th Annual November 18, 2010 · 2015. 4. 24. · of Guelph; Kristen Callow, OMAFRA - Hort Weed...

8th

Annual

November 18, 2010

Victoria Park East Golf Course 1096 Victoria Road South

(1 km south of Stone Road E.)

Website: www.opmconference.ca

OPMC Conference Program - 2009-Nov-12 - 2.

CONFERENCE SUPPORTERS

MITACS Inc.

CropLife Canada - Ontario Council

Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs

Pest Management Centre – Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

- Pest Management Centre -

OPMC Organizing Committee: Jeff Tolman (Chair), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Hugh Berges, Agriculture Development Branch,

OMAFRA; Cynthia Scott-Dupree, School of Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Guelph; Harold Wright, CropLife

Canada ( Ontario Council); Ron Harris, School of Environmental Sciences , Univ. of Guelph; Mary Ruth

McDonald, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Univ. of Guelph; Greg Boland, School of Environmental Sciences, Univ.

of Guelph; Kristen Callow, OMAFRA - Hort Weed Management Lead; Melanie Filotas, OMAFRA - IPM Specialist, Special Crops.

OPMC Conference Program Nov-18- 2010 3.

PLENARY SPEAKERS

Dr.Vince Nealis – Research Scientist (Insect Ecologist)

Pacific Forestry Centre – Victoria Natural Resources Canada

Biography

Dr. Nealis is a Research Scientist for Natural Resources Canada at the Pacific Forestry Centre (PFC) in Victoria, B.C. Prior to his move to PFC in 1997 he worked at the Great Lakes Forestry Centre in Sault Ste.-Marie, ON for 13 years. His research focuses on the population ecology of forest defoliators, particularly spruce budworm, as well as invasion ecology and biological control of forest insect pests. He is also interested in decision-support systems, and the integration of science and resource management through studies in the application of ecological knowledge. Dr. Nealis received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from Carleton University in Ottawa, ON and his Ph.D. from the University of British Columbia.

Title of Presentation: “Still invasive after all these years: Gypsy moth in Canada”

Since its accidental introduction near Boston in 1869, the gypsy moth has become a notorious, invasive defoliator of most of the hardwood forests between the Great Lakes Basin and the north-eastern Atlantic Coast and continues to threaten invasion of western regions. The history and on-going management of this invasion offers an instructive case history of the successes and failures of scientific and public policies in the management of an alien species.

Dr. Kurt Saltzmann – Research Assistant Professor Department of Entomology

Purdue University

Biography Dr. Saltzmann is a a member of the Center for Urban and Industrial Pest Management at Purdue. His research interests include IPM of urban insect pests, RNAi-mediated gene silencing in insects, and plant-insect interactions. Currently, he is organizing a multistate working group focused on understanding the biology, prevention, and management of modern bed bug (Cimex lectularius) populations. Dr. Saltzmann is a native of Indiana and holds a B.A. in biology from Anderson University and M.Sc. and Ph.D. in entomology from Purdue University. From 2005 to 2008, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate with the USDA-ARS. This experience included study of molecular wheat-Hessian fly interactions, and red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) functional genomics at USDA-ARS laboratories in West Lafayette, Indiana and Manhattan, Kansas.

Title of Presentation: “Bed bugs are back: Learning how to deal with an old foe!”

The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (L.), began a surprising come back in the late 1990s after being largely absent from many industrialized countries during the last half of the 20th century. Rather than a single cause for this resurgence, it is thought that a combination of factors including insecticide resistance, increased travel, and loss of cultural awareness about bed bug prevention and control contributed to the return of this once common insect pest. Currently, efforts are underway to organize researchers, extension personnel, and industry stakeholders to 1) promote education on best practices for bed bug prevention, monitoring, and control, and 2) increase collaborative bed bug research and extension efforts. Research in my laboratory is focused, in part, on development of community-based IPM programs for bed bugs and evaluation of new technologies for bed bug control. In addition to applied research, there is a critical need to learn more about the basic biology of modern


bed bug populations. Advances in molecular biology, functional genomics, and bioinformatics are rapidly changing our understanding of many important insect pests and these techniques should be used to increase our knowledge of bed bug biology. Experiments will soon be underway in my laboratory to determine if C. lectularius is a good candidate for gene silencing experiments using RNA interference (RNAi) techniques. If so, RNAi and a functional genomics approach could be used to explore key pathways and physiological processes in this important insect pest.

8:30 a.m – 9:00 a.m Registration and Coffee

Poster Set Up

We thank Denise Beaton for IT support throughout the morning and afternoon sessions.

MORNING SESSION

Morning Session Chair: Chris Gillard (Ridgetown College)

9:00 am Welcome: Jeff Tolman, Chair, Ontario Pest Management Conference.

Opening Remarks

9:15 am Susceptibility of Aphelinus certus Yanosh to foliar-applied insecticides currently or potentially

registered for soybean aphid control. Andrew J. Frewin, Arthur W. Schaafsma and Rebecca H. Hallett. (Student Competition)

9:30 am Cost effective and environmentally friendly antifungal strategy introduced by molecular based

customized pest management in vineyard. Won-Sik Kim, J. Paroschy, P. Bosc and Y. Haj-Ahmad

9:45 am Sudden Oak Death: Recent updates. Richard Wilson

10:00 am Plenary Speaker:

Dr. Vince Nealis -

“Still invasive after all these years: Gypsy moth in Canada”

10:30 am – 11:00 am Coffee Break and Poster Viewing

11:00 am Clubroot of Brassica crops: An old threat to vegetables and a new threat to canola. Mary Ruth

McDonald, B. Gossen, G. Peng, S. Strelkov and S-F. Hwang.

11:20 am Picoxystrobin, a new play in an old game. Pamela Livingston (E.I. DuPont Canada Inc.)

11:30 am Tolerance of Ontario codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) populations to registered insecticides.

Kristy Grigg McGuffin, Cynthia Scott-Dupree, Ian Scott, Ron Harris and Kathryn Carter. (Student Competition)

11:45 am Glyphosate resistant giant ragweed in Ontario. Joe Vink, P. Sikkema, F. Tardif, D. Robinson


and M. Lawton. (Student Competition)

12:05 pm - 1:15 pm Lunch and Poster Viewing

AFTERNOON SESSION

Afternoon Session Chair: Marion Paibomesai (Vegetable Crop Specialist, OMAFRA)

1:15 pm Plenary Speaker:

Dr. Kurt Saltzmann - Purdue University

“Bed bugs are back: Learning how to deal with an old foe!”

1:45 pm Reduced Risk Controls for Insect Pests Hitching a Ride on Cuttings. Wendy Romero, Cynthia

Scott-Dupree, Graeme Murphy, Theo Blom and Ron Harris. (Student Competition)

2:00 pm Sensitivity of Ascochyta rabiei to strobilurins (QoI) and penthiopyrad (a new SDHI). Nael

Thaher, B.D. Gossen and M.R. McDonald. (Student Competition)

2:15 pm Persistance of the anthanilic diamide insectide –Cyazapyr- as a seed treatment on canola for

control of flea bettle. Caleigh Irwin, C. Scott-Dupree, R. Harris, J. Tolman and H. Fraser. (Student Competition)

2:30 pm – 2:45 pm Coffee Break and Poster Viewing

2:45 pm Micro-managing thrips. Michael Brownbridge

3:05 pm Update on Canadian ISK Products. Todd Denofreo ( ISK Biosciences)

3:15 pm Alternatives to soil fumigation for managing plant parasitic nematodes. Michael Celetti

3:35 pm Caramba, a new triazole fungicide for fusarium control. Trevor Kraus, Wayne Barton and Mike

Bakker (BASF Canada)

3:45 pm Flonicamid – a new mode of action for sucking insects. Janet Porchak ( UAP)

4:00 pm Presentation of Student Competition Award Winners – Jeff Tolman

Closing Remarks and Adjourn


– CROP LIFE STUDENT COMPETITION –

Oral Presentations:

OP-1 Susceptibility of Aphelinus certus Yanosh to foliar-applied insecticides currently or potentially

registered for soybean aphid control. Andrew J. Frewin, Arthur W. Schaafsma and Rebecca H. Hallett.

