The 1960snew ways to Change

Politics of the people: homes, jobs, freedomnew technologiesglobal connecteda globally critical gazecultural politics

In the African continent:1960s – ‘the decade of Africa’• the Winds of Change• est. the Organization of African Unity (OAU) 1962

Marcus Garvey• apartheid in South Africa: white ‘settler’ interests

local resistance (ANC)Sharpeville – 69 protestors killed

SA expelled from Commonwealth

• violence of Angola and Mozambique

• Pan-Africanism, and rastafari identity

Northern Ireland

• early-modern colonizationpolitical and cultural rights of Catholics

formally part of Great Britain

• 19/20C ethnic nationalism

political fights; and violent agitation for freedomCivil War 1922-23 results in Irish Free State, and Northern Ireland

• The Troubles ‘gerrymandering’

Northern Ireland Civil Rights AssociationBogside Massacre – ‘Bloody Sunday’ 30 Jan

1972escalation of guerilla warfare – IRAthe Maze; IRA hunger strikersGood Friday Agreement

Paris, 1968May-June 1968

• the first, largest wildcat general strike ever

• 11 million involved (22% of country) 2/3• brought the economy to a standstill • deGaulle left country• ready to declare Martial Law – averted

• student occupation protests began• disillusionment with change post-WWII• ended with Union deals

• also decolonization – Algerian Independence 1962 – pieds noir

North America• Civil Rights Movement

Jim Crow lawsAmerican Indian Movement

• Education and jobs

• Anti-Vietnam ProtestsKent State – 4 May 1970

29 April 1975

Public action; safer sex:the personal is always political

Josephine Butler(1828-1906)

and later, International Abolitionist Federation

Marie Stopes (1880-1958)• b. Edinburgh• educated UCL and PhD Germany –

paleobotany• Married Love (1921)• birth control clinics, upper Holloway north

London• her own birth announcement

refused in the Times• libel trial• eugenicist, yet• estranged from only son• d. cancer, 1958

Social Change“the Pill” approved by the FDA in the early 1960s• generated an enormous (but surprising) social impact• gave ♀unprecedented control over their fertility• easy, spontaneous, no harm to sensation, and private

• key player in forming women’s modern economic role• sharp increase in college attendance and graduation

rates for ♀• debate about the moral and health consequences• 1968 papal encyclical Humanae Vitae

(aka sex is bad)

• but, health risks, increased employment and not equality• and tested, unsafely, on non-western populations

Marie Stopes International:idea of sexual safety has, continues to change

This is an extremely fraught topic.

In your view, what is the most pressing issue regarding sexual safety? 1. on campus? 2. in the Maritimes? 3. in north America?

Economic Globalization• macro level: homes and hearts

international organizations (IMF, GATT,

WTO) consumerism and global

connectedness

• micro level: increasing disparitiescommunication means increasing connectedness

Islamism

• from 70s Islam increasingly important supra national force

• longer term roots: nature of Islam19C anti colonial agitationshock of Mandated territories post

WWI • modern roots: CIA and Shah Mohammed Reza

Pahlavi (1919-80) overthrown in Iranian Revolution of 1979

pro-Islam, anti-west