Formal-Informal Institutional Linkages in the Nigerian Agribusiness ...
th9 Annual Force Health Protection Conference …•Informal networks –Increase linkages to one...
Transcript of th9 Annual Force Health Protection Conference …•Informal networks –Increase linkages to one...
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Taking Action to Support Military Families:
A Results Management Approach
Jay A. Mancini, Ph.D.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
9th Annual Force Health Protection Conference
Albuquerque, New Mexico, August 2006
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Purpose of the Presentation
• Discuss “theory of change” and its importance for program development
• Describe and demonstrate elements of a “Results Management” approach to program development
• Describe and demonstrate elements of a program sustainability approach to program development
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Theory of Change Characteristics
• Has elements that can be defined and measured
• Demonstrates the connections between the elements
• Is action-oriented and directed toward results
• Explicates what should occur because of certain conditions and because of particular actions
• Provides researchers and program professionals with a roadmap for understanding the antecedents and consequences of change
• Importance of a “theory of change”
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Origin of Capacity Building Approach
• Military family research
– Interface of families and organizations
– Outcomes for families
– Implications for services development
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A Theory of Change: Community Capacity Model
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Community Capacity Model Components
• Unit leaders
– Respond proactively to the needs of members
– Promote connections between members and families
• Informal networks
– Increase linkages to one another (connections)
– Develop capacity to work together
• Community agencies (formal system) – Collaborate and partner
– Focus on informal social networks/associations
– Shift from intervention to prevention
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Community Capacity Model Components
• Community capacity – Extent to which community members
• Demonstrate sense of shared responsibility for general welfare of the community
• Demonstrate collective competence in taking advantage of opportunities for addressing community needs and confronting situations that threaten the safety and well-being of community members
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A Theory of Change: Community Capacity Model
Agencies, units, & community:
A focus on strengths and connections
Community
Capacity
Community
Agencies
Informal
Networks
Unit
Leaders
Community
Results
Demonstrate by actions:
shared responsibility and
collective competence
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Community Capacity and Managing Results
• In the community capacity framework “results” become significant
• Results Management provides a practical approach to addressing what community members aspire to achieve
• Results Management resources: – Orthner, D.K., & Bowen, G.L. (2004). Strengthening
practice through results management. In A.R. Roberts & K. Corcoral (Eds.), Handbook of practice-focused research and evaluation (pp. 897-904). NY: Oxford.
– Mancini, J.A., Huebner, A.J., McCollum, E., & Marek, L.I. (2005). Evaluation science and family therapy. In D. Sprenkle & F. Piercy (Eds.), Research methods in family therapy (pp. 272-293). NY: Guilford.
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The Results Management Approach
A decision management and resource allocation strategy based on anticipated results and reliable information collected at multiple points in customer activity
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Success in a Business Context
“Is based on progress rather
than motion!” Peter Drucker
Management Consultant
“Highly effective people begin
with the end in mind!” Stephen Covey
7 Habits…
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Program Results
Community
Needs/Assets
Agency Resources
Community Results
4
Activity Oriented Design for Success: Limitations
2
3
1 Activities/Processes
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Activity Oriented Design: Key Features
Focus on link between needs and activities
Results are defined but do not serve as guides to program direction
Results are rarely measured directly
Primary attention is on activities and measuring needs and activity use patterns
Difficult to show cause and effect
May lead to shotgun approach to services
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Results Oriented Design for Success: Preferred
Program Results
Activities/Processes
Community
Needs/Assets
Agency Resources
Community Results
3 1
2
4
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Results Oriented Design: Key Features
Focus on link between activities and results
Results are clearly defined and serve as
guides to program direction
Results are measured directly
Primary attention is on implementing only
those activities that can be clearly tied to
anticipated results
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Activity
Activity
Activity
Activity
Activity
Activity
Are you
satisfied
with the
status
quo?
NO
YES
Result 1
Result 2
Result 3
Activity
Activity
Activity
Activity
Activity
Activity
Result 1a
Result 1b
Result 2a
Result 2b
Result 3a
Result 3b
Results Management:
The Implementation
Process
Community
Results
Program
Results
Program
Activities
Community
Results
Assessment
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Key Point: Results Management
Program Activities are ONLY useful to the extent that they are TIED TO RESULTS!
