CuFFentComments”EUGENE GARFIELD

INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION*3501 MARKET ST PHILADELPHIA PA 19104

IThe 1983 Articles Most Cited in

1983 and 1984.2. Physical Sciences

Number 50

We recently identtiled and discussedthe most-cited life-sciences articles pub-lished in 1983.1 In thk essay, we coverthe physical sciences.

The most cited of the 103 papers inthis study, which are listed in the Bibli-ography at the end of this essay, is thefirst of two 1983 papers announcing thediscovery of the W+ and W– particles

( #10). These massive gauge parti-cles communicate the weak force, whichis responsible for driving the process oftransmutation in the identity of sub-atomic particles. z (p. 78, 96)

The proof of the existence of theseparticles—achieved through an analysisof the particles resulting from the colli-sion of counter-rotating beams of pro-tons and antiprotonss—is the most spec-tacular and first direct experimentalconfirmation of the electroweak theoryof Sheldon Glashow, Harvard Universi-ty; Steven Weinberg, University ofTexas, Austin; and Abdus Salam, Uni-versity of London, Imperial College,UK, and the International Centre forTheoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy. Thetheory, for which the three physicistsshared the 1979 Nobel Prize,4 describeselectromagnetism and the weak force asfacets of a single underlying phenome-non.

Incidentally, all three 1979 laureatescontributed papers in the Bibliography(see papers #52, #58, #86, and #97). Sodid Burton Richter, Stanford Linear Ac-celerator Center (SLAC), Stanford Uni-versity, California, who won the 1976prize (#69). The Bibliography also con-

December 16, 1985

tains a contribution by astrophysicistJames Maxwell Bardeen, University ofWashington, Seattle (#19). James Bar-deen works in a completely differentfield than his father, John Bardeen, Uni-versity of Illinois, Urbana, who coin-vented the transistor and was awardedthe Nobel Prize in 1956 and 1972.

The influence of the elder Bardeen’swork in electrical conductivity of solidsand in superconductivity theory is seenin paper #96 on the electronic structureof semiconductors by P. Vogl, Institutefor Theoretical Physics, University ofGraz, Austria, and Harold P. Hjalmar-son and John D. Dow, Department ofPhysics and Materials Research Labora-tory, University of Ilfinois.5

Paper #10, entitled “Experimental ob-servation of isolated large transverse en-ergy electrons with associated missingeilergy at C= 540 GeV, ” was publishedin February 1983 in Physics Letter-s B. Ithas been cited 226 times-41 times in1983, 129 in 1984, and 56 in the first halfof 1985. To put these counts in perspec-tive, it should be noted that the compa-rable figure for the average 1983 paper istwo citations. Even the average highlycited article in the Bibliography received“only” 51 cites—12 in 1983 and 39 in1984 (the least cited received 32 cita-tions, the threshold for inclusion).

At the same time, however, it shouldalso be kept in mind that thu list of 103papers only scratches the surface of im-portant work reported throughout theworld. Of the estimated one million pa-pers published in 1983, over 400,000

480

were cited in the Science Citation Zn-dex” (NY) in 1983 alone. The 103physical-sciences articles listed in thkstudy were part of a group of 668 articlesthat were cited 32 times or more during1983 and 1984. These 668 articles repre-sent just 0.2 percent of the articles citedin the SCI during those two years, or ap-proximately 17 percent of the 4,000 or sopapers cited 15 or more times in 1983and 1984.1

G. Arnison, Centre d’~tudes Nu-ck?aires (CEN), Saclay, France, is thefirst of 135 authors listed alphabeticallyon paper # 10. However, the article is ac-tually the report of the UA1 researchteam at the multinational European Or-ganization for Nuclear Research (CERN)near Geneva, Switzerland. One of thetwo CERN teams working toward evi-dence of the gauge particles of the weakforce, the UA1 group was under the di-rection of Carlo Rubbla, CERN and Har-vard. Together with Simon van derMeer, also of CERN, Rubbia was award-ed the 1984 Nobel Prize in physics forcontributions to the discovery of newsubatomic particles.b Other affiliationslisted by team members include AachenTechnical University, Federal Republicof Germany (FRG); University of Bir-mingham and Rutherford Appleton Lab-oratories, Chilton, Oxon, in the UK;University of Helsinki, Finland; Univer-sity of Rome, Italy; University of Cali-fornia at Riverside; and the College ofFrance in Paris.

The CERN facility not only accountedfor thk study’s most-cited paper, it alsoplaced more papers in thk study thanany other institution—20, according toTable 1, which lists the81 institutions in13 nations included in this study. Six ofthese CERN papers list either the UA1or UA2 collaboration, and four of thesewere this study’s most-cited papers. Thelatter group inciudes not only paper #10by the UA1 group, but also paper #18 bythe UA2 team, which demonstrates theexistence of the W particles using a dif-ferent detector;T paper #9 by the UA1

team, which reports the fwst observationof the Z particle, the neutral partner ofthe two Ws and the final link in the chainof experimental evidence confirming theelectroweak theory;B and paper #16 bythe UA2 group, which also announcesthe discovery of the Z particle.g Thesepapers comprise a remarkable record forCERN—even more so than its eight pa-pers in our study of 1982 papers. 10Eventhe total of three papers we reported inthe 1981 study is unusual for a singlelab.11

As a consequence of these figures, thenumber of papers emanating from Swit-zerland is inflated. As shown in Table 2,which lists the national affiliations of theinstitutions in this study, 22 papers listSwiss institutions, but 20 are fromCERN. In fact, alf of the Swiss papers for1982 were from CERN. 10 The appear-ance of these important papers undoubt-edly reflects the completion of the workto transform CERNS Super Proton Syn-chrotrons (SPS) into a Proton-Antipro-ton (or ~p) Super Collider, capable ofmuch higher energy levels and thereforeable to produce particles that the SPScould not.6

It is also interesting to note that Ja-pan—which had one paper in the 1981study and six papers in the 1982study—dropped out of this year’s list,while three 1983 papers listed institu-tions located in Greece, which had nopapers in either of the previous twostudies. 10,11There was also an interest-ing increase in papers originating fromthe University of Texas, Austin. Lastyear’s study listed two papers from theuniversity, both by Weinberg; 10 thkyear, the University of Texas accountsfor five papers—of which two, again,were written by Weinberg: paper #97and paper #58, which was coauthoredwith Lawrence Hall, University ofCalifornia, Berkeley, and Joe Lykken,also of the University of Texas.