OP-2 Tolerance of Ontario codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) populations to registered

insecticides. Kristy Grigg McGuffin, Cynthia Scott-Dupree, Ian Scott, Ron Harris and Kathryn Carter.

OP-3 Glyphosate resistant giant ragweed in Ontario. Joe Vink, P. Sikkema, F. Tardif, D. Robinson and M. Lawton.

OP-4 Reduced Risk Controls for Insect Pests Hitching a Ride on Cuttings. Wendy Romero, Cynthia Scott-Dupree, Graeme Murphy, Theo Blom and Ron Harris.

OP-5 Sensitivity of Ascochyta rabiei to strobilurins (QoI) and penthiopyrad (a new SDHI). Nael

Thaher, B.D. Gossen and M.R. McDonald.

OP-6 Persistance of the anthanilic diamide insectide –Cyazapyr- as a seed treatment on canola for

control of flea bettle. Caleigh Irwin, C. Scott-Dupree, R. Harris, J. Tolman and H. Fraser.

Judges: Kristen Callow - OMAFRA (Judging Supervisor)

1. Jason Deveau- OMAFRA

2. John Purdy – Canpolin

3. Cheryl Trueman – Univ. of Guelph (Ridgetown College)

4. Peter White – AAFC (Delhi)

Poster Presentations:

PP-1 Effect of entomopathogenic fungi as potential bio-control agents for Varroa mites and immune

response in honey bees. Mollah Md. Hamiduzzaman, Alice Sinia and E. Guzman-Novoa

(Time of judging = 9:10 to 9:25)

PP-2 Three’s a crowd, but five’s a colony: a method for determining sub-lethal effects of pesticides

on Bombus impatiens. Andrew McFarlane, A. Gradish and C. Scott-Dupree (Time of

judging= 9:30 to 9:45) Undergraduate student.

PP-6 Effect of temperature on clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) symptom initiation on Shanghai


pak choy. Kalpana Sharma, B. D. Gossen and M. R. McDonald (Time of judging = 9:50 to

10:05)

PP-7 The effect of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide on grass-endophyte-aphid interactions.

Geraldine Ryan and J. A. Newman. (Time of judging = 11:00 to 11:15)

PP-8 Determining a staining method to detect larval parasitic wasps (Aphelinus certus) in soybean

aphids (Aphis glycines). Kruti Shukla and R. Hallett. (Time of judging = 11:20 to 11:35)

PP-10 Phenology of Cerotoma trifurcata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Ontario and impact of

feeding during soybean reproductive stages. Cara M. McCreary, A. W. Schaafsma, J. Smith,

T. Baute, R. Hallett. (Time of judging = 11:45 to 12:00)

PP-11 The influence of temperature and pH on clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) symptom

development in canola under controlled environmental conditions. Hema Kasinathan, B.

Gossen and M. R. McDonald. (Time of judging = 12:45 to 1:00)

PP-13 Interactive effects of elevated CO2, temperature, nitrogen, water, and light availability on plant growth and phytochemistry and implications for insect herbivore performance: a meta-

analysis. Emily Robinson, G. Ryan and J. Newman. (Time of judging = 1:05 to 1:20)

PP-14 Isolate-specific tolerance of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum to damage by freezing temperatures and subsequent parasitism by Coniothyrium minitans (Contans® WG). Joshua

Cowan and G. Boland. (Time of judging = 1:45 to 2:00)

PP-15 Investigating the pesticide activity in bio-oil components produced from the pyrolysis of lignin.

Mohammad M. Hossain, I. Scott, C. Briens, F. Berruti, B. McGarvey, K. Conn, L. Caceres

and L. Ferrante. (Time of judging = 2:05 to 2:20)

PP-17 The effect of endophyte on the invertebrate diversity and community. Jessica Holdenried

and J. Newman. (Time of judging = 2:25 to 2:40)

PP-18 Relative Resistance of Blue and Green Ash Trees to Emerald Ash Borer Attack: A Case Study at Point Pelee National Park – Updated Report. Shelley-Lynne Stewart, G. Otis and C. Anderson.

(Time of judging = 2:45 to 3:00) * Judging time = Students should be present at their poster at the time indicated.

Judges: Kristen Callow – OMAFRA (Judging Supervisor)

1. Beth Connor – Valent 2. Kirk Broders – PDF, School of Environmental Sciences - UofG 3. Cary Gates – Flowers Canada (Ontario) 4. Sean Westerveld – Dept. of Plant Ag – UofG


-REGULAR POSTER PRESENTATIONS -

RP-3 Sub-lethal effects of reduced-risk insecticides for wild blueberry pest management on alfalfa

leafcutter bees (Megachile rotundata). Angela Gradish, C. Scott-Dupree

and C. Cutler.

RP-4 Push-Pull Strategy for Control of House Flies (Musca domestica L.) in Organic Dairy Operations. Pradeep Nampoothiry, C. Scott Dupree, S. Lachance, R. Harris and R. Hallett.

PP-5 Effects of boron formulations against primary infection pf Plasmodiophora brassicae in

Shanghai pak choy. Abhinandan Deora, B. Gossen and M.R. McDonald.

PP-9 Influence of weather on cavity spot in carrot. Michael Tesfaendrias, M.R. McDonald and S. Janse.

PP-12 Is the establishment of the western bean cutworm (Striacosta albicosta) in Ontario a threat to

sweet corn and snap bean production? Cheryl Trueman.

PP-16 Proteomic analyses of Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say): using protein

expression for insecticide-resistance detection. Ian Scott, K. Jurvic, V. Clarke, D. MacArthur, J. Tolman and K. Yeung.

Crop Life Student Competition Abstracts

Oral Presentations:

OP-1:

Susceptibility of Aphelinus certus Yanosh to foliar-applied insecticides currently

or potentially registered for soybean aphid control

Andrew J. Frewin1, Arthur W. Schaafsma

2 and Rebecca H. Hallett

1.

1School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1

2Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph - Ridgetown Campus,

Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0 Email contact: [email protected]

Soybean aphid (Aphelinus certus Yanosh), a serious economic pest of soybean in North America, is currently managed by applying foliar insecticides during outbreaks on reproductive plant stages. However, there is a growing body of evidence that natural enemies can play an important role in suppressing soybean aphid populations. Using selective insecticides to preserve natural enemy populations may enhance the biological control service they provide and prevent or reduce the severity of soybean aphid outbreaks. One such natural enemy is the parasitoid Aphelinus certus Yanosh. The toxicity of five insecticides (λ-cyhalothrin, dimethoate, flonicamid, mineral oil, spirotetramat, and the bio-pesticide Beauveria bassiana) to A. certus were assessed. The LD50 of λ-cyhalothrin and dimethoate were similar; however, the hazard quotient of dimethoate was greater than that of λ-cyhalothrin. Overall, λ-cyhalothrin and dimethoate are harmful to A. certus while all other insecticides were harmless.