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Results Management Logic Model
• Manage results rather than activities
• Source: Mancini, Huebner, McCollum, & Marek (2005)
– Example: Children and divorce seminar
– Example: Youth development community intervention
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Step 1: Identify Needs and Assets
• Identify needs and assets in the community which allow program personnel to clearly identify and understand the issues
• Because this is the basis for the entire program, it is important to use accurate and valid information rather than uninformed hunches
• Look at needs and assets at many levels, from the community systems such as health, education, legal, etc. to families and to individuals
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• Needs and assets analysis is a systematic way of gathering information that helps set priorities for action while also recognizing the assets that already exist in a community
• Information that evaluators are gathering to understand severity of a problem also assists them in determining program priorities, and results that accrue from program activities
• Census data, observations, records and existing data bases, and literature reviews are sources of existing information to identify needs and assets
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Step 2: Specify Desired Results
• Articulate the desired result or change you expect to see because of your program
• Most important aspect of a logic model because it provides the focus that all successful programs need
• At the completion of the program, what will be different?
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• Program results (we have some say about these) must be distinguished from community results (owned by many organizations)
• Specifying results is useful because it enables program professionals to have a more realistic sense of how parts of the program theory fit, and what can reasonably be expected to change over a specific time period
• Can be conceptualized as short- term, mid-term, and long-term results
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Program Results
• Changes in knowledge, attitudes, and/or behaviors that are anticipated as a result of participating in programs
• Be clear about specifying results that can be attributed to a particular program
• Be wary of results that the program has little to no say about
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Community Results
• “Big ticket” results that no one organization is responsible for but yet a particular program has some relevance to it.
– Example: reduced crime
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Step 3: Indicators
• Indicators flow logically from the desired results. How will you know if the results have been achieved, with what evidence?
• By determining program indicators, program activities and results can be measured and tracked. Consequently notions, hunches, hearsay, and anecdotes are not good indicator candidates
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• Indicators can be far-ranging, including results from surveys and focus groups, agency administrative data, population data, as well as other measures
• You must specify program indicators for each of desired program result
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Step 4: Activities
• Activities describe programs that are implemented to achieve the desired results
• Program activities become important only when they are linked to desired results
• Attention to the choice of programs, research upon which it is based, population to be served and critical elements of successful programs must all be considered
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Step 5: Resources
• Resources include the people, stakeholders, curricula, spaces, approvals, funds and anything else needed to conduct the activities to achieve the desired results to meet the identified needs and capitalize on the available assets
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Identified
Needs and
Assets
Indicators
Resources
Activities
Sample RM Logic Model Template
Note:Monitoring and evaluation activities permeate all aspects of the logic model.
Results
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Identified Needs:
• Child problems post-
divorce
• Legal system
clogged with
custody and
visitation disputes
• Parental stress from
post-divorce conflict
Desired Results:
Short Term:
• Parents and children
gain knowledge on
improving
relationships
Mid-range:
• Parental
communication and
conflict management
will improve
Long-term:
• Child adjustment
post-divorce will
improve
• Custody and
visitation court
disputes will
decrease
Activities:
• Train referral
sources
• Provide
educational
sessions for
parents and
children
Resources:
• Mental Health
Center
• Judges & Court
Service Workers
• Volunteers
Indicators:
• N of referrals
• Attendance/
completion rates
• Pre- and post-
test parental
functioning
scores
• Youth functioning
scores
• Children’s school
success
• Rates of returning
to court to settle
disputes
Figure 1 Logic model of Children and Divorce Seminar
Note: Monitoring and evaluation activities permeate all aspects of the logic model.
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Identified Needs:
• Child problems post-
divorce
• Legal system
clogged with
custody and
visitation disputes
• Parental stress from
post-divorce conflict
Desired Results:
Short Term:
• Parents and children gain knowledge on
improving relationships
Mid-range:
• Parental communication and conflict
management will improve
Long-term:
• Child adjustment post-divorce will improve
• Custody and visitation court disputes will
decrease
Figure 1 Logic model of Children and Divorce Seminar
Note: Monitoring and evaluation activities permeate all aspects of the logic model.