The 690 unique authors in this year’sstudy are an unusually high number, andthe phenomenon is due mainly to the

481

Table I: The institutional affiliations of the authorsin the Bibliography. Institutions are listed indescending order of the number of times they ap

CERN, Geneva, SwitzerlandUniv. California, CA

BerkeleySanta BarbaraIrvineLlvermoreLOS AngelesSan Francisco

Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MAStanford Univ., CABell Labs.. NJ

Murray HillHoJmdel

Princeton {Jniv., NJINFN. Italy

FrascatiMlIanTurin

MIT, Cambridge, MAUniv. London, UKUniv. Texas, Austin, TXCaltech, Pasadena. CANormal Coil., Paris, FranceUniv. Illinois, Urbana, ILUniv. Pennsylvania, Phifadelphla, PABrookhaven NatL Lab., Upton, NYDupont Co., Wihnington, DELos Alamos Natl. Lab., NMNortheastern Univ., Boston, MAUniv. Chicago, ILUniv. Ioannina, GreeceCornell Univ., Ithaca, NYFermi Natl. Accel. Lab.. Bata*ia, ILHamburg Univ., FRGIBM

Zurich, SwitzerlandSan Jose, CA

Inst. Adv. Stud., Princeton, NJMadrid Au tonom. Uni\., SpainMax Plank SW. Adv. Sci., FRG

Inst. Phys. Astrophys.. MunichInst. Solid-State Res,, Stuttgart

Ohio State Uni~., Columbus, OHRome Univ., ItalyRutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJSUNY, Stony Brook, NYSwiss Fed. Inst. TechnoL (ETH),

Zurich, SwitzerlandTel Aviv Univ., IsraelUniv. Arizona, Tucson. AZUniv Colorado, Boulder, CO

Univ. Mlch~an, Ann Arbor, MIUniv. Milan, ItalyUniv. N. CaroJiia. Chapel Hill, NCUniv. Rochester, NYUniv. Washington, Seattle, WAUniv. Wisconsin, Madism, WIBoston Univ., MABrandeis Univ., Waltham, MACENS, Sac lay, FranceClark Univ., Worcester, MA

10211I1

51

311

11

11

2016

876

65

55544443333332‘222

222

2222222222222221111

Cleveland State Univ., OH 1

CNRS, Grenoble, France 1Cologne Univ., FRG 1Emory Univ., Ithaca, NY 1European Muon Collaboration 1Exxon Res. Eng. Co,, Linden, NJ 1Free Univ. Brussels, Belgium 1Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem, Israel 1Ilhnois Inst. Technol., Chicago, IL 1Intl. Ctr. Theor. Phys., Trieste, Italy 1Ithaca COIL, NY 1Kitt Peak NatL Observ., Tucson, AZ 1McGill Univ., Montreal, Canada 1NASA, Moffett Field, CA 1NJKHEF-H, Amsterdam, 1

The NetherlandsNYU, New York, NY 1R & D Assoc., Marina del Rey, CA 1Rutherford Appleton Labs., 1

Chilton, UKSyracuse Univ., NY 1Univ. Bielefeld, FRG 1Univ. Bologna, Italy 1Univ. Cambridge, UK 1Univ. Durham, UK 1Univ. Florida, Gainesville, FL 1Univ. Graz, Austria 1Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 1Univ. Houston, TX 1LJniv, Maryland, College Park, MD 1Univ. Notre Dame, fN 1Univ. Paris XI, Orwty, France 1Univ. Turin, Italy 1Univ. Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 1Univ. Victoria, BC, Canada 1Vanderbilt Univ., NashviIle, TN 1Villanova Univ., PA 1Yale Univ., New Haven, CT 1

large number of authors listed on thevarious CERN collaborations. Indeed,the number of authors on these paperswas so large that, due to space con-siderations, we did not print the full listof authors; interested readers can ex-amine the full list in the recent essay onthe 1984 Nobel Prizes in physics and inchemistry.6 The appropriate referencesare noted following the abbreviated cita-tions in the Bibliography.

As readily illustrated by the break-down of the number of authors per pa-per given in Table 3, the number of pa-pers listing 50 authors or less is similar tothose for other years. 10,11However, thenumber of papers listing more than 50authors increased dramatically. In the1982 study, only one paper listed morethan 50 authors; IIJthis year, there areeight such papers. Three list over 135 au-

482

Tabfe 2: National affiliations of the institutionsproducing the 1983 physical-sciences papers most

cited in 1983-1984, in order of the total number ofpapers in which each nation’s authors appeared(column A). B= number of paperz coauthoredwith scientists from other countries. C = nationalaffiliations of coauthors

Country AB c

us 65 11 Austria, France,Israel, Italy,Switzerland, UK,Greece

Switzerland 22 9 Belgium, France,Greece, Isrsel,Italy, TheNetherlands, US

Italy 8 7 France, Switzerland,UK, US

France 7 4 Italy, Switzerland, USUK 6 3 Italy, USFRG 5Greece 3 3 Switzerland, USCanada 2Israel 21 Switzerland, USSpain 2Austria llUSBelgium 11 The Netherlands,

SwitzerlandThe Netherlands 1 1 Belgium, SwitzerlandInternational 1

Collaboration

thors, one has 123, and another has79authors. As I’ve indicated before,lz,lsthe inclusion of dozens of namesin thebyline for papers makes a mockery ofauthorship. If huge teams of researchscientists are going to publish papers,then they might just as well adopt theconvention of the mathematicians whouse the pseudonym “Bourbaki.’’t’t

Since the work of the CERN group isso unusual and its type of facilities arelimited to a few labs throughout theworld, I was curious to know somethingabout the possible self-citation effect.The paper on “Observation of jets inhigh transverse energy events at theCERN proton antiproton Collider”15demonstrated that, out of the 149 insti-tutional aff~lations listed in the 37papers citing the CERN article in 1983and 1984, only 20 of these affihationswere accounted for by CERN itself. Thisis a self-citation rate of approximately 13percent, which would correspond to thetypical self-citation pattern. lb

Another way to confirm the high andimmediate impact of the 103 papers inthe Bibliography is to note that 80 per-cent were identified as core papers in re-search fronts generated from the SCIand the Social Sciences Citation Indexw(S.!WW ) in 1983 and 1984. The appropri-ate front for each paper appears afterthe paper’s bibliographic data, Table 4lists the research fronts for which at leasttwo of the papers in this study were corearticles.

Scanning this list provides a quickoverview of many newly active researchareas in the physical sciences. Keep inmind that these are not necessarily themost active, if “activity” is defined as thesheer number of papers published. Theprominent emphasis on high-energy,elementary particle physics and cosmol-ogy papers is apparent. For example,paper #10 is one of three articles in thisstudy that help form the core of the 1983research front we named “Experimentalevidence for bosons from cofliders”(#83-1 158); the other two are also by the

Table 3: The number of authors per paper for the1983 physical-sciences articles most cited,1983-1984, A = number of authorz for each paper,B = number of papers with correspondingnumber of authors.