OP-2:

Tolerance of Ontario codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) populations to

registered insecticides

Kristy Grigg McGuffin1, Cynthia Scott-Dupree

1, Ian Scott

2, Ron Harris

1 and Kathryn Carter

3

1 School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1

2 Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, AAFC, London, ON N5V 4T3

3 Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Simcoe, ON N3Y 4N5

Email contact: [email protected]

The codling moth (CM) is a major apple pest throughout the world. Recent reports from growers in Ontario suggest decreased CM control using registered organophosphorus (OP) insecticides. Decreased efficacy of these insecticides has been documented in other primary apple producing regions. Of increasing concern is research indicating cross resistance between OP insecticides and alternative registered products (i.e., insect growth regulators [IGR] and neonicotinoid [NE] insecticides). This study investigates the effectiveness of currently registered and novel insecticides (azinphosmethyl [Guthion], thiacloprid [Calypso], chlorantraniliprole [Altacor], spinetoram [Delegate], novaluron [Rimon], methoxyfenozide [Intrepid]) for CM management in orchards. During June & August 2009 and 2010, conventionally managed apple orchards in Essex and Norfolk County, ON, were selected for the collection of adult CM using delta traps. Males were exposed to a diagnostic dose (DD) treatment (causing > 95% mortality in an insecticide-susceptible strain) of either 1μl dose of acetone (control), azinphosmethyl at 250 ppm in acetone, or thiacloprid at 625 ppm in acetone. Larvae were collected from damaged fruit and corrugated paper tree bands from the selected orchards. Surface-treated diet and diet-incorporated bioassay studies assessing CM larval resistance to azinphosmethyl and 5 alternative chemicals (thiacloprid, chlorantraniliprole, spinetoram, novaluron and methoxyfenozide) were conducted. The potential development of tolerance in CM strains from southern Ontario orchards to selected insecticides will be discussed.

OP-3:

Glyphosate resistant giant ragweed in Ontario

Joe Vink1, P. Sikkema

1, F. Tardif

2, D. Robinson

1 and M. Lawton

3

1Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph-Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0

2Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1

3Monsanto Canada Inc., Guelph, ON N1G 0B4

Email: [email protected]

Giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) is an extremely competitive weed and is becoming an increasing problem for soybean growers in southwestern Ontario. In 2008, a giant ragweed biotype near Windsor, ON was not controlled with glyphosate and further testing confirmed it as the first glyphosate resistant weed in Canada. Giant ragweed seed was collected from 65 fields across Essex, Kent and Lambton counties to document the distribution of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed in Ontario. Giant ragweed seedlings were sprayed with glyphosate at 1800 g ai/ha, and evaluated 1, 7, 14 and 28 days after application. Preliminary results from the greenhouse testing indicate there are

mailto:[email protected]


additional fields in southwestern Ontario with glyphosate resistant giant ragweed. Field trials in soybean were initiated during the summer of 2010 at three locations in Essex County with known glyphosate resistant giant ragweed. The objectives were to determine the level of giant ragweed control with higher rates of glyphosate, glyphosate tank mixes applied preplant and glyphosate tank mixes applied postemergence. Based on the first year of field trials, there are only two glyphosate tank mixes applied preplant that provided acceptable control of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed. Glyphosate (900 g ai/ha) + 2, 4-D ester (500 g ai/ha) and glyphosate (900 g ai/ha) + saflufenacil (25 g ai/ha) provided 97% and 87% control 4 weeks after application, respectively. Giant ragweed control with higher rates of glyphosate was not satisfactory. The recommended field rate (900 g ai/ha) provided only 31% control, while some giant ragweed plants were able to survive glyphosate applied at 10,800 g ae/ha or 12 times the recommended field rate. Use of dicamba with Dicamba tolerant soybeans was very effective controlling glyphosate resistant giant ragweed at the one confined field trial location where it was tested.

OP-4:

Reduced Risk Controls for Insect Pests Hitching a Ride on Cuttings

Wendy Romero1, Cynthia Scott-Dupree

1, Graeme Murphy

2, Theo Blom

3 and Ron Harris

1

1 School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1

2 Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Vineland Station, ON L0R 2E0

3 Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1

The use of cuttings represents one of the major methods used for crop establishment in the

Ontario floricultural greenhouse industry. Inevitably, through local, national and international trade of cuttings, associated insect pests are moved with shipments and populations are able to build up rapidly in the greenhouse. This situation can result in the introduction of cosmopolitan insect pests, insecticide resistant insect strains and/or invasive alien species. Also, there is a potential negative impact on biological control programs established in the greenhouse when insecticides are applied to control incoming pests. In Ontario, preliminary assessments suggest that large numbers of western flower thrips (WFT) [Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)], are currently being introduced with imported chrysanthemum cuttings. Similarly, silverleaf whitefly (SLW) [Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Biotipe B] has been found on poinsettia cuttings from propagators outside of Canada.

Using reduced risk control methods would permit growers to establish insect pest-free and insecticide residue-free cuttings from the outset, thus ensuring that ongoing greenhouse biological control programs are not affected negatively. Immersion of cuttings in hot water, reduced risk insecticides (insecticidal soap, horticultural oil), the biopesticide Beauveria bassiana and the biological control agent, Steinernema feltiae are being tested for control of WFT and SLW chrysanthemum and poinsettia cuttings, respectively. An overview of the study and results obtained will be discussed.

OP-5:

Sensitivity of Ascochyta rabiei to strobilurins (QoI) and

penthiopyrad (a new SDHI)

Nael Thaher1, B.D. Gossen

2 and M.R. McDonald

1

1Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1

2AAFC- Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2




Strobilurin fungicides have been used extensively for management of ascochyta blight, caused by Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr., on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). This frequent and widespread use rapidly led to the development of insensitivity to strobilurins in A. rabiei To assess the factors that affect assessment of sensitivity to strobilurins, 10 isolates of A. rabiei were selected to represent the range of sensitivity reaction. The isolates were tested for sensitivity to Headline in radial growth and conidial germination assays with and without salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM). There was a strong positive correlation of response among isolates in these assessments, with and without SHAM, within each technique and between techniques. To assess the competitive ability of sensitive and insensitive isolates, four isolates from each category were inoculated onto plants of a susceptible cultivar in a greenhouse trial. There were no differences in ascochyta blight severity, lesion numbers per plant, or days to visible lesion development and pycnidia initiation. To quantify the baseline sensitivity to penthiopyrad (a new SDHI active), the reaction of 50 isolates of A. rabiei (never exposed to this active) were assessed. EC50 values ranged from 0.002 to 0.30 µg/mL, with a mean of 0.10 µg/mL. Then, additional isolates were assessed on 0.3 µg/mL penthiopyrad; 12 of 79 isolates exhibited < 50% growth inhibition. No correlation in response was found between penthiopyrad and boscalid, a SDHI fungicide already in use on chickpea. A discriminatory dose of 0.5 µg/mL penthiopyrad is recommended for future monitoring.