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Activities:
• Train referral
sources
• Provide
educational
sessions for
parents and
children
Resources:
• Mental Health
Center
• Judges & Court
Service Workers
• Volunteers
Indicators:
• Number of referrals
• Attendance/completion
rates
• Pre- and post-test parental
functioning scores
• Youth functioning
scores
• Children’s school
success
• Rates of returning to court
to settle disputes
Figure 1 Logic model of Children and Divorce Seminar
Note: Monitoring and evaluation activities permeate all aspects of the logic model.
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Identified Needs:
• Lack of information
about signs &
symptoms of
depression
• Lack of available
mental health resources
• Easy access to drugs
and alcohol
• Poor parental
monitoring
• Boredom and lack of
alternative activities for
teens
Desired Results:
Short Term:
• Class participants will
demonstrate knowledge
gain
• Increase in mental
health resources for
youth
Mid-range:
• Increased number of
teens in need will
receive counseling or
other treatment
Long-term:
• Incidence of adolescent
depression will
decrease
Activities:
• Provide school-
based mental
health services
• Provide classes
for teens,
teachers and
parents
Resources:
• Community
Services Board
• Schools
• Parents
• Teens
• City Officials
Indicators:
• Completion rate of
class participants
• Pre and post-test
measures of
knowledge gains
• Changes in number
of teens who
receive referrals
• Number of
programs for youth
• Depression
screening results on
instrument annually
in school settings
Figure 2 Logic Model of a Youth Development Community Intervention
Note: Monitoring and evaluation activities permeate all aspects of the logic model.
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Identified Needs:
• Lack of information
about signs & symptoms of
depression
• Lack of available mental
health resources
• Easy access to drugs and
alcohol
• Poor parental monitoring
• Boredom and lack of
alternative activities for teens
Desired Results:
Short Term:
• Class participants will demonstrate
knowledge gain
• Increase in mental health resources
for youth
Mid-range:
• Increased number of teens in need
will receive counseling or other treatment
Long-term:
• Incidence of adolescent depression
will decrease
Figure 2 Logic Model of a Youth Development Community Intervention
Note: Monitoring and evaluation activities permeate all aspects of the logic model.
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Activities:
• Provide school-
based mental
health services
• Provide classes
for teens,
teachers and
parents
Resources:
• Community Services
Board
• Schools
• Parents
• Teens
• City Officials
Indicators:
• Completion rate of class
participants
• Pre and post-test measures
of knowledge gains
• Changes in number of teens
who receive referrals
• Number of programs for
youth
• Depression screening results
on instrument annually in
school settings
Figure 2 Logic Model of a Youth Development Community Intervention
Note: Monitoring and evaluation activities permeate all aspects of the logic model.
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Community and Program Results Assessment Form
Instructions: In Results Management an early step is to assess needs and assets of the organization (or one of its sub-units).
Prior to using the Action Plan Template there must be a discussion on the organizational context, sometimes called the terrain.
Please brainstorm both needs (problem areas) and assets (current strengths) of the unit and list them below. Also indicate the
“data” you are using in identifying needs and assets.
Needs/problem areas: 1.______________________________________________________________________
2.______________________________________________________________________
3.______________________________________________________________________
4.______________________________________________________________________
5.______________________________________________________________________
Assets/current strengths: 1.______________________________________________________________________
2.______________________________________________________________________
3.______________________________________________________________________
4.______________________________________________________________________
5.______________________________________________________________________
What concerns do you have about the needs and assets you have identified? ________________________________
Are you satisfied with what you see? ________________________________________________________________
Based on the two lists you have constructed identify two desired COMMUNITY RESULTS . 1.______________________________________________________________________
2.______________________________________________________________________
Based on the two lists and on the desired community results you have identified above now identify two PROGRAM RESULTS 1.______________________________________________________________________
2.______________________________________________________________________
Once you have completed this form enter the appropriate information on the Action Plan Template.
