That Thing Called Perspective

Aljohn Ramirez, Kevin Lumbre, Kevin Bianzon, Pochie De la Torre, Shalom Sabino, Lucylle

Bianca Cawaling

Introduction

Perspective, we us it in almost every aspect in our everyday lives, from computer games, movies, architecture, and art. There are so many ways in which perspective plays a big role in our everyday world that we sometimes tend to ignore it. Today, we will be focusing in the perspective elements in design, photography, and art. And with that, we will also be tackling the history of art, how perspective changed the way art was made. How people use perspective in various fields. As they say, a different perspective can change the way we see things, so how important is it?

Alberti’s Construction

• First written account of a method of constructing pictures in correct perspective is found in a treatise written by the learned humanist Leon Battista Alberti.

Vanishing Point-Centric point C-the point in the

picture directly opposite the viewer’s eye

- “Central Vanishing Point”

- “Point of Convergence”

Orthogonals-the ground plane AB

in the picture is divided equally, and each division point is joined to C by a line.

-these are lines that run perpendicular to the plane of the picture

Viewing Distance-is how far a

viewer should stand from the picture.

- line NR- how far a

viewer should stand from the picture.

Right Diagonal Vanishing Point

- point R

Transversals-perpendicular

lines to the line NB from the intersection points by the lines of line NB converging at R.

-they run parallel to the ground line AB of the picture.

-they are also known as horizontals.

Pavimenti-diagonal points

of the squares in the grid that can be joined by a straight line.

-mathematically correct floors

Foreshortening-the spacing of the square grids get smaller as

the lines of the grid get farther away from the viewer.

Activity

1. Draw the outline of the cube in any kind of paper. You have 2 minutes.

2. In a separate paper draw the outline of a Rubrics cube inside a bowl. You have 5 minutes.

Explanation of ActivityMULTIPLE VANISHING POINTS

• 2 vanishing points= 2-point perspective• 3 vanishing points= 3-point perspective• 4 vanishing points= 4-point perspective• 5 vanishing points= 5-point perspective• 6 vanishing points= 6-point perspective

One-Point Perspective

• xz plane= projection plane

• xy plane= ground plane

• Rectangle= front plane = always parallel and perpendicular to the ground plane.

Photo by: LucylleBC

Photo by: LucylleBC

Two-Point Perspective

• When the front plane is rotated about the z-axis, it is no longer parallel to the projection plane.

• However, it is still perpendicular to the ground plane.

• When the front plane is viewed in perspective, two vanishing points will be observed.

Photo by: LucylleBC

Photo by: LucylleBC

Three-Point Perspective

• Front plane is further rotated, and it will no longer be perpendicular to the ground plane

• It is also not parallel to the projection plane.

• The combination of these two factors will lead three vanishing points, when the front plane is view in perspective.

Photo by: LucylleBC

• Three point perspective uses all three sets of parallel lines of the cube.

• Similar to two point perspective, one of the sets of parallel lines aims toward the North point and the other set aims toward the East point.

• The third set of lines projects toward the Nadir point (below you) or the Zenish point (above you).

• Either Zenith or Nadir can be used with the same grid by spinning the three point perspective grid 180 degrees. You can project all of these lines with a straight edge.

Four-Point Perspective

• the cube we are looking at is very tall and projects above you and also goes below your eye level, these up and down lines must project toward two points.

• the cube look fat in the middle, it also seems to get smaller as it goes above and below your eye level.

• These lines, which used to be the up and down parallel lines of the cube, are now curving in like a football coming together at the Zenith and Nadir points.

• If you were on the twentieth floor of a skyscraper, looking out the window at another skyscraper, forty stories high, you would see this type of effect.

• A second type of four point perspective is what is called the continuous four point perspective system. This system keeps the Zenith and Nadir lines of the cube actually parallel, and curves the North to South and East to West lines of the cub

Five-Point Perspective

• creates a circle on a piece of paper or canvas. • You now can illustrate 180 degrees of visual space

around you. • It captures everything from North to South and from

Nadir to Zenith. • The hemisphere shows five vanishing points, north, on

the left, east in the middle and south on the right. • There is also a point above your head and another

below your chin. • One hundred and eighty degrees of the total

environment can be drawn in this hemisphere. Think of how this would look on the flat surface. You would have to rely on five point grid system on the flat page to do the same thing, but it really will work.