OP-6:

Population Dynamics of Crucifer and Striped Flea Beetles and Persistance of

Cyazapyr Canola Seed Treatments for Their Control

Caleigh Irwin1, C. Scott-Dupree

1, R. Harris

1, J. Tolman

2 and H. Fraser

3

1School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1

2Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, AAFC, London, ON, N5V 4T3

3Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Vineland, ON, L0R 2E0

The striped flea beetle (Phyllotreta striolata L.) (SFB) and crucifer flea beetle (Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze) (CFB) are two of the primary insect pests of canola in Canada. Due to their similar biology, distribution, and feeding damage, they are often grouped as a single pest complex. However, anecdotal reports from the western provinces have suggested that SFB may be becoming resistant to current insecticides. Cyazypyr is a promising reduced risk insecticide that could provide highly effective, environmentally compatible CFB and SFB control on canola as a seed treatment. Yellow sticky cards were placed around field perimeters in order to measure population density and assess if CFB and SFB have asynchronous population dynamics in southern Ontario. Three reduced risk insecticides (cyazypyr, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam) were applied as seed treatments to spring canola, which was grown at the University of Guelph. Live CFB and SFB were trapped and collected using host volatile lures and exposed to canola leaf tissue in laboratory bioassays in order to determine the biological persistence of seed treatments.


Poster Presentations:

PP-1:

Effect of entomopathogenic fungi as potential bio-control agents for

Varroa mites and immune response in honey bees

Mollah Md. Hamiduzzaman1, Alice Sinia

1 and Ernesto Guzman-Novoa

1


Email contact: [email protected] Nine local isolates of the entomopathnogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, Clonostachys rosea, and Metarhizium anisopliae were evaluated to determine their pathogenicity to the honey bee parasitic mite, Varroa destructor in a laboratory setting. The fungal isolates were administered to the mites

using a single dose bioassay at a concentration of 1 x 10⁸ Conidia/mL. Mite mortality was measured over 7 days. All isolates caused mite mortality and there were significant differences between them. The three isolates causing highest mortality were selected for further evaluation. To investigate mechanisms of honey bee immunity against parasites, healthy pupae were infested with mites and the expression pattern of the honey bee defense gene, Hymenoptaecin analyzed. Level of expression of Hymenoptaecin decreased with time in infested bees compared to uninfested bees. The lowest level of gene expression was observed at 7 days post inoculation (dpi). To determine the effect of entomopathnogenic fungi on the expression pattern of Hymenoptaecin, mites were inoculated with two of the evaluated isolates of fungi (M. anisopliae and B. bassiana), introduced in capped brood cells containing bee pupae, and incubated at 32ºC for 7 days. The level of expression of Hymenoptaecin decreased in bees infested with untreated mites compared to control bees (no mites), while the level of expression of this gene increased in pupae infested with fungal treated mites. These results suggest that, using entomopathogenic fungi to control varroa mites indirectly contributes to the expression pattern of defense-related gene in bees. Therefore, it might improve the bee’s overall immune system, which would be beneficial to the colony.

PP-2:

Three’s a crowd, but five’s a colony: a method for determining sub-lethal effects

of pesticides on Bombus impatiens

Andrew McFarlane1, Angela Gradish

1 and Cynthia Scott-Dupree

1

1School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph ON N1G 2W1

Email Contact: [email protected]

Bumble bees (Bombus impatiens) are important wild and managed pollinators of many crops in Ontario. For most of these crops, pesticides remain a necessary resource for pest management, and therefore, bumble bees may be exposed to them during foraging. As pesticides can have significant negative effects on bumble bees, the ability to accurately assess the impact of exposure using standardized tests is essential. Such tests exist for the European bumble bee species – B. terrestris, but due to differences in reproduction and behavior, species-specific methods may be required for the species common in North America – B. impatiens. The objective of this study was to develop a method for assessing sub-lethal effects of pesticides on B. impatiens.


PP-6:

Effect of temperature on clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) symptom

initiation on Shanghai pak choy.

Kalpana Sharma1, Bruce D. Gossen

2 and Mary Ruth McDonald

1

1Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1

2AAFC Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2


The role of temperature in clubroot infection and symptom development, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, was investigated on Shanghai pak choy (Brassica rapa L. subsp. Chinensis (Rupr.) var. communis Tsen and Lee). Three-day-old seedlings were transplanted into root-trainers containing soil-less growing media, and inoculated with 600 µL of a resting spore suspension (10

8

spores of P. brassicae/mL). After inoculation, the seedlings were maintained in growth cabinets at 10º, 15º, 20º, 25º and 30º C, 14-h photoperiod and 65% RH. Roots of 12 plants per temperature (3 plants per rep, 4 reps) were collected each day from 8 to 42 days after inoculation (DAI). Clubroot severity on each plant was rated (0–3 scale, 3 = large club on > 2/3 of root) and a disease severity index (DSI, range 0–100) was calculated. The taproot of one plant per rep was cut in cross-section about 1.5 cm below the soil surface and stained with methylene blue. The incidence of plasmodia in 100 root cortical cells per section was assessed using a compound microscope at 200x magnification. No symptoms were observed at 42 DAI in plants at 10º C. Swelling of the tap root was visible at 28 DAI in plants at 15º C, 14 DAI at 20º and 30º C, and 10 DAI at 25º C. Plants at 25º C reached maximum DSI at 22 DAI, at 30 DAI at 30º C, 32 DAI at 20ºC, and 42 DAI at 15º C. Assessment of cortical infection at 22 DAI provided a similar pattern of result to AUDPC. This supports our results from companion field studies, which indicate that temperature has an important impact on infection

and development of clubroot.

PP-7:

The effect of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide on grass-endophyte-aphid interactions

Geraldine Ryan and Jonathan A. Newman1



Atmospheric CO2 concentrations are predicted to rise to between 550 and 1000ppm by the year 2100. CO2-induced changes in plant physiology can alter the nutritional ecology of insect herbivores through changes in the production of primary metabolites and plant defensive compounds. CO2-induced changes in insect population dynamics have the potential to alter the pest status of agriculturally important insects. Here we examined the effects of three levels of CO2 (ambient, 800ppm and 1000ppm) on the chemistry of a pasture grass Schedonorus phoenix (tall fescue) and how this relates to the abundance of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. We also examined how this response may be mediated by endophyte status and nitrogen. Tall fescue is commonly infected with mutualistic Neotyphodium endophytes which increase plant resistance to herbivores through the production of alkaloids. The nutritional ecology of herbivorous insects is critically dependent on plant nitrogen status which can alter the concentration of limiting nutrients and of alkaloids in endophyte-infected plants. Our results showed a significant interaction between CO2 and endophyte infection; CO2 significantly decreased aphid abundance on endophyte-free plants but not on endophyte-



infected plants. Plant growth parameters were positively affected by both CO2 and nitrogen. The concentration of endophyte-derived loline alkaloids was reduced under elevated CO2 possibly due to a dilution effect of increased carbohydrates, as both high-molecular weight (HMW) and low-molecular weight (LMW) carbohydrates increased under elevated CO2. Our study suggests that insect population dynamics are sensitive to CO2-induced changes in plant physiology which may alter insect pest abundance in future atmospheres.

PP-8:

Determining a staining method to detect larval parasitic wasps (Aphelinus certus)

in soybean aphids (Aphis glycines)

Kruti Shukla1 and Rebecca Hallett

1



Soybeans (Glycines max L. Merr) have been relatively pest free in North America until the accidental introduction of the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matusumura) in 2000. This aphid is a small yellow-bodied insect that feeds mostly on the phloem of the plant. Through parthenogenesis and active migration, aphids can reach destructive populations. In previous years, soybean yields have decreased up to 50% due to soybean aphids. A potential solution to controlling aphid populations is to implement a natural aphid enemy as a biological control. The parasitic wasp Aphelinus certus was first discovered in Ontario in 2005, apparently the result of an unintentional introduction into North America. Little is known about its life history and dispersal patterns. One potential mechanism of parasitoid dispersal is through migrating parasitized aphids. The purpose of this project is to develop a staining method to detect larval parasitoids in soybean aphid hosts. Upon the discovery of an appropriate staining method, the stain will be applied to aphids collected through the soybean aphid suction trap network. The suction trap network has been set-up throughout Ontario, Canada soybean fields with the intention of collecting migrating aphids. Through the staining of these aphids, a better understanding of the parasitism rate and dispersal patterns of Aphelinus certus can be achieved.