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Action Plan Template
Mission Statement:_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Community Result: 1:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Rationale: 1:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Program Result: 1:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Rationale: 1:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Program Activities: 1:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Partnership and Resource Requirements: 1:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________-______
2:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Information You Will Need to Examine if the Desired Result is Achieved: 1:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Sustaining Effective Programs
• Related to Results Management
– Intentional focus on program elements
– Framework that elaborates elements shown to promote program longevity
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Program Sustainability Framework
• Sustainability is the capacity of programs to continuously respond to community issues
• Providing continuing benefits to military families is the key element, regardless of the activities that convey those benefits
• Sustainability elements – Leadership competence
– Effective collaboration
– Understanding the community
– Demonstrating program results
– Strategic funding
– Staff involvement and integration
– Program flexibility
• Primary resource – Mancini, J.A., & Marek, L.I. (2004). Sustaining community-based programs for
families: Conceptualization and measurement. Family Relations, 53, 339-347.
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Elements of Sustainability
• Following slides contain items from the Program Sustainability Index (PSI)
• Each can be given a rating: “clearly a characteristic of our program”, “not sure where our program is with this item”, and “clearly NOT a characteristic of our program”
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Sustainability Framework
• Effective Project Leadership
– Leaders clearly establish project’s mission and vision
– Leaders are committed to the long term project goals
– Leaders plan within the first two years for sustaining the project
– Leaders continue planning for sustainability
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Sustainability Framework
– Leaders develop and follow a realistic project plan
– Leaders identify alternative (multiple) strategies for project longevity
– Community institutions (e.g. schools, social service agencies, etc…) are involved in project leadership
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Sustainability Framework
• Effective Collaboration and Community Involvement
– Project Collaborators include:Local decision makers, representatives from business, community service agencies, and community citizens
– Collaborators have clearly defined roles and responsibilities
– This project is part of the mission of participating institutions
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Sustainability Framework
– Collaborators are involved in program design, program implementation, and program evaluation
– Collaborators share responsibility for providing program resources
– Collaborators share credit for project success
– Collaborators share a clear vision for the project
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Sustainability Framework
– Community needs and resources are regularly assessed and used by the project
– Project goals are matched with community resources and needs
– The project accounts for diversity in the community
– Community members are involved in program design and its implementation
– The project has strong local government support
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Sustainability Framework
• Demonstrated Program Impact
– Evaluation plans are developed prior to implementing programs
– Program effectiveness is able to be demonstrated through its evaluations
– Evaluations are conducted on a regular basis and are used to modify programming
– Project successes are made known to the community and to funders
– Public relations (marketing) strategies are in place
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Sustainability Framework
• Adequate and Stable Funding
– Current funding is sufficient for project operations
– Funding is available on a long term basis (at least 2 more years)
– There is adequate funding for hiring and retaining quality staff
– There is a person responsible for grant writing
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Sustainability Framework
• Adequate and Effective Project Staffing
– Staff are involved in program design, program evaluation, and project decision making
– Staff turnover is low
– Staff are committed to the project’s mission, vision, and goals
– Staff are qualified to work on the project
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Sustainability Framework
– Staff are flexible and creative
– Staff are recognized and rewarded for their work
– Staff are adequately trained
– Staff are from the community that the project serves
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Sustainability Framework
• Program Flexibility
– Programs are eliminated when they do not meet community needs
– New programs are developed when community needs change
– Sites are consolidated as necessary and appropriate
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Starting the Results Management and Program Sustainability Processes
• What competences do families need?
• What community support is important?
• What is the network of connections that will support families?
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Critical Issues Concerning Military
Families: Needed Competencies
• Plan and prepare for deployment
• Handle stress of separation, long deployments, and moves
• Take care of health and well-being
• Know of and access services when needed
• Possess effective family relationship skills
• Understand/navigate military culture and demands
• Cope with children’s reactions to deployments and relocations
• Manage family finances (including income changes)
• Carry out new family roles and responsibilities during deployments
• Adjust to return of deployed member
• Relocation planning and preparations
• Adjustment to new communities
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Critical Issues Concerning Military
Families: Needed Community Support*
• Information on military lifestyle
(deployment, relocation,
mission-orientation), support
services, and unit/member
welfare
• Access to support services
• Communication with military
member during deployments
• Employment support for
spouses
• Connections with unit and
support groups
• Employer support for pre-
deployment, deployment, and
post-deployment of Guard and
Reserve
• School support for children
• Affordable, quality child care
* DoD provides an extensive, excellent array of support for families, however,
greater involvement by civilian communities is necessary, especially in support of
Guard and Reserve families.