A

13913813512379676359452911107654321

Total Authomfrlps= 1,164

B

11111111211I211

10321925

483

Table 4: The 1983 and 1984 SC~ /SSCN research fronts that include at least two of the 1983 most-citedphysical-sciences papers as core documents. A= number. B = name. C = number of 1983 most-citedphysical-sciences papera included in the core of each research front. D = total number of core papers and1983 or 1984 citing papers for the year designated by the prefix in column A. (The number for each corearticle in the Bibliography follows the research-f rent name in parentheses. )

A

83-0506

83-0966

83-115883-1184

83-1371

83-27%

83-8116

84-002184-01322

84-CS399

84-0265

84-0400

84-0548

84-0623

84-0712

84-0979

841385

8$1752

84-1810

842058

84-5383

B

Renormalization group approach in Pott’s models of percolation and criticalbehavior in fractal lattices (50,85)

Monte Carlo methods for lattice gauge theory approaches to quantumchromodynamics (25,59,65)

Experimental evidence for bosons from colliders (9, 10, 18)Yang-Mills and other supersymmetric grand unification theories with supergra~ity

effects ( 12,32,43,97)Measurement of nucleon structure by deep inelastic Iepton scattering from iron,

deuterium and other nuclei ( 14,64)Characterization of supergravity and supersymmetric Kaluz.a-Klein theories

(24,34)Theory of crystal growth, solidification of alloys and diffusion-limited aggregation

in 3 dimensions (72,73)1l-dimensional Kaluza-Klein supergravi(y (7,15,24,38,39,51 ,86)Weak boson production, electroweak interactions and Higgs masses

(8,9,10,16,18,20)Theory of the quantized Hall effect in two-dimensional Iocafized potentials

(68,91,102)Chiral anomalies, magnetic monopoles andthebag model inQCD

(2,63,87,99,1CWStudies of magnetic and other properties of Ising and Heisenberg spin glasses

(8J3,103)Application of fractal models to percolation clusters and related problems

(50,54,66,71,72,73,74,79,85,101)Experinrental and theoretical studies of mixed-~alence compounds containing

cerium using Anderson and Kondo models (6,57)UnW1ed theories of supergravhy and supersymnretry

(5,27,32,41,43,53,58,61,70,77,92,97)Structure and evolutionof galaxies andtheuniverse baaed on the observations of

radio jets, quasara and other radio aources (35,49,88)Antineutrino interactions, nuclear structure anddeep inelastic lepton scattering

from nuclei ( 14,26,64)Lattice gauge theories, Monte Carlo methmls, chkal symmetry, renormalization

groups and finite temperature QCD (29,59,65,98)Experimental studies of charge density waves, conductivity and related properties

of niobium triselenide, tantalum trisulfide andother aolids (40,47,55)Analysis of proton decay, CPviolation andother problems by grand unification

theories (23,30,45,52,69)Cosmological models of Higgs boson and other particle production (37,84)

c

2

3

3A

2

2

2

76

3

5

2

10

2

12

3

3

4

3

5

2

D

19/314

53/575

5/6252/516

6/66

22/319

9/ 103

41/38623/463

49/ 503

58/771

38/352

41/451

19/182

571597

31/458

8/88

52/541

25/169

25/461

7/87

CERN group (#9 and #18). Sixty-twocurrent papers in 1983 cited the five totalcore documents of this front. Paper #10is also among the 23 core papers for thecorresponding 1984 front on’’Weakbo-son production, electroweak interac-tions and Higgs masses” (#84-0022), as ispaper #16. There were about 470 paperspublished that year on the topic of thisfront,

Twelve more papers in this study arecore to the 1984 research front on “Uni-fied theories of supergravity and super-symmetry” (#84-0712), which has a total

of 57 core papers cited by almost 6001984 articles. According to Paul J. Stein-hardt, Department of Physics, Universi-ty of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, theterm “supergravity” refers to “an at-tempt to develop a supersymmetricquantum theory of gravity consistentwith Einstein’s theory of general relativi-ty in the classical limit. Supersymmetryis a symmetry between bosonic (integralspin) particles and fermionic (half-inte-gral spin) particles, such that for eachbosonic particle there is a fermionicpartner of the same mass. For example,

484

the particle that transmits the gravita-tional force—the graviton-is a spin-2particle, and it has a fermionic spin-3/2superpartner called the gravitino, It ishoped that, with supersymmetry, arenormalizable quantum theory of gravi-ty can be developed. “17

Among the articles that are core tofront #84-0712 is paper #32, “Yang-Millstheories with local supersymmetry: La-grangian, transformation laws andsuper-Higgs effect,” published in Nucle-ar Phy.rics B by E. Cremmer, Laboratoryof Theoretical Physics, Normal College,Paris, France, S. Ferrara and A. VanProeyen, CERN, and L. Girardello, In-stitute of Physics, University of Milan,Italy. Although supersymmetry may benecessary to obtain a sensible quantumtheory of gravity, the theoretical super-partners mentioned earlier have not yetbeen observed. The basic approach,then, according to Steinhardt, is to as-sume that supersymmetry is spontane-ously broken at high temperatures. 17And in paper #32, the authors analyzethe gravitational effects when supersym-metry is broken. 18The article was citedin 39 papers in 1983 and 68 in 1984 and isalso among the core papers for the 1983front entitled “Yang-Mills and other su-persymmetric grand unification theorieswith supergravity effects” (#83-1184).About 500 articles published in 1983cited this front’s 52 core papers.

Two more papers that are core tofront #84-0712 were authored by JohnEllis, SLAC, and colleagues at Stanford,CERN, and the University of Ioannina,Greece; both were published in Physi-caf Letters B. One, written with JohnS. Hagelin, SLAC, D.V. Nanopoulos,CERN, and K. Tamvakis, University ofIoannina, is entitled “Weak symmetrybreaking by radiative corrections inbroken supergravity” (#41). A d~cussionof various scenarios in which supersym-metry breaks down, 19 it was cited 20times in 1983 and 40 times in 1984. Na-nopoulos, incidentally, is one of the 223authors mentioned more than once in

the Bibliography. His name appears onfive papers (#41 -#43, #46, and #75). Af-filiated with CERN for 9 of the last 10years, Nanopoulos also spent a year atHarvard in 1979-1980. Nanopoulos isone of many physicists working on aGrand Unified Theory (GUT), whichseeks to unite under one theoreticaldescription the forces of electromagne-tism, gravity, the strong force that bindstogether atomic nuclei, and the weakforce. One hundred eighteen authors arelisted four times each, while 17 are listedthree times, and 87 are each listed twice.