PP-10:

Phenology of Cerotoma trifurcata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Ontario

and impact of feeding during soybean reproductive stages

Cara McCreary1, Art Schaafsma

2, J. Smith

2, Tracey Baute

3 and Rebecca Hallett

1


2 Dept. of Plant Agriculture, U of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0

3 OMAFRA, Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0


The bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), is a relatively new pest in Ontario soybean ecosystems. Information on the number of generations, and timing and intensity of feeding is important to development of an effective integrated pest management program for soybean growers. Little is known about the biology and behaviour of C. trifurcata in Ontario, but its phenology varies throughout North America.

In 2010, cage studies were conducted to determine the number of generations that occur in 3 different counties in southern Ontario. Soil and soybean root samples taken



throughout the soybean growing season showed one cycle of eggs, larvae and pupae. The effect of feeding by C. trifurcata on soybean yield and quality was examined in

2009 and 2010 using cage studies during 4 soybean reproductive stages, R3 to R6. In 2009 cages were infested with 0, 2 and 4 beetles per plant. In 2010, treatments consisted of 0, 2, 4, and 8 beetles per plant and an uncaged control. Feeding damage was assessed at completion of each stage, and yield and quality at harvest. In 2009 the greatest level of pod injury occurred with 4 beetles per plant during R4. There were no significant differences in yield between treatments in 2009. In 2010, intensity of pod feeding increased with pod formation with the greatest level of pod injury with 8 beetles per plant during R6. Action thresholds will be determined based on intensity of feeding and subsequent losses in yield and quality and confirmed in subsequent years.

PP-11:

The influence of temperature and pH on clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae)

symptom development in canola under controlled environmental conditions

Hema Kasinathan, B. Gossen and M. R.McDonald 1Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1

2AAFC- Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon SK S7N 0X2

Email contact:[email protected]

Clubroot is caused by the soil-borne biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae (Woronin). The interaction of temperature (10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30° C) and pH (6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0) on the development of clubroot symptoms in canola roots were studied in a trial under controlled environmental conditions arranged in a factorial randomized complete block design with three replicates. Individual seedlings were transplanted into tall plastic pots (10 conetainers per experimental unit) containing autoclaved, non-calcareous sand and watered with water adjusted to the desired pH using 5% acetic acid or 10% sodium hydroxide. Each seedling was inoculated with 5 mL of a resting spore solution containing 1 x 10

6 spores/mL. Plants were destructively harvested at

50 days after inoculation, clubroot severity was assessed using a 0–3 scale, and a disease severity index (DSI, range 0–100%) was calculated. Clubroot severity was low (< 20% DSI) at 10° and 15° C, regardless of pH. The optimum temperatures for clubroot development were 20° to 25° C. The highest DSI (99%) was obtained at pH 6 and 25° C. DSI values were reduced at pH 8, but still high (42%) at 25° C. The canola plants did not grow well at 30° C and there are no data from this temperature. The data indicate that clubroot on canola is suppressed at high pH, but severe clubroot can still develop when other conditions are optimum.

PP-13:

Interactive effects of elevated CO2, temperature, nitrogen, water, and

light availability on plant growth and phytochemistry and implications for insect herbivore

performance: a meta-analysis

Emily Robinson1, Gerry Ryan

1 and Jonathan Newman

1


Email contact: [email protected] With CO2 levels rising dramatically over the past century, recent research has aimed to determine what effects this increase could have on plants and their herbivores. While CO2 has shown few direct



effects on insects, insect performance could be influenced through interactions with their host plant, possibly affecting the pest status of many species. However, changes in other factors such as temperature, nitrogen, water, and light availability must also be considered as they may interact with CO2. This meta-analysis summarizes the results of 190 studies that looked at the effects of elevated CO2 in combination with a change in one of the other factors on plant growth and phytochemistry and 124 studies that considered the effects of elevated CO2 on the performance of insect herbivores. While there was a significant increase in plant biomass under elevated CO2, the concentration of nitrogen, a limiting nutrient for insects, decreased. For secondary metabolites, terpenoids decreased but total phenols increased. In herbivores, relative consumption rates increased while relative growth rates and pupal weights decreased and development times increased. There were however differences between insect orders, with abundance increasing in Homoptera but decreasing for Lepidopterans. The plant response data also revealed significant interactions between CO2 and each of the four other factors. These results suggest that pest status under future climate could be highly dependent on insect order and that multiple factors need to be considered in order to make accurate predictions of future pest populations.

PP-14: Isolate-specific tolerance of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum to damage

by freezing temperatures and subsequent parasitism by Coniothyrium minitans (Contans® WG)

Joshua Cowan1 and Greg Boland

1

1School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1


Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a worldwide pathogen of more than 400 plant species, including carrots and beans. The small, black sclerotia produced by the fungus enable it to survive adverse environmental conditions such as Canadian winters. Recent studies have been examining the effects of freezing temperatures on germination of sclerotia and subsequent interactions with the biological control product Contans® WG (Coniothyrium minitans Campbell). Our research examined the effects of freezing temperatures (-12°C, 10°C, or two-day freeze-thaw cycles) on cell damage and carpogenic germination of sclerotia of two isolates of S. sclerotiorum, and how those effects interacted with Contans® WG to reduce carpogenic germination of sclerotia. Isolates were also tested for their ability to heal wounds and for their resistance to parasitism by C. minitans following damage by pricking with a needle. This study is the first to show evidence of isolate-specific tolerance of sclerotia to damage by freezing temperatures and subsequent parasitism by C. minitans. Differences in the rate of re-melanization of damaged sclerotia are proposed as a mechanism of tolerance. The results of this study have implications for the extrapolation of results from past studies and for climate-specific biological control recommendations.


PP-15:

Investigating the pesticide activity in bio-oil components produced from the pyrolysis of lignin

Mohammad M. Hossain1, Ian M. Scott

2, Cedric Briens

1, Franco Berruti

1, Brian D. McGarvey

2, Ken

Conn2, Luis A. Caceres

3, Lorenzo Ferrante

1

1Dept. of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON

2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada- London Research Centre, London ON.

3Dept. of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON


Alternatives for synthetic pesticides are desirable for pest control. One source of bioactive products is plant biomass. When lignin, one of the major components of plants, is pyrolyzed, the resulting bio-oil may offer many diverse and bioactive chemical compounds. The main objective of the work is to identify lignin-pyrolyzed products which have bioactivity against selected crop pests.

Lignin was pyrolyzed at 550°C in a fluidized bed reactor, and the bio-oil was collected in both the condenser (solid and liquid phases) and electrostatic precipitator (ESP) (liquid phase). Bioactivity of 3 and 30 mg/ml solutions of the solid and liquid parts of the bio-oil was measured using 3 insects, the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) and the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). The 30 mg/ml ESP bio-oil on potato leaves was toxic to the potato beetle 2

nd instar and 3 mg/ml bio-oil on bean leaves caused a reduction in pea aphid reproduction.

