The 30 year War. Europe 1600 The Players (Everyone except England) ) HRE (Bohemia)--thats where it...
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Transcript of The 30 year War. Europe 1600 The Players (Everyone except England) ) HRE (Bohemia)--thats where it...
The 30 year War
Europe 1600
The Players (Everyoneexcept England))• HRE (Bohemia)--that’s where it starts• Habsburgs- Catholics – • Catholic League of German States• Protestant Union• Denmark• Sweden• France• Spain/Portugal- United under Philip II• Netherlands• Sweden
Defenestration- Phase 1
• HRE Seven Electors– Four Catholic, Three Protestant (2 of whom were
Calvinists) Peace of Augsburg
• Archduke Ferdinand (Habsburg) as King of Bohemia (Habsburg’s gained Hungary and Bohemia in 16C) limits Protestantism
• Retaliation->Protestants toss out Catholic leaders from window->no one dies!
• Bohemians name their own King (Frederick)
Part 2
• Multinational conflict– Ferdinand gets Philip IV (Spain) help—remember
their both Habsurgs and both ardent Catholics!
• Wallenstein- lapsed Protestant helps Ferdinand defeat Bohemians - White Mountain-
• Protestants Crushed!
A not very great Dane! Phase II 1625-1629
• Denmark– Christian IV
• Hanseatic League in decline- focus is more southerly
• Christian IV takes the mantle for Protestantism– Rules a territory w/in HRE– Denmark’s little help- a troop of English and Catholic
France and Dutch provides some $$$• Catholic France helping Protestant Danes???
• Wallenstein defeats Christian IV• More land lost to HRE and Catholicism
A Swede Victory! Phase III 1630-1635
• Gustav II- military genius?• Baltic Power, expand power and defend
Protestantism– Poland/Lithuania falling apart- power vacuum
• France helped defray costs• Swede’s gain->Gustav II dies (Battle of
Lutzen, near Leipzig)• New Treaty->Protestant gains, Swedish gains
Finally its France’s turn (1635-1648)- Phase IV
• France allied w/Dutch and Swedes – Dutch??? New comer on the block
• Swedes and French gain more ground– War becomes more political less religious
• Danes switch sides, fight and lose to Swedes
• Emperor Dies, Richelieu Dies and soon • Cardinal Mazarin (France) begins movement
towards Peace(Hey where’s England in all this stuff?)
Sweden Gets Involved
• 17C Powerhouse– Poland/Lithuania on decline
• Power of the Baltic
– Gustav IV?• Effective King• Saw expansion into mainland Europe- Prussian Ports
– Dies in the Battle of Lutzen– Swedes gain substantial swathes of land
Treaty of WestphaliaSo What’s the Big Deal?
• Conference- w/all participants– Diplomacy previously bilateral– Sovereignty
• Religious Toleration???• HRE lost- still in existence but w/limited meaning• Brandenburg (who?) gains• France gains Alsace- root for lots of fights!• Sweden also gains- Baltic Power• Spain- In significant decline• Dutch gain independence (took 80 YRS!!!)• R.C. Church lost big
Devastating War
• Millions Killed- “Plague Like” ¼ to 1/3 dead—some areas…higher!– Areas tend to be Germanic and Bohemia
• Consolidation? Sort of—350 autonomous areas->about 100
• Empowerment of local nobles and princes, intro&exp. serfdom
• Who benefitted?
Europe mid 17C (for future discussions)
• France – Fronde followed by the Sun King
• Spain – Portugal returns as separate country
• England – Puritan Uprising and a whole lot more!
• Decline HRE-> Itchings of Prussia and Brandenburg-> A Power to Come
• Amsterdam- Economic Powerhouse• Sweden- Political Powerhouse• Russia - Emerging from Chaos• New World Colonized