The other paper in thk study that iscore to research front #84-0712 is enti-tled “Grand unification in simple super-gravity” and was written by Ellis, Na-nopoulos, and Tamvakis when all threewere at CERN (#43). The authors pro-pose a specific example of a GUT com-bining a reinterpretation of supergravityand supersymmetry theory. zo The paperreceived 86 citations—45 in 1983 and 41in 1984.

Seven more papers in this study arecore to “ 1l-dimensional Kaluza-Kleinsupergravit y“ (#84-002 1), which has atotal of 41 core papers cited by 386 cur-rent articles. The front concerns the the-ories, first promulgated in the 1920s, ofthe little-known German mathematicalphysicist Theodor F.E. Kaluza (1885-1954) and those of Swedish physicistOscar Klein (1895-1977). Inspired by thepower of Einstein’s relativistic geometryto describe gravity, Kaluza attempted toextend Einstein’s work to include elec-tromagnetism—the only other knownforce of nature at the time-by expand-ing the four familiar dimensions oflength, width, depth, and time to in-clude an extra, unseen dimension. InKaluza’s theory, an electromagneticwave is merely a ripple in this fifth di-mension, which remains imperceptibleto us, according to Klein, because it is,in effect, “rolled up” to a very small sizeindeed—about 10-’20of the size of anatomic nucleus. Modified to include theweak and strong forces, the modern ver-

485

sions of the Kaluza-K1ein theory pro-pose further extra dimensions (an addi-tional six or seven are the most popularnumbers), not just one, in order toincorporate the gauge theory thatdescribes the strong and weak interac-tions in addition to electromagnetism.j(p. 150-68)

This year’s study of the physical sci-ences includes several research fronts inareas similar to those discussed lastyear. 10 In fact, in that study, 12 paperswere core to “Yang-Mills and other su-persymmetric grand unification theorieswith supergravity effects” (#83-1184),mentioned earlier; moreover, 4 of the1982 core papers in front #83-1184 arealso core to the 1984 front “Unifiedtheories of supergravity and supersym-metry” (#84-0712), also mentionedearlier.

From this lengthy discussion of theparticle-physics papers, one might havethe erroneous impression that the physi-cal sciences in 1983 consisted of nothingbut high-energy physics. But considerthat 10 papers are core to “Applicationof fractal models to percolation clustersand related problems” (#84-0548).Among these is “Random walks on frac-tal structures and percolation clusters, ”by R. Rammal and G. Toulouse, PhysicsLaboratory, Normal College (#85). Itreceived 159 citations—28 in 1983, 88 in1984, and 43 in the first six months of1985. In their paper, Rammal andToulouse present equations sheddingnew light on percolation problems—aclass of problems relevant to a widevariety of physical phenomena, in-cluding the growth of bubbles of stablephase during the course of a first-orderphase transition, which occurs whenmatter changes its state.zl

Another paper that is core to front#84-0548 is paper #50, “Anomalous dif-fusion on percolating clusters,” by YuvalGefen and Amnon Aharony, Depart-ment of Physics and Astronomy, TelAviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel, and

Shlomo Alexander, Racah Institute ofPhysics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.Published in Physical Review Letters,the article presents equations for deter-mining electrical conductivity and thedielectric constant of a dilute solutionnear phase transition .’2ZIt was cited 102times. Both this paper and the one byRammal and Toulouse (#85) are amongthe core articles for the 1983 researchfront “Renormalization group approachin Pott’s models of percolation and crit-ical behavior in fractal lattices”(#83-0506). This front has a total of 19core papers, cited by 3141983 articles.

Articles from other disciplines alsodeserve mention. In astronomy, for in-stance, paper #49, published in the As-trophysical Journal by Carlos S. Frenk,Simon D.M. White, and Marc Davis,University of California, Berkeley, dis-cusses the evolution of galaxies in theearly universe.~ Paper #35, another ar-ticle in the Astrophysical Journal, waswritten by Davis and P.J. E. Peebles, Jo-seph Henry Laboratones, PrincetonUniversity, New Jersey. They report asurvey of galactic redshifts, which referto the Doppler effect on light travelingto earth across enormous dktances.zqThe paper was core to “Structure andevolution of galaxies and the universebased on the observations of radio jets,quasars and other radio sources”(#84-0979), a 1984 research front with 31core articles and 458 citing papers pub-lished in 1984.

In paper #6, N. Andrei, Departmentof Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers Uni-versity, Piscataway, New Jersey, and K.Furuya and J.H, Lowenstein, Depart-ment of Physics, New York University,review a solution to various versions ofthe Kondo problem,zs which concernsan anomalous increase in the electricalresistance of certain magnetic alloys dis-solved at a very low concentration in anonmagnetic solution as the tempera-ture of the solution is lowered. 26 TheKondo problem is named for Jun Kon-

do, Electro-technical Laboratory, Naga-tacho, Chlyodaku, Tokyo, Japan, whogave the first satisfactory theoretical ex-planation of the effect in 1964.27 Studyof the effect is expected to provide in-sight into the electronic structure of themagnetic alloys themselves.zb The sig-nificance of the paper by Andrei andcolleagues lies in their mathematicallyexact model of impurities in metal.zs Or-dinarily, according to Andrei, suchmodels cannot be solved exactly, butthis paper’s model can be completelyanalyzed. The review has been cited 12times in 1983, 25 times in 1984, and 26times in the first six months of 1985. It iscore to the 1984 front on “Experimentaland theoretical studies of mixed-valencecompounds containing cerium using An-derson and Kondo models” (#84-0623),which has 19 core papers and 182 citingpapers publihed in 1984.