Bio-oil on cabbage leaves was not active against the cabbage looper 2nd

instar. In bioassays with 7 bacteria species and 10 fungi species we observed that the 30 mg/ml ESP bio-oil strongly inhibited growth of all species. Liquid-liquid extraction with distilled water and dichloromethane (DCM) was used to fractionate the ESP liquid bio-oil. The DCM solution was active against Colorado beetle. A reversed-phase, semi-preparative HPLC technique was used to collect fractions of the ESP DCM bio-oil. Future work will address the bioactivity of HPLC fractions with the selected crop pests to identify active components.

PP-17:

The effect of endophyte on the invertebrate diversity and community

Jessica Holdenried and Jonathan Newman School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1

Email contact: [email protected] Cool season grasses, such as tall fescue, commonly harbour endophytic fungi that have been shown to increase the plants’ resistance to herbivory and drought. This study investigates how endophytic strain (both the common strain (CS) and a novel strain AR542) and grass cultivar, affect the invertebrate community. In the summer of 2009 samples were collected from 240 plots in a grassland setting. Each plot was fitted with a pitfall trap and left out for one week. The invertebrates in each sample were sorted to order and counted. The results showed no significant effects of endophyte presence on the invertebrate community. In the summer of 2010 a different sampling method was used to collect samples from the same 240 plots. The Vortis insect suction sampler collects invertebrates from the vegetation yielding a different spectrum of invertebrates than the pitfall trap method. This year’s samples were sorted to family. In a comparison of Jesup CS, Jesup AR542, Georgia 5 CS, and Georgia 5 AR542, the Jesup plots overall had a higher mean invert presence than the Georgia 5 plots in both the 2009 and 2010 surveys. In a pest management context, this suggests




that plant resistance to invertebrate herbivores is dependent on grass cultivar. Furthermore, invertebrate sampling method may impact the results of such surveys. Also, identification to higher taxonomic levels reveals patterns that may be obscured by identification to order only.

PP-18:

Relative Resistance of Blue and Green Ash Trees to Emerald Ash Borer Attack:

A Case Study at Point Pelee National Park – Updated Report

Shelley-Lynne Stewart1, Gard Otis

1 and Cody Anderson

2


2Dept. of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1


The emerald ash borer (EAB) is an invasive beetle species first detected in Michigan and Ontario in 2002. The EAB has been reported to attack and kill trees of all five ash species in north-eastern North America within four years of the trees becoming infested. However, susceptibility to EAB infestation varies; for example, green ashes (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) are highly susceptible to attack, while the blue ashes (F. quadrangulata), a rare species in Canada, are the least preferred. Point Pelee National Park (PPNP) presents a unique situation in which natural and unmanaged populations of blue ashes and green ashes occur in very close proximity. A case study was conducted at PPNP to compare the effects of the EAB on blue and green ash trees. At the start of the study in 2008, all green ash trees at this site exhibited symptoms of EAB infestation and displayed reduced health. In contrast, we found no evidence that the EAB had infested any blue ashes. By 2010 most green ashes were dead, however only 3.2% of blue ash trees showed signs of EAB infestation which was confirmed by exit holes. This lag in infestation of blue ash trees despite the close proximity to infested green ash trees indicates partial resistance or low attractiveness of blue ashes to the EAB. The low level of infestation of blue ash trees to the EAB has implications on the continued survival of blue ash populations, EAB survey interpretation, predictions of landscape changes, and the nursery tree industry.

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Regular Presentation Abstracts

Oral Presentations Morning:

Cost effective and environmentally friendly antifungal strategy introduced by molecular based

customized pest management in vineyard

Won-Sik Kim1, J. Paroschy

2, P. Bosc

2 and Y. Haj-Ahmad

1

1Norgen Biotek Corp. 3430 Schmon Parkway, Thorold, ON L2V4Y6

2Chateau des Charmes, 1025 York Rd, P.O. Box 280, St. David’s, ON L0S1P0


Fungi are major pests of vineyards in Ontario and around the world. To control fungus in vineyards, farmers generally spray their fields repeatedly and indiscriminately using various available fungicides. This method of indiscriminate spraying is not only environmentally detrimental but also



very costly. The consequence of this non-scientifically based practice is that it may lead to the accumulation of fungi and insects on the berries and vines, as the fungi and insects may develop resistance to the sprays. Thus, this type of treatment is often ineffective to control the fungal and insect populations as resistance against pesticides builds up.

In 2007, Norgen Biotek Corp. and Chateau des Charmes (CDC), supported by National Research Council Industrial Research Assistance Program (NRC-IRAP), launched an innovative project to develop customized and cost effective antifungal synergistic formulations to suppress the growth of fungi found in the vineyards as an environmentally friendly approach. The total fungal community present in the vineyard was first identified from randomly collected bunches using morphological and molecular diagnostic methods. At the same time, nearly 2000 different antifungal chemical combinations were formulated and their synergistic effect was tested against the CDC identified fungal pathogens in the laboratory. In 2009, the three best formulations (A, B and C) based on the laboratory results were applied to economically important vine varieties such as Merlot, Pinot Noir, Riesling and Chardonnay through spraying at the experimental plots. A noticeable reduction of disease incidence was observed from formulation C in comparison with the control treatment. In summary, this customized pest management program can help growers to save spraying costs and protect the environment while effectively reducing disease, thereby sustaining the quality and yield of grapes for wineries.

Sudden Oak Death: Recent Updates

Richard Wilson

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Forest Health & Silviculture Section, Sault Ste. Marie. ON P6A 6V5


Canadian forests, urban environments, and horticultural industries are potentially at high risk due to a relatively new fungal pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum, first observed in 1995 in California and not identified until 2000. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency’s (CFIA) Plant Health Risk Assessment (2009) confirms that P. ramorum is a threat for many common tree and plant species in Canada. Currently the consequences of this introduction have been assessed as being medium for British Columbia and low for Eastern Canada by CFIA.

The pathogen has been found to naturally infect 59 genera of plants, many of which are native to Canada and others that have been introduced and are widely distributed and cultivated. The nursery industry is the primary pathway for the distribution of this pathogen. The means of pathogen spread in forest environments and climatic conditions conducive for disease development and intensification are poorly understood.

In Canada, P. ramorum has been detected in some British Columbia nurseries. It has only been found in the wild in California where it has caused sudden oak mortality, and Oregon in North America. It has caused blighting of many horticultural nursery plant species in Canada and the United States. In Europe, P. ramorum has been found in nurseries in 15 countries, as well as in wild areas in the UK and Netherlands.

The establishment of P. ramorum could potentially have economic implications for the forest (lumber, wildlife and silviculture), horticultural stock and fruit industries of Canada. Although P. ramorum is absent in the wild in eastern North America, there is concern regarding its possible introduction and spread into Ontario.


Clubroot of Brassica crops: an old threat to vegetables and a new threat to canola

Mary Ruth McDonald1, Bruce Gossen

2, Gary Peng

2, Steve Strelkov

3 and Sheau-Fang Hwang

4


2AAFC – Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2

3 Dept. of Agriculture, Food and Nutirtional Sciences, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB 4Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Edmonton, AB.