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Building & Sustaining a Network of Connections
Military Sector:
Volunteer & Nonprofit
Organizations
Support Groups
Faith Communities
Military Unit Leaders
Installation Leaders
Family
Resilience
Civilian Sector:
Civic & Nonprofit
Organizations
Support Groups
Faith Communities
Employers
Local Government
Military
Community Agencies
Public and Private
Community Agencies
Extended Family, Friends &
Neighbors (Informal Networks)
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Conclusions
• Community capacity approach to family support provides initial roadmap for locating community members in context of needed support
• Results Management approach to supporting families and communities provides action steps for agencies and organizations to specify
• Program Sustainability framework provides program professionals with tools to assess program merits in context of longevity
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Community Capacity, Results Management, and Program Sustainability Literature
• Bowen, G.L., Mancini, J.A., Martin, J.A., Ware, W.B., & Nelson, J.P. (2003). Promoting
the adaptation of military families: An empirical test of a community practice model.
Family Relations, 52, 33-44.
• Bowen, G.L., Martin, J.A., Mancini, J.A., & Nelson, J.P. (2001). Civic engagement and
sense of community in the military. Journal of Community Practice, 9, 71-93.
• Bowen, G, Orthner, D., Martin, J., & Mancini, J.A. (2001). Building community
capacity: A manual for U.S. Air Force Family Support Centers. Chapel Hill, NC: A
Better Image Printing (90 pp.).
• Bowen, G.L., Martin, J.A., Mancini, J.A., Nelson, J.P. (2000). Community capacity:
Antecedents and consequences. Journal of Community Practice, 8, 2-21.
• Mancini, J.A., Bowen, G.L., & Martin, J.A. (2005). Community social organization: A
conceptual linchpin in examining families in the context of communities. Family
Relations: Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 54, 570-582.
• Mancini, J.A., Huebner, A.J., McCollum, E., & Marek, L.I. (2005). Evaluation science
and family therapy. In D. Sprenkle & F. Piercy (Eds.), Research methods in family
therapy (pp. 272-293). NY: Guilford.
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Community Capacity, Results Management, and Program Sustainability Literature
• Mancini, J.A., Nelson, J.P., Bowen, G.L., & Martin, J.A. (2006). Preventing intimate partner violence: A community capacity approach. Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma.
• Mancini, J.A., & Marek, L.I. (2004). Sustaining community-based programs for families: Conceptualization and measurement. Family Relations, 53, 339-347.
• Mancini, J.A., Martin, J.A., & Bowen, G.L. (2003). Community capacity. In T. Gullotta & M. Bloom (Eds.), Encyclopedia of primary prevention and health promotion. NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
• Martin, J.A., Mancini, D.L., Bowen, G.L., Mancini, J.A., & Orthner, D.K. (2004). Building strong communities for military families. National Council on Family Relations Policy Brief, April.
• Martin, J.A., Mancini, J.A., & Bowen, G.L. (2002). The changing nature of our Armed Forces and military service life: Challenges and opportunities for family research. National Council on Family Relations Report, 47 (1), F3,F5.
• Orthner, D.K., & Bowen, G.L. (2004). Strengthening practice through results management. In A.R. Roberts & K. Corcoral (Eds.), Handbook of practice-focused research and evaluation (pp. 897-904). NY: Oxford.
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Internet Resources: Military Families
• Children, Youth, and Families Education and Research Network (Resources for parents, teachers, and family support professionals in times of war) -http://www.cyfernet.org
• Defense Link (A primary site for DOD information) - http://www.defenselink.mil/
• Military Children and Youth Issues - http://www.militaryhomefront.dod.mil
• Military Child Education Coalition - http://www.militarychild.org
• Military Family Resource Center - http://www.mfrc-dodqol.org
• National Military Family Association – http://www.nmfa.org
• Reserve Affairs – http://www.defenselink.mil/ra/
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Acknowledgments
• Gary L. Bowen, UNC-Chapel Hill
• Lydia I. Marek, Virginia Tech
• James A. Martin, Bryn Mawr College
• Dennis K. Orthner, UNC-Chapel Hill
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Taking Action to Support Military Families:
A Results Management Approach
For additional information: Jay A. Mancini, Ph.D., Department of
Human Development, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061 ([email protected]);
http://www.humandevelopment.vt.edu/mancini.html