Papers #68 and #102 discuss the quan-tized Hall effect, discovered in 198(W byKlaus von Klitzing, Max Planck Institutefor Solid-State Research, Stuttgart,FRG, who was awarded the 1985 NobelPrize in physics for his work.~ The Hafleffect, discovered in 1879s1 by EdwinHubert Hall (1855-1938), is one of anumber of so-called “galvanomagneticeffects,” the electrical and magneticphenomena that occur when a conduc-tor or semiconductor carrying an electri-cal charge is placed within a magneticfield.sz In the Hall effec~, specifically, anelectrical conductor builds up a trans-verse potential gradient when it is sopositioned that the direction of magneticflow is perpendicular to the direction ofcurrent flow.~ The analysis of the Halleffect provides important informationconcerning the band structure of metalsand semiconductors and the nature ofelectrical conductivity itself. In paper#68, “Anomalous quantum Hall effect:an incompressible quantum fluid withfractionally charged excitations,” R.B.Laughlin, Lawrence Livermore NationalLaboratory, University of California,

Livermore, presents mathematical wavefunctions describing the condensation ofa two-dimensional electron gas into anew state of matter.~ And in paper#102, “Ground state of two-dimensionalelectrons in strong magnetic fields and% quantized Hall effect, ” D. Yoshioka,Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jer-sey, B .1. Halperin, Harvard and NormalCollege, and Patrick A. Lee, Depart-ment of Physics, MIT, give a quantumexplanation of the Hall effect .35

Two other papers in this study are ofspecial interest, due to their subject mat-ter. One, #33, is by Lawrence E. Crooksand colleagues, Radlologic Imaging Lab-oratory, University of California at SanFrancisco, and is entitled “Clinical effi-ciency of nuclear magnetic resonanceimaging.” Published in Radiology, itreceived a total of 49 citations—9 in 1983and 40 in 1984-and was core to “Use ofcontrast agents in nuclear magneticresonance imaging for the evaluation ofmultiple sclerosis and other disorders”(#84-0555). Although the paper dealswith the subject of nuclear magneticresonance (NMR) with an eye toward itsclinical applications, the discussion ofthe technique concerns improving imageresolution and shortening the time need-ed to produce an image.~

The second paper is #94, the now-famous article on nuclear winter by R.P.Turco, R & D Associates, Marina delRey, California, O.B. Toon, T.P. Ack-erman, and J.B. Pollack, all of theNASA Ames Research Center, MoffettField, California, and Carl Sagan, Cor-nell University, Ithaca, New York. Enti-tled “Nuclear winter: global conse-quences of multiple nuclear explosions”and pubIished in the December 23, 1983,edition of Science, the paper was citedonce in 1983, 44 times in 1984, and 30times in the first six months of 1985. Us-ing models previously developed tostudy the global atmospheric and clima-tic effects of volcanic eruptions, the au-thors develop a range of scenarios de-

487

scribing the meteorological conse-quences of a nuclear war.~1 They esti-mate that dust and smoke generated bynuclear explosions and fires started bythe bombs could block so much of thesun’s heat that subfreezing temperatureswould result all over the world, even insummer. This paper and others inspireda similar study conducted and recentlypublished by Yevgeni Velikhov, chair-man, Soviet Scientists’ Committee forthe Defence of Peace Against NuclearThreat, and vice-president, USSR Acad-emy of Sciences, and other Soviet scien-tists.~

Table 5 lists the 20 journals that pub-lished the papers in the Bibliography.Just two account for over 58 percent ofthe articles: Phy.ricaf Revie w Letters (35papers) and Physics Letters B, whichpublished 25. Both of these journalshave dominated our physical-sciencesstudies for the past two years. 10,1I Allthe articles in this study were publishedin English.

A few of the reviewers for this paperwere concerned about false conclusionsthat might be drawn from the data re-ported here. It is well known that thereare more people working in the particle-physics community than there are in thetheoretical-physics community. Howev-er, an examination of the research frontswe have identified demonstrates howdifficult it is to make distinctions be-tween experimental and theoreticalwork. But these problems abound inchemistry, biology, and mathematics aswell. It may take many more years forpotential Citation Classics in theoreticalphysics to emerge as such. But that mayhave less to do with the number of theo-rists than it has to do with the inherentdelay in the adoption of their theories.Only a very carefully evaluated study—along the lines of the citation study of

Tabte 5: The 20 journals represented on the list of103 1983 physical-sciences papers most cited in1983-1984, The numbers in parentheses are the1983 impact factors for the journals. (The 1983impact factor equals the number of citationsreceived by 1981-1982 articles in a journal dividedby the number of articles published by the journalduring the same period. ) Data were taken fromthe JC@. The figures at the right indicate thenumber of papers from each journal that appearson the Iisl.

Journal

Phys. Rev. Lett. (6.46)Phys, Lett. B (3.93)Nucl. Phys. B (4.58)Phys. Rev. D--Part. Fields (2.65)Astrophys. J. (3.94)Phys. Rev. B—Condensed Matter (3.27)Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. (---)Phys. Rev. A—Gen. Phys. (2.64)Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (8.67)Appl. Phys. Lett. (3.31)Comments Solid State Phys. (---)J, Magn. Resonance (2.78)J. Pbys. Chem. Solids (1 .01)J. Phys. Lett.—Paris (3.31)ffuc]. Phys. A (2.46)Phys. Rep. —Rev. Sect. Phys. Lett.

(8.15)Radiology (2.73)Rep. Progr. Phys. (7, 18)Rev. Mod. Phys. (19.85)Science (7.41)

Numberof

Papers

3525145442211111111

1I11

high-energy theoretical-physics papersby M.J. Moravcsik and P. Murugesan,Institute of Theoretical Science, Univer-sity of Oregon, Eugeneog—could estab-lish whether or not theoretical papersare cited less frequently than experime-ntalones. Incidentally, Moravcsik recent-ly contributed a Citation Classic@ com-mentary to Current Contents@ on his sci-entific work .Q

This concludes our look at the most-cited 1983 physical-sciences papers.

*****

My thanks to Stephen A. Bonaduce,Be[la Teperov, and Gi[lian Wilson fortheir help in the preparation of thisessay. 01985 ISI

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Arnkon G et al. Experimental observation of lepton pairs of invariant mass around 95 GeV/c2 atthe CERN SPS Collider. Phys. Lett. B 126:398-410, 1983.

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Arnkon G et a/. Observation of jets in high transverse energy events at the CERN protonantiproton Cofhder. Phys, Lett. B 123:115-22, 1983.

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Rammal R & Tmdouse G. Random walks on fractal structures and percolation clusters.J. Phys. Lett.—Patis 44: L13-L22, 1983.

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Frenk C S, Wbfte S D M & Davfa M. Nonlinear evolution of large-scale structure in the universe.Astrophys. J. 271:417-30, 1983.

Davfa M & Peebles P J E. A survey of galaxy redshtits. V. The twc-peint position and velecitycorrelations. Astrophys. J. 267:465-82, 1983.

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38.

39,

40.

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BMkrgraphY The 1983 physical-sciences articles most cited in the SCP, 1983-1984. Articles are listed inalphabetic order by fmt author, followed by addresses, Code numbers indicate the 1983 and 1984SCIISSCP research-front specialties for which these are core papers. A = 1983 citations. B= 1984citations. C = to(al, D= bibliographic data.

