to Helsinki, Finland. In 1939 the com-petition was definitely can-

celed because of World War II.

In 1944, a year

before the end of the war, the Olympic Games were held in London, which has

just received the first issue after the war in 1948.

Because of World War II, the World Cup was

not being disputed since 1938, the World Cups of 1942 and 1946 were can-

celed. After the war, FIFA

Brazil presented a proposal

to the FIFA Congress in 1946, is offering to host the event, as long as the

tournament was held in 1950 (it was originally planned for 1949). Brazil

and Germany were the main candidates for the

canceled World

Cup 1942; since both the tourna-ments of 1934 and

1938 were based in Europe, football historians generally

agree that the 1942 event would likely be hosted by a South American

country. The new proposal Brazilian was very similar to

1942 and was quickly accepted.

The games that wars impeded.

We took what was news to you!

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