Clubroot of Brassica crops is caused by a soil-borne protist, Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin. The pathogen multiplies quickly and persists in soil for many years as resting spores. It is a difficult disease to control on vegetable Brassica crops, although increasing soil pH above 7.2 and applying fungicides at planting can be effective. Clubroot was first identified on canola in Western Canada in 2003 and has spread to over 450 fields, despite planting restrictions and sanitation measures to contain the pathogen. Because of lower profit margins for canola production, liming and fungicide application are not economically feasible. Several other disease management approaches are in development. Early seeding of canola reduced symptom severity by 10-50% and increased yield by 30-580%. Biofungicides, Serenade (Bacillus subtilis QST 713) and Prestop (Gliocladium catenulatum J1446) can reduce disease severity by 50% on pak choy, when applied as a drench at planting. Seed treatments formulations would be best for use with canola. In 2009 Pioneer released canola cultivar 45H29 with high resistance to clubroot. Resistant cultivars of broccoli and cabbage have also been developed. A combination of host resistance and cultural controls combined with biological controls may be the best management strategy for clubroot on canola.

Picoxystrobin, a new play in an old game

Pamela Livingston E.I. DuPont Canada Inc.

Introduction of first strobilurin systemic fungicides occurred in the late 1990s. Since their first registration, strobilurins have become valuable tools for managing diseases in numerous crops because of their broad spectrum of activity against different groups of plant pathogens. Strobilurins belong to the group of QoI’s (quinone outside inhibitors) based on the specific site that they inhibit. They all have the same mode of action, inhibiting the electron transfer in mitochondria, disrupting respiration and thereby causing the fungus to die from lack of energy. Although there has been confirmed resistance to strobilurins in a few diseases, this class of fungicides is still a very valuable tool with proper resistance management. Picoxystrobin is a new active ingredient which provides excellent plant protection. It is a Group 11 fungicide that is a strong preventative, as well as provides residual and curative activity. It has unique movement properties that lead to 3-way action protection of new growth. Picoxystrobin is an optimized suspension concentrate formulation (250 g/L). This active ingredient shows excellent crop safety, outstanding rainfastness, great tank-mix compatibility and is easy use. Acapela™ is the initial product submission for picoxystrobin and has been submitted for a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) joint registration. We are seeking registration on cereals for diseases such as Leaf rust, Net blotch, Powdery mildew, Rusts, Septoria leaf blotch, and Tan spot, on Corn (field, sweet, seed and popcorn) for Common rust, Gray leaf spot and Northern corn


leaf blight, Soybeans for Asian soybean rust, Brown spot, Frogeye leaf spot and Pulse crops for Ascochyta blight, Mycosphaerela blight, Asian soybean rust and Sclerotinia rot (white mold).

Oral Presentations Afternoon:

Micro-managing thrips

Michael Brownbridge

Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, Vineland Station, ON L0R 2E0 Email contact: [email protected]

Historically, thrips have been regarded as the primary production pest in greenhouse ornamentals. With chemical controls failing and a lack of new chemistries being registered to replace them, the industry is moving away from chemically-reliant systems to ones incorporating biological control agents as the first line of defense against pests. Although relatively recent additions to the biopesticide arsenal in Canada, insect-killing nematodes and fungi can play an important role in thrips management programs. These microbial biological control agents have many desirable traits. However, research is needed to develop robust use practices for existing agents, to provide growers with new biocontrol tools, and to ensure compatibility so that integrated techniques can be devised that ensure maximum efficacy in the most economical manner. This presentation will provide updated research findings relevant to the use and integration of these microbial control agents.

Update on Canadian ISK Products

Todd Denofreo (ISK Biosciences)

Alternatives to soil fumigation for managing plant parasitic nematodes

Mike Celetti OMAFRA Plant Pathologist Horticulture Crops Program Lead,

University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Soil-borne plant parasitic nematodes can cause significant yield losses of high value horticulture crops if not managed properly. Chemical fumigation of soil has been the preferred method for nematode control in horticulture crops in the past. However, chemical soil fumigants are being reevaluated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) and may be significantly restricted or totally eliminated in the future due to their impact on the environment. Alternative methods for managing nematodes include such practices as soil solarization, planting resistant cultivars (where available), applying biological antagonists and predators, and crop rotation, and have all been shown to suppress plant parasitic nematode soil populations under at least some conditions. Green manures and nematode-suppressing cover crops have gained particular attention over the past few decades as alternative methods to chemical fumigation for nematode management. Research into the efficacy of green manures and nematode-suppressing cover crops has shown good suppression of nematode populations in annual cropping systems such as vegetable crops. Results from a trial investigating the effect of nematode-suppressing cover crops grown prior to a perennial crop, such as strawberries, indicates that


nematode suppression only lasts up to the spring to mid-summer of the following season (e.g. year after cover crops) when the strawberry crop is setting yield potential for the following harvest year (e.g. 2 years after the cover crops). Regardless, integrating alternative nematode management techniques prior to annual and perennial crops can be beneficial for managing plant parasitic nematode soil populations.

Caramba, a new triazole fungicide for fusarium control

Trevor Kraus, Wayne Barton and Mike Bakker BASF-Canada, 100 Milverton Drive, Mississauga, ON L5R 4H1

Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), is disease that affects the quality of small grain cereals in Canada. Although various sources of resistance to FHB have identified, management of the disease is reliant on fungicides. CARAMBA 90 SL has significant actity on FHB and contains the active ingredient metconazole; which is a member of the triazole group of fungicides and is referred to as DMI, i.e. demethylation-inhibiting fungicide. CARAMBA was registered in Canada in 2010, in time for the spring cereal market in Western Canada and will be available for growers in Ontario for the 2011 season. Efficacy of CARAMBA 90 SL fungicide on FHB and leaf disease control in small plot and field scale trials will be reviewed. CARAMBA 90 SL fungicide consistently provides very high efficacy against leaf disease and FHB in a wide range of cereal crops.

Flonicamid – a new mode of action for sucking insects

Janet Porchak UAP Canada

Beleaf

TM 50SG is a new, selective, foliar-applied insecticide for aphid pests of tree fruits and

vegetables. Beleaf, active ingredient flonicamid, is a member of the pyridinecarboxamide class of chemistry which is active at the A-type potassium channel of the insect nervous system. Flonicamid causes rapid feeding cessation (< 30 minutes) and loss of normal motor skills with death following a short time later depending on environmental conditions. Beleaf is active through contact and ingestion at use rates of 40-100 g ai/ha and there is no cross-resistance with other insecticides (OP’s, carbamates, pyrethroids, and neonicotinoids). Beleaf has favorable toxicological and ecological profiles and is classified as “practically non-toxic” to honeybees, aquatic organisms, fish, birds, and all insect predators tested to date.


Regular Poster Abstracts

RP3: Sub-lethal effects of reduced-risk insecticides for wild blueberry pest management on alfalfa

leafcutter bees (Megachile rotundata)

Angela Gradish1, Cynthia Scott-Dupree

1, Chris Cutler

2


2Department of Environmental Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College,Truro, NS, B2N 5E3


Alfalfa leafcutter bees (Megachile rotundata) are important wild and managed pollinators of wild blueberry in Atlantic Canada. Blueberry spanworm, a major defoliator of wild blueberry, is primarily managed with insecticides and, because spanworm is predominantly active during bloom, pollen and nectar may become contaminated with insecticides. This contaminated pollen may be collected by adult leafcutter bees and provided to developing larvae, which may result in significant sub-lethal effects on development. Currently, very few data exist on the sub-lethal toxicity of insecticides to non-Apis bees, especially for M. rotundata. Our study investigated the potential sub-lethal effects of some insecticides currently registered for, or with promise for use in, blueberry spanworm management on the development of M. rotundata. Three insecticides were tested: deltamethrin (Decis

® 5EC),

flubendiamide (Belt® SC), and spinetoram (Delegate

® WG). Leafcutter bee eggs and first instar larvae

were collected from the field and their pollen provisions were injected with the insecticides. Deltamethrin and spinetoram negatively impacted larval development and lifespan, whereas flubendiamide had no effect.