ABC

1. 21 35 56

2.03434

3. 14 21 35

4, 3 33 36

5. 9 57 66

6, 12 25 37

7. 12 31 43

8, 1 65 66

D

Abbott L F & SJkivfa P. A cosmological bound on the invisible axion.P/rys. .Lett. B 120:133-6, 1983. Brandeis Univ., Phys. Dept.. Waltham, MA;Univ. Florida, Part. Theor. Gi-p., Gainesville, FL.

Adkfna G S, Nappi C R & Witten E. Static properties of nucleons in the Skyrnremodel. Nucf, F’hys B 228:552-66, 1983. Princeton Univ., Joseph Hemy Labs,;Inst. Adv. Stud., Princeton, NJ. 84-0265

Ajzenberg-Selove F. Energy levels of light nuclei A = 18-20. Nut/. Phys. A392:1-184, 1983. Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. PA. 83-03%, 84-0413

Akourdmr Z & Strom-Oken J O. Superconductivity and spin fluctuations inM-Zr metallic glasses (M= Cu, Ni, Co, and Fe). Phy.r. Rev. B—CondensedMatfer 27:4149-56, 1983. McGill Univ., Rutherford Phys. Buifd,, Montreal,Quebec, Canada. 84-0642

Alvarez-Gaume L, Polchfmki J & Wise M B. Minimal low-energy supergravity.Nucl. Phys. B 221:495-523, 1983. Harvard Univ., Lyman Lab. Phys.,Cambridge, MA; Cahech, Lauritsen Lab. High Energy Phys., Psaadena, CA.84-0712

An&l N, Fumya K & Lowerrateftr J H. Solution of the Kondo problem.Reu. Mod. P/Iys. 55:331-402, 1983. Rutgers Univ., Dept. Phys. Astron., NewBrunswick, NJ; NYU, Dept. Phys., New York, NY. 840623

Appelqukt T & Chndoa A. Quantum effects in Kaluza-Klein theories.Pfry$. Rev. Lett 50:141-5, 1983. Yale Univ., J.W. Gibbs Lab., New Haven,CT. 84-(x321

Arnfaon G, Astbrrry A, Aubert B, Baccl C, Bauer G, Bezagaet A, Bock .R,Bowcnck T J V, CaJvetti M, Caiz P, Cennbrf P, Centro S, Ceradbrf F, CJttoUrrS, CUne D, Cncbet C, Colas J, Corden M, Daflman D, Dau D, DeBeer M,Deffs Negro M, DemouUn M, Denegrf D, DI Ciaccfa A, DfBitonto D,Dobrzynakl L. DoweU J D, Eggert K, Ekenbtrmffer E, EUJSN, Erbard P,Fafsaner H, Fkrcke M, Fontafrre G, Frey R, Fruhwfrth R, Gtmvey J, Geer S,Ghesquiem C, Gbaz P, Gfbonf K, Gfbson W R, Gbnad-Jfaraud Y, GivernaudA, Gonkfec A, Grayer G, Hrmal-Koztmecka T, Haynes W J, JJertzberger L O,Hodges C, Hoffmmn D, Hoffmarm H, Holthufzen D J, Homer R J, Hommr A,Jank W, Jonrt G, KaJmus P J P, Kmfmakl V, KeeJer R, Kenyon f, Kermmr A,Kfmrunen R, KomneckI W, Kryn D, Lacava F, Lmrgfer J-P, Lcea J-P,L-ebmann H, Leucbs R, Leveqrre A, Lf@fn D, Lncci E, Mdmae J-J,Markkwkz T, Maurfn G, McMahon T, ?t!emffburu J-P, Mhrard M-N,Mohammadf M, Morfcca M, Morgan K, Mtdrhead H, Mufkr F, !Yandf A K,NaurrurmrL, Norton A, OrkfrI-Lecourtofs A, Paofuzl L, Panw F, Pfasro MortarfG, Pfetarfnen E, PknJa M, Pfacci A, Porte J P, Radermacfwr E, Ransde!f J,Rehbfer H, Revel J-P, Rkb J, Rijaaenbeek M, Roberts C, Rokff J, Rossi P,Rubbfa C, Sadoulet B, Sajot G, Salvi G, Salvfni G, Snas J, Saurkaf.x J, Savoy-Navarro A, SchJnzel D, Scott W, Shah T P, Smfth D, Spfro M, Stmusa J,Stmefs J, Sumorok K, Szoncao F, Tao C, Thompson G, Tfnrmer J, TschesJogE, TuomfrrfarrriJ, Van Ei\k B, Vfnffe J-P, Vmna 1, Vufffembr V. Wabf H D,Watkkra P, Wfhon J, WUson R, Wrrlz C, Xfe Y G, Yvert M & Zurffuh E.Further evidence for charged intermediate vector bosons at the SPS Coffider.Phys, L.etr. B 129:273-82, 1983, CERN, UA 1 Collaboration, Geneva,Switzerland. 84-(x322

490

9,

10,

11,

12,

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

ABC D

15 149 164 Arnfaon G et a/. Ex erimental observation of Iepton pairs of invariant mass1’around 95 GeV/c at the CERN SPS Collider, P/Iys, Letr. B 126:398-410, 1983.

CERN, UA1 Collaboration, Geneva, Switzerland, 83-11S8, 844X)22 (See CC(46): r.14, 18 November 1985.)

41 129 170 Arrrfaon G ef a/. Experimental observation of isofated large transverse energy

12 25 37

17 21 38

11 27 38

14 52 66

11 49 60

2 119 121

204060

31 108 139

6 36 42

electrons with associated missing energy at (7=540 GeV. Phys. .Leff. B ‘-122:103-16, 1983. CERN, UA1 Collaboration, Geneva, Switzerland. 83-1158,84-0022 (See CC (46):r. 12, 18 November 1985.)

