That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon

Industrial SocietiesIndustrial Societies

Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution

Number of man-hours

to produce crop

Increase in amount of agricultural

products produced on farms, 1850-

1900

Crystal Palace - 1851Crystal Palace - 1851

Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on

Display

Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on

Display

First Industrial Revolution:

Late 18th century to 1860

Rotary press

Cotton gin

Steel plow

Sewing machine

Mechanical reaper

Telegraph

Early train

Steam Engines

Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners

Child “hurriers”

Child “hurriers”

The Factory SystemThe Factory System

Rigid schedule.

Unfair conditions.

Dangerous conditions.

Mind-numbing monotony.

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

An Early Steam Locomotive

An Early Steam Locomotive

Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives

The Impact of the Railroad

The Impact of the Railroad

Corporatebusiness

organization

Laissez-Faire

attitude ofgovernment

Capitalfor

investment

Largelabor

supply

Nationalmarket

Abundant resources

Technologyand

Inventions

SecondIndustrial

Revolution

Transatlantic Cable Telegraph

The first cable crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Valentia Island, in western Ireland to Newfoundland. The Transatlantic cable connected North America with Europe,

making communication possible in minutes rather than the usual days by ship. A

stable connection was established in 1866 and more cables were laid down until the

turn of the century.

Iron ore production in millions of tons, 1870-1913

What is the difference between iron and steel?

Iron has been used by humans for thousands of years to make various items like weapons, cooking utensils, jewelry, and statues. In the U.S. it was an important industry. The first

railroads were constructed with iron rails.

Steel is much stronger and more flexible (it doesn't break as easily).

When iron is smelted from its ore by commercial processes, it contains more carbon than is desirable. To become steel, it

must be melted and reprocessed to remove the correct amount of carbon, which is very expensive. It would not be cost

effective to make steel until the Bessemer converter was invented by Henry Bessemer in England.

An English Mill TownAn English Mill Town

Industrial StaffordshireIndustrial Staffordshire

The New Industrial City

The New Industrial City

Early-19c Londonby Gustave DoreEarly-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Workers Housing in Newcastle

Workers Housing in Newcastle

% of world manufacturing by nations 1870-1913. “Other Nations” means every other country in the world

combined.

Laissez-faire

Social Darwinism

Individualism

•Laissez Faire originated in France during the _________

•Based on the idea that the government should not intervene in __________; instead natural law or market forces would regulate

•Adam _____ popularized the term and concept in his book _______ __ ________

•This approach was embraced by industrialists during this era who did not want the government to regulate them in any way

•This type of economics was

called the _________ school.

•Laissez Faire originated in France during the _________

•Based on the idea that the government should not intervene in __________; instead natural law or market forces would regulate

•Adam _____ popularized the term and concept in his book _______ __ ________

•This approach was embraced by industrialists during this era who did not want the government to regulate them in any way

•This type of economics was

called the _________ school.

Herbert Spencer is best remembered for his ideas that

have become known as “Social Darwinism”.

Social Darwinism advocated laissez-faire capitalism.

Spencer believed that competition was “the law of life” and resulted in

the “survival of the fittest”, a phrase he used years before

Darwin.

Spencer argued in his various writings that society is best served when its fittest members operate

without opposition.

Herbert Spencer is best remembered for his ideas that

have become known as “Social Darwinism”.

Social Darwinism advocated laissez-faire capitalism.

Spencer believed that competition was “the law of life” and resulted in

the “survival of the fittest”, a phrase he used years before

Darwin.

Spencer argued in his various writings that society is best served when its fittest members operate

without opposition.

The idea that a person should not rely upon others for success

This philosophy was evident from the beginning of United States history

Author Horatio Alger made this concept the theme of his books in which a poor young man is able to create wealth and success through his hard work

Later the term “rugged individualism” becomes popular