Photo by: LucylleBC

Six-Point Perspective

The sixth (South) point is missing from five point perspective drawings. Within five point we get half, or a hemisphere, of the visual world around us. To get the rest of the picture, the the whole picture that is, you must add that last vanishing point. You would have to turn around and look at the room BEHIND you to see the rest of the room and to find that last point. If you were in the transparent sphere in St. Peter’s Basilica you would have to copy not only what you see in front of you, but everything behind you as well. A good way to do this on flat paper is to draw the last vanishing point on the back side of the first drawing. Yes, I mean on the back side of your first drawing. The same grid will help you finish the total picture on this back side. When the rest of this picture is drawn you have a 360 degree picture in all directions.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Df0qyYPl0NY&list=PLiCk2I6PXl5qm0CTvO6zXt3k33GTmcIvk

Perspective in Art

Start of Linear Perspective

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446), who suggested a system

that explained how objects shrink in size according to their position

and distance from the eye.

Perspective drawing for Church of Santo Spirito in Florence

Fail attempts of Linear perspective

St. Paul’s Cross

Reconstruction of the Temple of Jerusalem

Sample of linear perspective in art

1 point perspective

Sample of linear perspective in paintings

1 point perspective

Basic structure of

1 point perspective

Vanishing point

Sample of linear perspective in paintings and drawings

2 point perspective

2 point perspective

2 point perspective

Perspective in Photography• Perspective refers to the relationship of imaged objects in a

photograph. • This includes their relative positions and sizes and the space

between them.• perspective in the composition of a photograph is the way real

three-dimensional objects are pictured in a photograph that has a two-dimensional plane.

• In photography, perspective is another illusion you use to produce photographs of quality composition

Perspective in Photography• When you are making pictures, the camera always creates perspective. • Because a camera automatically produces perspective, many novice

photographers believe there is no need to know much about it. • This attitude is far from correct. When you know the principles of

perspective and skillfully apply them, the photographs you produce show a good rendition of the subject's form and shape, and the viewer is given the sensation of volume, space, depth, and distance.

• Additionally, the photographer can manipulate perspective to change the illusion of space and distance by either expanding or compressing these factors, therefore providing a sense of scale within the picture.

Types• Linear-  • Rectillinear-• Vanishing Point- • Height• Overlap• Dwindling Size’• Volume• Atmospheric

Some Examples

Photo by: Aljohn Ramirez

Some Examples

Photo by: Aljohn Ramirez

Some Examples

Photo by: Aljohn Ramirez

Forced Perspective•  Forced perspective is where you make objects in the

distance seem larger, smaller, closer or further away than they actually are, relative to your foreground subject. The fun in this is creating trick images that.

Example of Forced Perspective

Short History and Amazing Facts

Perspective began to emerge in the middle ages

• Artist understood that objects get smaller as they move further away

• But most art looked squashed flat surfaces were distorted and skewed vertical

The Greeks and Romans understood liner perspective

• Plato wrote that the arts of measuring, numbering and weighing things could help us understand the magic and deception of our own eyes.

Italian architect Filippo Brunelleschi

Re discoverd the the theory in the 15th century

Leonardo Da vinci invented

• A perspectograph to ‘’ trace ‘ a scene on glass• Perspectographs were used well In to the 20th century

Masolino da Panicale was the first

• To use a central vanishing point in 1425

This was considered a breakthrough

• And shook the world of European art

Rafael Started using perspective

• In 1505

References:• http://mathandmultimedia.com/2013/05/18/the-mathematics-of-perspective-drawing/• http://termespheres.com/6-point-perspective/• http://www.rugusavay.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Leon-Battista-Alberti-Quotes-2.jpg• http://www.technologystudent.com/designpro/twopers1.htm• http://www.termespheres.com/images/perspective/fivepointperspec_drawing.gif• http://www.termespheres.com/images/perspective/fourpointperspec_drawing.gif• https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=Df0qyYPl0NY&list=PLiCk2I6PXl5qm0CTvO6zXt3k33GTmcIvk• Kevin Heng Ser Guan, “Perspective in Mathematics and Art”, National University

Singapore