Arnlvon G, Astbury A, Aaberl B, Baccl C, BernabeI R, Bezaguet A, Buck R,Bowcock T J V, Calvetti M, Carrofl T, Catz P, Ccrrtro S, Ccradfnf F, CittolfnS, Coebet C, Cofas J, Corden M, Daffman D, D’Angelo S, DeBeer M, DeUaNegra M, Demouffn M, Denegri D, DfBitonto D, Dobrzynski L, Doweff J D,Edwards M, Eggert K, EhenhanrfIer E, Efffs N, Erfrard P, Fafssrrer H, FontafneG, Frey R, Fmhwfrtb R, Gasvey I, Geer S, Gbeaqulere C, Ghez P, GffroniK-L, Gfbson W R, Giraud-flerarrd Y, Gfveraarrd A, Gorddec A, Grwyer G,Gutierrez P, Hansl-Kozanecka T, Haynaa W J, Hertzberger L O, Hudges C,Hoffnmnn D, Hoffmarm H, Holtbufzen D J, Homer R 1, Honma A, lank W,Kdarus P 1 P, Karfrnaki V, Keeler R, Kenyon 1, Kemsm A, Klmrrmen R,Kowakki H, Koaanecki W, Kryn D, Lacnva F, Lsugiar J-P, Lees J P, LahmannH, Lcucbs R, kveque A, LfagfJn D, Lucci E, Maloase J-J, Markfcwkz T,Maurfn G, McMahon T, Mendfhuru J-P, Mfaard M-N, Modcca M, Mtdler F,Namff A K, Naumam L, Norton A, OrkimLecourtofa A, Paolazi L, PfanoMortarl G, Pfmfa M, PJaccI A, Radermacber E, Rarrsdefl J, ReIthler H, RevelJ-P, Rich J, Rijssenbeek M, Roberts C, Rubbia C, %doulet B, Sajot G, SafvlG, Salvfrd G, Saas J, Saudralx J, !%voy Navarro A, Scfrfnzel D, Scott W, ShahT P, Spfro M, Strauss J, Sumorok K, %oncso F, Thompson G, Tfnrmer J,Tseheslog E, Tuombdeml J, Vfsffe J-P, Vmaa J, Vufffernfa V, Wahf H D,Watkfm P, Wffson J, Yvert M & Zurffuh E. Observation of jets in hightransverac energy events at the CERN proton antiproton collider. Phys. Le//, B123:115-22, 1983. CERN, UA 1 Colhrboration, Geneva, Switzerland.

Anrowit$ R, Cfmmscddbre A H & Natb P. Maaaes of supcrpartners of quarks,Ieptona, and gauge mesons in supergravity grand unified theories. Phys, Rev.Lett. 50232-5, 1983, Harvard Univ., Lyman Lab. Phys., Cambridge;Northeastern Univ., Dept. Phys,, Boston, MA. 83-1184

Aspries D E & Studna A A. Dielectric functions and optical parametem of Si,Ge, GaP, GsAs, GaSb, InP, InAs, and InSb from 1,5 to 6.0 eV. Phys. Rev.B—Concfemed Matter 27:985- l(X19, 1983. Bell Labs., Murray Hill, NJ.

Aubest J J, Baaaomplerre G, Becks K H, Bswt C, Bohra E, de Bouard X, BrasseF W, Broff C, Brown S, Carr J, Cfffft R W, Cobb I H, Cofgnet G, Combley F,Court G R, D’Agnatfnl G, Dau W D, Davfes J K, Decbris Y, Dobbrson R W,Dnaseflf U, Drecs J, Edwnrda A W, Edwards M, Favfer J, Ferrern M 1, FfarrgerW, Gabatbuler E, Garnet R, Gayler J, Gerhardt V, Gossffag C, Hsas J,Hamacher K, Haymuur P, Henckes M, Korhel V, Landgraf U, Leenen M,Mdre M, Mfnadeux H, Mofrr W, Montgomery H E, Mnaer K, Mount R P,Norton P R, McNkholas J, Osborne A M, Pave P, Perord C, Peaasrd H,Pfctrzyk U, Ritb K, Scfrneegaas M, Sloan T, Stkr H E, Stnekharraetr W,Tbeuard J M. Tbompsnn J C, Urban L, Vlflers M, Wabbm H, Wbsdfey M,Wffffnms D, Wfflfmm W S C, VVfffiaraaon J & Wfmpeany S J. The ratio of thenucieon structure functions F2N for iron and deuterium. Phys. Let?. B123:275-8, 1983. European Muon Collaboration. 83-1371, 84-1385

.4wada M A, Dnff M J & Pope C N. N = 8 supergmvity breaks down to N = 1.F’hys. Rev. .Lett. 5Ch294-7, 1983. Univ. London, Imperial Coff,, UK. 84-@321

Bagmsfs Pet al. Evidence for ZO+ e+e – at the CERN ~p Cofhder. Phys. Lett.B 129:130-40, 1983. CERN, UA2 Collaboration, Geneva, Switzerland. 84-0022(See CC (46): r.15, 18 November 1985.)

Baffy J & Lada C J. The high velocity molecular flows near young stelfar objects.Astrophys, J, 265:824-47, 1983. Belf Labs., Holmdel, NJ; Univ. Arizona,Steward Obacrv., Tucann, AZ. 84-17132

Banner M et a/. Obam-vation of single isolated electrons of high transversemomentum in events with missing transverse energy at the CERN ~p Colhder.Phys. Left. B 122:476-85, 1983. CERN, UA2 Collaboration, Geneva,Switzerland. 83-1158, 84-0022 (See CC (46):r. 13, 18 November 1985.)

Bmrfccn J M, Stefabrmdt P J & Turner M S. Spontaneous creation of almostscale-free density perturbations in an inflationary universe, Phys. Rev.

491

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

ABC

10 29

923

26 41

10 46

18 37

16 40

8 43

7 26

16 18

9 24

8 25

14 34

D

D—Part, Fields 28:679-93, 1983. Univ. Washington, Dept. Phys., Seattle, WA;Univ. Pennsylvania, Dept. Phys., Philadelphkr, PA; Univ. Chicago, Astron,Astrophys. Ctr,, IL. 84-0490

39 Barger V, Martfn A D & PlrIllips R J N. Evidence for the t-quark in ~p colhderdata? Phys. Lett. B 125:339-42, 1983. Univ. Durham, Phys. Dept.; RutherfordAppleton Labs., Chilton, UK; Univ. W~consin, Phys. Dept., Mad~on, WI.84-CQ22