RP4:

Push-Pull Strategy for Control of House Flies (Musca domestica L.)

in Organic Dairy Operations

Pradeep Nampoothiry1, Cynthia Scott Dupree

1, Simon Lachance

2, Ron Harris

1 and Rebecca Hallett

1

1School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph ON N1G 2W1,

2Organic Dairy Research Centre, University of Guelph – Alfred Campus, Alfred, O, K0B 1A0.


The house fly (Musca domestica L.) is a major pest of dairy cattle and operations because of its potential to spread diseases and reduce feeding efficiency and milk production in livestock. Synthetic insecticides cannot be used in organic dairy operations and hence there is a need for alternate strategies to control these flies. Use of repellents to repel flies from their potential food source and ovi-positional sites is one such control method. Attracting house flies by placing attractants containing attractive odours of food or oviposition substrates treated with toxins is another house fly control tactic.

Six plant essential oils – basil, geranium, pine, peppermint, lavender and lemongrass were studied in laboratory and barn bioassays to determine their comparative repellent effect on house



flies. Results indicated that basil, geranium and lemongrass were more effective in repelling house flies than the other oils. A bioassay to assess attractiveness of twelve different natural substrates concluded that fly rearing media and molasses are good attractants of house flies.

Repellance of house flies by essential oils and their successful attraction to fly rearing media and molasses (treated with an organically certified insecticide) could be the basis of a novel Push-Pull Strategy to effectively control house flies in organic dairy operations.

RP5:

Efficacy of boron formulations against primary infection of Plasmodiophora brassicae in

Shanghai pak choy

Abhinandan Deora1,2

, Bruce D. Gossen1 and Mary Ruth McDonald

2

1AAFC- Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2



Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, a soil-borne protist, causes clubroot disease of many crops in the Brassicaceae. Application of boron (B) suppresses the development of clubroot in root hairs. The present study was conducted to assess the impact of commercial formulations and concentrations of B under controlled conditions. Three products were assessed: Boron (H3BO3; 10% B, liquid; Alpine Plant Foods Corporation), BoronMax (boron complexed with plant carbohydrates, 8.1% B, liquid; NutriAg) and Solubor (Na2B8O134H20; 20.5%, powder; U.S. Borax Inc.) as a drench to sand growth medium immediately after planting seeds of Shanghai pak choy cv. Mei Qing Choi (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis (Rupr.) var. communis Tsen and Lee). The products were applied at concentrations equivalent to 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 kg ha

-1. The experiment was designed as a factorial

randomized complete block design with four replicates and three plants per experimental unit. Phytotoxicity was observed for each formulation at rates >2 kg ha

-1; germination was inhibited by

about 10, 20, 40, and 60% at 4, 8, 16 and 32 kg ha-1, respectively. Solubor was the most effective

formulation and the most effective non-phytotoxic rate for all of the formulations was 2 kg. At 2 kg, Solubor reduced primary infection relative to the nontreated control (from 59% of root hairs to 45%), and inhibited development of the pathogen, reducing the proportion of infected root hairs with zoosporangia from 45% to 16% and dehisced zoosporangia from 24% to 5%. Further studies on timing of application are underway.

RP9:

Influence of weather on cavity spot of carrot

Micheal T. Tesfaendrias1, Mary Ruth McDonald

1 and Shawn Janse

2

1Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1

2 Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Muck Crops Research Station, University of Guelph,

Kettleby, ON, L0G 1J0 Email contact:[email protected]

Cavity spot of carrot (Daucus carota L., subsp. sativus), caused by several species of Pythium, is an important soilborne disease of carrots in Canada. Field trials have been conducted for many years in the Holland/Bradford Marsh region of Ontario to identify carrot cultivars suitable for that area. To



investigate the relationships between long term weather variables and cavity spot, we tracked disease incidence of 14 fresh market carrot cultivars that were in the trials for at least 5 years from1985- 2009. Carrots were seeded in muck soil (organic matter ~70%, pH~ 6.5) in late May, harvested in late October or early November, and assessed for disease in early December, each year. There was no cultivar by year interaction. Cultivars Nevada, Indiana, Envy, Dawn Dee and Bastia had the highest cavity spot incidence (61.3 – 78.3%). Six Pak and Infinity were less susceptible, with disease incidence of 36.7 and 37.0% respectively. Total rainfall in August correlated with cavity spot incidence of cvs. Canada Super X (1985-2009), Enterprise (1998-2009) and mean disease incidence of the cultivars (2004-2009) (r = 0.83, 0.95 and 0.99 respectively). The number of days with rainfall ≥ 2.5 mm correlated with cavity spot incidence of cvs. Dawn Dee (r = 0.95) and Orange Pak (r = 0.98) during 1994 - 2000. The mean incidence (1998-2009) of cavity spot decreased with increasing mean maximum temperatures in September (r = -0.88). Information of the contribution of rainfall and temperature to the development of cavity spot could allow forecasting disease incidence at harvest.

RP12:

Is the establishment of the western bean cutworm (Striacosta albicosta) in Ontario

a threat to sweet corn and snap bean production?

Cheryl L.Trueman1

1University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0

Western bean cutworm (Striacosta albicosta) (WBC) was first detected in Ontario in 2008 (Baute et al., 2008). To determine if the arrival of WBC is a threat to Ontario sweet corn (Zea mays L. subsp. mays) and snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production, a survey was conducted at 17 locations with 19 traps in Essex, Kent, Middlesex and Norfolk counties in 2010. The highest trap counts were recorded in snap beans in Middlesex, where the average total moth count per trap was 101.5. This value was more than six times higher than the next highest count of 15.1 moths trap

-1 in Kent sweet

corn. Peak moth flight was recorded from mid-July to early August and ranged from 0.7 moths trap-1

in Essex sweet corn to 11.0 moths trap-1 in Norfolk sweet corn, and 1.0 moths trap

-1 in Essex and

Kent snap beans to 101.5 moths trap-1 in Middlesex snap beans. No economic damage was reported

from any of the commercial fields included in the survey. Insecticide performance for WBC, corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea), and European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) management was also evaluated at the Ridgetown Campus, University of Guelph. One snap bean (SNAP-L), one early planted sweet corn (SWC-E) and one late planted sweet corn (SCW-L) trial were established. Coragen, Belt, and HGW86 had 62, 54, and 44 percent more clean cobs than the control in SWC-L. In SWC-E, Matador had 25 percent more clean cobs than the control. No WBC damage was observed on bean pods in SNAP-L.

RP16:

Proteomic analyses of Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say): using protein

expression for insecticide-resistance detection

1 Ian Scott,

2 K. Jurvic, K.,

2 V. Clarke,

1 Dale MacArthur,

1Jeff Tolman, and

2 K. Yeung.

1AAFC – London Research Centre, London ON N5V 4T3

2Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1




The Colorado potato beetle (CPB) is a major pest of potato crops in Ontario. Control by chemical insecticides remains the mainstay for most growers, even though CPB have developed insecticide-resistance to more than 50 chemical classes in the past 60 years. Surveys employed to confirm resistance are very labor-intensive, relying on field collections and laboratory bioassays. A fast and efficient screening technique is desired for detecting specific genetic and protein expression in field populations. Proteins associated with enhanced metabolism of insecticides may identify a developing problem before a chemical loses effectiveness in the field.

NOTES


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th Annual November 18, 2010 · 2015. 4. 24. · of Guelph; Kristen Callow, OMAFRA - Hort Weed...

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