The 1 st Industrial Revolution & The Civil War
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Transcript of The 1 st Industrial Revolution & The Civil War
The 1st Industrial Revolution
& The Civil War
1st Industrial Revolution
• Between the late 1700’s – early 1800’s
• Begins in Great Britain• Based on
– 1. Steam power– 2. Textile industry
Steam Power• James Watt – British inventor; improves the steam engine (mower powerful & efficient)
Before steam engines, factories powered by river water.
Effects of Steam Technology
Factories not dependent on rivers/streams . . . Can be built anywhere.
Factories can be located anywhere More Factories
Makes bigger
machines possible . .
. Mass productio
n
Effects of Steam Technology
Revolutionizes Transportation
The steam-powered Locomotive
Textile Industry• New technology + steam energy = textile
factories.
“Spinning Mule”“Spinning Jenny”
Pre-Industrial RevolutionGoods made in small shops & peoples homes by hand.
Post-Industrial RevolutionGoods made in factories/mill by steam-powered machines
Transportation Revolution1. Canals
Ohio & Erie Canal - AKRON
Canals
Akron, Ohio
Erie Canal (completed 1825)
Ohio & Erie Canal(1820’s-30’s)Effects:• Connected major lakes & rivers into a transportation network• Linked western farms to eastern cities• Connected the nation & stimulated economic growth
SteamboatsSped up transportation of Goods & people via rivers
Railroads• Steam technologyleads to development of locomotives & railroad linesResults:• Businesses expand• Increase demand for iron.•Link remote areas of U.S. • Allows easier western expansion
First steam powered train
Typical 19th century locomotive
1st Industrial Revolution
divides AmericaMostly in the
North• Urban growth• Factories• Better transportation• No slave labor
The South = Not so much!•Mostly agrarian• Slavery• Fewer/smaller cities• Weaker transportation
The South (“King Cotton”)
• Textile industry in the North & Great Britain Increase in demand for cotton
• Cotton plantations grow across the South
Year Bales of Cotton Produced1830 720,0001850: 2,850,0001860: 5,000,000
Growth of Cotton Production in the South
Cotton transported
north by river & canal system
Railroads
Leads to expansion of what institution?
“The Peculiar Institution”
• Cotton “boom” leads to increase in demand for
slaves• 1800: 1 Million slaves• 1860: 4 Million slaves
Growth of Slavery in the South
Think & Review“Sectionalism” is one term historians
use to describe the state of the U.S. from 1800 – 1860.
“Sectionalism” describes the differences that divided the North & South that led to the Civil WarHow was the North and South
different?
North Sout
hIndustrial AgrarianFree states Slave states
More urban More ruralBetter transportation Weaker transportationMore nationalistic “States rights”
No western expansion of slavery Want western expansion of slavery
Take out paper for Notes
Brief Review of the Civil WarElection of 1860
Abraham Lincoln elected President of United States (Republican)• Pro-economic development of the North• For Restricting slavery in the western territories • For a protective tariff on northern industry
1860 Electoral Map
December 1860South Carolina Secedes
• Lincoln’s election leads to South Carolina leaving the Union
• By February 1861 6 more States secede from the Union• Florida, Georgia Alabama,
Mississippi, Louisiana, & Texas• Believed they had the “right” to
leave the Union because of the “Tyranny of the North”
Main Causes of Civil War
• Economic/social division between North & South
• The division over the spread of slavery in the territories
• The issue of States versus Federal rights
• Growth of the abolition movement in the North
• Election of Abraham Lincoln
February 1861 Confederate States of
America Formed
Main Characters
Abraham LincolnPresident of the United
States
Jefferson DavisPresident of the Confederate
States of America
Robert E. Lee Confederate Commander
of the Army of Northern Virginia
George McClellanUnion commander of
the Army of the Potomac Removed by Lincoln
Ulysees S. GrantCommander of Union
forces
April 12, 1861CSA Fires on Fort
Sumter;Civil War Begins
Major Battles• First Battle of Bull Run –
– 1st major battle. Civilians spectators/picnics– CSA army under Stonewall Jackson defeats Union
forces. – Ended the “short war” belief of the North.
• Battle of Antietam • Lee invades Maryland hoping for victory on Union soil.• McClellan had Lee’s battle plan and intercepted Lee’s
forces in Sharpsburg, Maryland• Bloodiest single day of combat: 22,000 killed/wounded.• Lee retreats to Virginia. • Britain decides not to recognize the CSA
• Battle of Vicksburg – Vicksburg: CSA fortified city on Mississippi River (in
Mississippi).– Gen. Grant lays siege to Vicksburg. 7 week artillery
attack.– CSA surrenders the city and 29,000 soldiers on July
4,1963.– Resulted in the Union controlling the whole Mississippi
River and cutting off Arkansas, Texas, & Louisiana from the rest of the Confederacy.
• Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863)• Lee invades Pennsylvania, looking for supplies & a CSA
victory on Union soil. • Union and CSA forces meet for 3 day battle in
Gettysburg, PA• Lee unable to penetrate Union lines. Retreats to Virginia.• Lee’s last offensive battle. Grant chases the rest of the
war.
Major Battles
Emancipation Proclamation
• January 1,1963: Lincoln signs executive order that frees all slaves in states in rebellion of the United States (C.S.A).
“…I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall be, free; and that the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, shall recognize and maintain the freedom of such person.”- Abraham Lincoln, Emancipation Proclamation
Effects of the Emancipation Proclamation
• Only applied to slaves in C.S.A. Did not immediate free any slaves.
• Formally committed the U.S. government to policy of abolition.
• Gave the war a moral purpose—Union soldiers were fighting to end slavery.
• Slaves gradually freed as Union troops defeated C.S.A.
• Authorized freed slaves to fight for Union
The Thirteenth Amendment
• To abolish slavery within the Union, Constitutional Amendment required.
• Passed the House of Representatives on Jan. 31, 1865. Ratified by States in December 1865.
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Grant sends Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman & 100,000 soldiers on a march to subdue the South
• Part of Grant’s tactic of “Total War”• Designed to “break
the will” of the C.S.A.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Burned cotton fields, barns & houses in their path
• Captured and set fire to cities of Atlanta, Savannah & Columbia.
Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse
• April 9, 1865: Gen. Lee surrenders to Gen. Grant.
• Grant treats Lee with respect; allows Lee’s army to return home.