32 Behrends S, Clasdwkk K, Cbcuveau 1, Gcncf P, Gentile T, Gufda J M, Grdda 1A, Kass R, Meliaalnoa A C, Olsen S L, Pasklmrst G, Peterson D, Poffng ~,Roaenfeld C, Rucfnski G, Thomdfke E H, Green J, Hkks R G, Sames F,Skubk P, Snyder A, Stone R, Chen A, Goldberg M, Hoswltz N, Iawahery A,lfhafy M, Lfpasl P, Moneti G C, Trahem C G, van Hecke H, Alam M S,Csoma S E, Garren L, Mestayer M D, Parrvfni R S, Arrdrews D, Avery P,Bebek C, Berkebsran K, Cassel D G, DeWfrc J W, Ehrlfcb R, Fesguson T,Grdlk R, Gffcbsfese M G D, Gittelrmm B, Hrdffrrg M, Hartfff D L, Hermp D,Holzner S, lto M, Kmrdrmwamy J, Kiatfakowsky V, Krefnick D L, Kubota Y,Mistry N B, Morsow F, Nosdhesg E, Ogg M, Perchonok R, Phmkett R,Sffverman A, Stefn P C, !Mnne S, Tafnmn R, Weber D, Wffcke R, Sadof{ A 1,Gfks R, Haamrd 3, Hempstead M, ken J M, Kbrosbfta K, MacKay W W,Plpkfn F M, Roblf J, Wfkon R & Kagan H. Observation of exclusive decaymodes of b-flavored mesons. Phys, Rev. Le/t, 50:881-4, 1983. Univ. Rochester,Dept. Phys.; Syracuse Univ., Dept. Phys.; Cornell Univ., Dept. Phys., Ithaca;Ithaca COU., Dept. Phys., NY; Rutgers Univ., Dept. Phys., New Brunswick,NJ: Vanderbilt Univ., Dept. Phys. Astron., Nashvifle, TN; Harvard Univ.,Dept. Phys., Cambridge, MA; Ohio State Univ., Dept. Phys., Columbus, OH.82-0922

67 Bfnnfg G, Robrer H, Gerber C & Welbel E. 7x7 reconstruction on Si(111 )resolved in real space. PIIys. Rev, Lctt. 50:12&3, 1983. IBM, Zurich Res. Lab.,Switzerland, 83-2788, 842767

56 Bfnnta R M, Blcwltt G, Bmtton C B, Cortez B G, Esrcde S, Forster G W,Ga]ewski W, Gohlbahcr M, Greenberg J, Hnfnea T J, Jonca T W, KfclczewskIsD, Kropp W R, Learned I G, LdurranrI E, LoSecco I M, Ramaru Musthy P V,Pcsk H S, Refries F, Scbultx J, Shumcrd E, SfnclaJr D, Smltfr D W, Sobel HW, Stone J L, Srdck L R, Svoboda R, van der Velde J C & Wrrcst C. Searchfor proton decay into e+ no, Phys. Rev. Let/. 5 I :27-30, 1983. Univ. Caliiomia,Irvine, CA; Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI: Brookhaven Natl. Lab., Upton,NY; Caltech, Pasadena, CA; Cleveland State Univ., OH; Univ. Hawaii,Honolulu, HI; Univ. London, Univ. Colf., UK, 84-2058

55 Bfrarr B, Englert F, de Wit B & Nkofd H. Gauged N = 8 supergravhy and itsbreaking from spcmtaneous compactification. Phys. Ltw. B 124:45-50, 1983.Free Univ. Brussels, Fat. Sci., Belgium; NJKHEF-H, Amsterdam, TheNetherlands CERN, Geneva, Switzerknd. 83-27%, 84-LY3’21

56 Bjorfren J D. High relativistic nucleus-nucleus colli.dons: the central rapidityregion. Phys. Rev. D-Part. Fieki$ 27:1051, 1983. Fermi Natl. Accel, Lab.,Batavia, IL. 83-0966, 84-1008

51 Bodek A, Giokarkr N, Atwond W B, Coward D H, Sherden D 1, Dubfrr D L,Elks J E, Frfcdman J 1, Kmrdsdf H W, Poucher J S & Rfordan E M. Electronscattering from nuclear targets and quark d~tributions in nuclei. Phys. Rev.Lett. 50:1431-4, 1983, Univ. Rochester, Dept. Phys, Astron., NY; StanfordUniv., Stanford Lkrear AcceI. Cm., CA: MJT, Phys. Dept. & Lab. Nucl, Sci,,Cambridge, MA. 84-1385

33 Bsrchmrdfer W, Peccei R D & Yasmgfda T. Quarks and Ieptons as quasi nambuGoldstone fermions. Phys. Lat[. B 124:67-73, 1983. Max Planck Sot. Adv,Sci., inst. Phys. Astrophys., Munich, FRG. 84-0712

34 Caflmr C G. Monopole catalysis of baryon decay. Nucl. Phys. B 212:391-4(X3,1983, Princeton Univ., Joseph Henry Lcbs., NJ.

33 Cellk T, Engelr J & Satz H. The order of the reconfinement transition in SU(3)Yang-Mills theory. Phys. .f,e/t. B 125:411-4, 1983. Univ. Bielefeld, Fat. Phys.,FRG. 84-1752

33 Cbrm L-L. Quark mixing in weak interactions. Phys. Rep. —Rev. Sect. Phys.Left. 95:1-94, 1983, Brnokhaven Nat]. Lab., Phys. Dept., Upton, NY. 84-2058

48 Cremmer E, Fayet P & Gfrasdeflo L. Gravity-induced superaymmetry breakingand low energy mass spectrum. Phys. Lctt; B 122:41 -8,- 19~. Norr6al CO1l., -Lab. Theor. Phys., Paris, France; Univ. Mflan, Inst. Phys., Italy; CERN,Geneva, Switzerland.

492

ABC D

32.

33.

34.

35.

36,

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

39 68 107 Crammer E, Ferrara S, GfrardefJo L & Van Pmeyen A. Yang-Mills theories withlocal superayrnmetry: Lagrangian, transformation laws and super-Higgs effect,Nucf. Phy~, B 212:413-42, 1983. NormIal COIL, Lab. Theor. Phys., Park,France; CERN, Geneva, Switzerland: Univ. Milan, Inst. Phys.; INFN, Milan,Italy. 83-1184, 84-0712

9 40 49 Crooks L E, Ortendafd D A, Kaufman L, Hoenrrfnger J, Arakawa M, Watta J,Cannon CR, Brant-Zawadzkf M, Davfa P L & Margul& A R. Clinicalefficiency of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Radiology 146:123-8, 1983.Univ. California, Radiol, Imag. Lab., San Francisco, CA, 84-0555

14 21 35 D’Aurfa R, Fra P & van Nkuwenfrrdze.n P. Symmetry breaking in d = 11supergravh y on the parallelized seven-sphere. Phys. .Lett. B 122:225-31, 1983.Turin Univ., Inst. Theor. Phys.; INFN, Turin, Italy; CERN, Geneva,Switzerland. 83-2796

10 26 36 Davfa M & Peebles P J E. A survey of galaxy redshtits. V. The twmpointposition and velocity correlations. Astrophys. J. 267:465-82, 1983. Univ.Cahfomia, Depts. Astron. & Phys., Berkeley, CA; Princeton Univ., JosephHerrry Labs,, NJ. 84979

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495

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